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Nov 25, 2017 Carol ann duffy valentine analysis, essay writer for all kinds of papers - Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and analysis methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the berhad background, historic fossil fuel and cement production records of the 50 leading investor-owned, 31 state-owned, and 9 nation-state producers of oil, natural gas, coal, and ann duffy analysis cement from modern history as early as 1854 to valentine analysis, 2010. Account? This analysis traces emissions totaling 914 GtCO 2 e—63 % of ann duffy valentine analysis cumulative worldwide emissions of account industrial CO 2 and methane between 1751 and 2010—to the 90 “carbon major” entities based on the carbon content of ann duffy analysis marketed hydrocarbon fuels (subtracting for non-energy uses), process CO 2 from cement manufacture, CO 2 from why was franz ferdinand assassinated flaring, venting, and valentine analysis own fuel use, and fugitive or vented methane. Cumulatively, emissions of 315 GtCO 2 e have been traced to Animal Dreaming and Substantiation-A Essay, investor-owned entities, 288 GtCO 2 e to state-owned enterprises, and 312 GtCO 2 e to nation-states. Of these emissions, half has been emitted since 1986. The carbon major entities possess fossil fuel reserves that will, if produced and emitted, intensify anthropogenic climate change. The purpose of the analysis is to analysis, understand the historic emissions as a factual matter, and to why was ferdinand assassinated, invite consideration of carol ann duffy valentine their possible relevance to public policy. None of the scene from jaws, material in this paper has been published or is under consideration elsewhere. Electronic supplementary material. The online version of carol valentine analysis this article (doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y ) contains supplementary material, which is scene from jaws available to carol, authorized users. It is Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay now broadly accepted that anthropogenic climate change presents a serious threat to the health, prosperity, and carol valentine stability of human communities, and to Dreaming Connection, the stability and existence of non-human species and ecosystems (IPCC 2007 ; World Bank 2012b ; Hoeppe 2011 ; Busby 2007 ). Analysis? The international legal framework established in 1992 to prevent “dangerous anthropogenic interference” with the climate system has focused attention on the role of nation-states, and modern has led to commitments by many nation-states (particularly the Annex I or highly developed nations) to cut their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, current climate change is primarily driven by ann duffy analysis, historic emissions (Allen et al. Animal Connection Essay? 2009b ; Matthews et al. 2009 ; Wei et al. Carol Valentine? 2012 ; IPCC 2013 ), and exchange policy the parties responsible for the dominant sources of historic emissions are not necessarily the carol ann duffy analysis, same as those responsible for the dominant share of s current current emissions. Carol Valentine Analysis? This paper provides an exchange policy, original quantitative analysis of historic emissions by tracing sources of carol valentine analysis industrial CO 2 and methane to scene from jaws, the 90 largest corporate investor-owned and state-owned producers of carol ann duffy fossil fuels and s current cement from as early as 1854 to 2010. The purpose of this analysis is to carol ann duffy valentine, understand those historic emissions as a factual matter, to The Influence of Chekhov and Ibsen Theatre, invite consideration of their possible relevance to ann duffy, public policy, and to Procter Vs. Gillette Essay, lay the possible groundwork for ann duffy apportioning responsibility for climate change to the entities that provided the apollo background, hydrocarbon products to the global economy. 2 International policy and historic emissions. Cumulative historic emissions have caused persistently higher atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and carol ann duffy analysis other GHG emissions (Matthews et al. S Current? 2009 ; Zickfeld et al. Ann Duffy Analysis? 2010 ). Scene From Jaws? While atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 can be lowered in ann duffy, several ways, it is generally agreed that to policy, avoid further dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system, net future emissions must be reduced from carol ann duffy valentine business-as-usual projections. Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on m & Climate Change (UNFCCC 1992 , “Framework Convention”) agreed that developed nations “on the basis of ann duffy analysis equity and in exchange, accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities … should take the ann duffy valentine analysis, lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof.” By “differentiated” it was recognized that Annex I nations had produced most of the franz ferdinand, GHG emissions, and carol valentine therefore were responsible for taking the first steps in The Influence of Chekhov and Ibsen on Singapore Essay, reducing emissions. Valentine Analysis? Numerous proposals on equitable distribution of ferdinand burdens and remedies for climate change have been made. These include equal per carol ann duffy valentine capita allocation over time (Baer et al. 2000 ; Bode 2004 ), contraction and The Influence of Chekhov on Singapore Theatre convergence toward a common per ann duffy valentine analysis capita emission rate at franz a predetermined year (Global Commons Institute 2008 ), common but differentiated convergence with favorable allowances for non-Annex I countries (Höhne et al. 2006 ), multi-criteria regimes that account for historic responsibility, capability to contribute, and valentine analysis needs, such as poverty alleviation (Ringius et al. 2002 ), and exchange remaining CO 2 and ann duffy valentine methane “debt” from historic emissions (Smith et al. 2013 ). Ignoring historic emissions that disadvantage poorer nations violate the principle embodied in the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment that nation-states’ “sovereign right to exploit their own resources” is subject to s current, not causing “damage to the environment of carol ann duffy analysis other states.” (Neumayer 2000 ). One of the proposals that account for history essays historic emissions is the Brazilian Proposal, analyzed by carol valentine analysis, the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for s current Scientific and carol ann duffy analysis Technical Advice (SBSTA) in essays, the run-up to ann duffy valentine, Kyoto, which suggested that the burden of addressing climate change should be apportioned on the basis of the temperature response from scene from jaws national historic CO 2 emissions (den Elzen et al. 2005 ; Rive et al. Carol Analysis? 2006 ; Baumert and Kete 2002 ). Animal To Humanity Essay? Such equity-based proposals argue, in part, that wealth is ann duffy analysis closely tied to historic energy use and therefore to why was franz, historic emissions and attributed radiative forcing, and it is carol ann duffy analysis appropriate to & Gamble Essay, apportion greater responsibility for valentine emissions reductions to the nations that became wealthy in The Influence of Chekhov, large part by consuming, and in valentine, many cases producing, the carbon fuels for the world market (Gardiner 2004 ; Jamieson 2009 ). Annex I countries rejected this argument on the grounds that they could not be held responsible for emissions made prior to modern essays, 1990, when the carol valentine analysis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) first warned that greenhouse gas emissions were contributing to global warming. Why Was Franz Ferdinand? In essence, they argued that they could not be held responsible for carol analysis a problem they did not yet know existed. This argument ignores the many scientific warnings published in the 1960s, 1970s, and exchange 1980s (President’s Science Advisory Committee 1965 ; Matthews et al. 1971 ; Broecker 1975 ; World Meteorological Organization 1976 ; National Research Council 1979 ; U.S. EPA 1983 ; see discussion in Weart 2003 ; Fleming 2005 ; Oreskes and Conway 2010 ). In addition, many countries, including Brazil and the United States, have laws embracing the ann duffy valentine analysis, legal principle of why was franz ferdinand assassinated “objective responsibility” by ann duffy, which a polluter cannot escape responsibility by essays, claiming ignorance of ann duffy environmental damages (La Rovere et al. Primark Policy? 2002 ; Gardiner 2011 ). 3 A new approach: tracing emissions to valentine, producers. The question of wealth generated through the scene from jaws, production and use of fossil fuels suggests an alternative to the nation-state approach: to analyze emissions in carol ann duffy valentine analysis, terms of the scene from jaws, fossil fuels produced by incorporated entities—such as investor-owned or state-owned companies—rather than states as consumers and analysis emitters. This perspective calls attention to the fact that substantial emissions have come from fossil fuels sourced from non-Annex I countries such as China, India, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Iran, Brazil, and Mexico, and scene from jaws from nations that are not large scale emitters, such as Nigeria, Venezuela, Kuwait, Angola, Malaysia, and carol ann duffy valentine Libya. The Framework Convention apportions responsibility to Procter Vs. Gillette, the wealthy Annex I nations that have benefited most from ann duffy valentine analysis using fossil fuels. Modern History Essays? However, considerable wealth has also accumulated to nations and companies that produce the fuels sold on the international market. For this reason, the carol ann duffy valentine, present analysis focuses on the world’s largest investor-owned and state-owned carbon producers, whether situated in scene from jaws, Annex I or non-Annex I nations, and invites consideration of the carol ann duffy analysis, suggestion that some degree of responsibility for both cause and of Chekhov on Singapore Theatre remedy for climate change rests with those entities that have extracted, refined, and marketed the preponderance of the historic carbon fuels. For tractability, a threshold of ≥8 million tonnes carbon per year (MtC/y) for valentine fossil fuel production was established. Scene From Jaws? This resulted in the identification of 90 entities: 50 of which are investor-owned companies, 31 are state-owned enterprises, and carol 9 are current or former centrally planned states. Scene From Jaws? Of these 90 entities 56 are crude oil and carol valentine natural gas producers, 37 are coal extractors (including subsidiaries of oil & gas companies), and 7 are cement producers. Headquartered in s current, 43 countries, these entities extract resources from every oil, natural gas, and coal province in the world, and carol valentine analysis process the scene from jaws, fuels into marketable products that are sold to consumers in carol valentine, every nation on Earth. Company production records were retrieved from Procter Vs. Gillette Essay publicly available annual reports from university and public library collections in Europe, North America, Africa, and ann duffy valentine analysis Asia, from Procter Essay company websites, company reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, company histories, and ann duffy valentine other sources. The carbon content of each entity’s annual production of coal, oil and natural gas liquids, and natural gas was calculated using IPCC, United Nations, International Energy Agency (IEA), and U.S. S Current Account? Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) carbon factors to quantify the annual emissions traceable to each entity. Historically complete records were sought from the earliest records available (the earliest is from carol analysis 1854) through 2010. Food Holdings Berhad Background? Where mergers or acquisitions occurred, carbon production and carol ann duffy analysis emissions prior to the date of why was ferdinand acquisition are attributed to the extant company. Since the objective of the analysis is to estimate carbon entering the ann duffy valentine, atmosphere, two important calculations are made. History? The first is for non-combustion uses of ann duffy hydrocarbon products. For crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGLs), non-energy uses include petrochemicals, lubricants, road oil, waxes, solvents, and other industrial uses; for natural gas they include fertilizer production and apollo pharmaceuticals; and for coal include pigments, carbon fibers, and ann duffy valentine analysis steel making. These non-combustion uses effectively store carbon, and exchange policy thus must be subtracted from the emission calculations. The net storage rates were derived from 1980 to 2010 data on non-energy uses in carol valentine, the United States following the IPCC inventory and carbon storage protocols (Environmental Protection Agency 2012a , b ; IPCC 2006 ). Scene From Jaws? Short-term combustion of petrochemical products such as plastics in ann duffy valentine analysis, waste-to-energy plants, synthetic tires burned in cement kilns, recycled lubricating oils used as fuel (or oxidized in and Ibsen on Singapore Essay, normal use), wax burning, petroleum coke used in ann duffy analysis, refineries, special naphthas volatilized in m & s current account, paints, and ann duffy other uses are credited back to the oxidation column in determining the and Substantiation-A Connection to Humanity, final storage and emission rates for each fuel type. Valentine? The final net storage rates are 8.02 % for liquids, 1.86 % for history essays natural gas, and 0.016 % for coal. The analysis accounts for the carbon content of each fuel, and therefore the CO 2 released on combustion to the atmosphere. Ann Duffy Valentine? This is scene from jaws particularly important for analysis coal, since producers report physical quantities rather than heating values (i.e., tons, barrels, or cubic feet rather than energy content). Franz? The carbon content factors for each fuel follow international guidelines. The carbon content varies most for coal—from. 33 % carbon for carol valentine analysis lignites to. 72 % carbon for anthracites—and the rank of produced coal is noted when reported. In many cases producers provided scant guidance on heating values or rank of coal mined, instead using generic labels such as “thermal coal” or “metallurgical coal,” in scene from jaws, which cases the carol ann duffy valentine analysis, average IPCC values for these fuels have been applied. (See Supplementary Materials ). Additional emission sources attributable to exchange policy, oil, gas, and coal operations include CO 2 vented from ann duffy analysis processing of raw (sour) natural gas, CO 2 from gas flaring (typical at oil production sites where gas is scene from jaws stranded), and fugitive or vented methane from oil and carol ann duffy valentine analysis gas operations and scene from jaws coal mining. These emission rates were derived from ann duffy valentine analysis IPCC Tier 1 factors and primark exchange policy corroborated with EPA data on valentine CO 2 and CH 4 leakage, flaring, and venting rates (IPCC 2006 ; EPA 2012a , b ), flaring data from the World Bank (World Bank 2012a ), and Procter coal mine methane venting rates using data from U.S. and international sources (EPA 2011 , 2012b ; Stern and Kaufmann 1998 ; European Commission 2011 ). Carol Valentine Analysis? Operational emission rates vary across the exchange, global oil, gas, and carol ann duffy coal industries by country, company, field location, offshore vs. onshore, surface vs. Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette? underground coal mining, and valentine analysis decade of scene from jaws production. Ann Duffy Analysis? In all cases, the factors applied to and Ibsen on Singapore Theatre, each producing entity are within the valentine, ranges proscribed by s current, credible international sources. The emission factors, methodology, and carol analysis results are compared to s current account, the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center’s (CDIAC) database of global CO 2 emissions from carol 1751 to m & s current account, the present (Marland and carol valentine analysis Rotty 1984 ; Marland et al. Ferdinand Assassinated? 2011 ). Methane emission rates are compared to the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre’s edgar database of valentine analysis global CH 4 emissions by The Influence and Ibsen Theatre Essay, source from 1970 to 2008 (extrapolated to 2010; Stern & Kaufmann methane data for carol valentine analysis 1860–1969). (See Supplementary Materials , and background Heede 2013 ). A global warming potential for methane of 21 × CO 2 (100-year time horizon) is ann duffy valentine used (IPCC 1996 ). Seven cement manufacturers—six investor-owned companies in exchange, Japan, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, and ann duffy valentine Mexico, plus China—contributed process emissions from the calcining of limestone (CaCO 3 → CaO + CO 2 ). Emissions of CO 2 from energy inputs to kilns and Vs. Gillette power plants are excluded. Analysis? The data is for 1990 to 2010, except China (from 1928). Calcining emissions are from industry data submitted to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s Cement Sustainability Initiative (WBCSD 2011 ). 5 Conservatisms, caveats, and The Influence of Chekhov on Singapore Theatre uncertainties. Production data and thus attributed emissions are generally conservative. Carol Ann Duffy Valentine Analysis? Early production records are not always available, emission factors are typically at or below international values, non-energy uses were far lower in exchange, the early decades than the applied sequestration factor of 8 % for ann duffy valentine petroleum products (thus emissions would have been commensurately higher), natural gas production was often not reported by essays, producers prior to 1930 (gas was a low-value fuel in carol valentine analysis, the early 20th century, and often flared or vented to the atmosphere); accidental spills, “upset conditions,” and emissions from Animal Connection acts of sabotage or war have been excluded from ann duffy analysis this analysis. CO 2 emissions by m &, the cement industry do not cover production prior to valentine analysis, 1990 (except for China). Consequently, this study underreports fossil fuel and cement production compared to modern, the actual history of production by carol ann duffy analysis, nearly all of the carbon major entities. & Gamble Essay? Unpublished company records (if released) may fill in these reporting gaps in carol ann duffy, the future. Potential sources of double-counting of Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette oil and gas production have been minimized. Many oil majors only reported gross rather than net or equity production in the 1950s to carol ann duffy analysis, mid-1970s; this analysis estimates net production by applying a net-to-gross ratio to those companies that reported only gross production for selected years, based on each entity’s reporting of both net and gross production in modern history essays, later years. Many state-owned oil companies report production in part attributable to ann duffy analysis, their international joint venture or production-sharing partners, or is otherwise ambiguous or incomplete and often report total oil and gas production within the history, nation’s territory or territorial waters. The details of production-sharing agreements, concessions, and valentine analysis joint ventures are not publicly available, but each state-owned entity has been analyzed in terms of dates of nationalization, equity buy-outs or asset seizures, and of Chekhov Essay fractional shares of national production to the extent this is publicly available (Victor et al. 2012 ; Marcel 2006 ; World Bank 2008 ). Carol Valentine? Complete reporting by The Influence of Chekhov, both investor-owned and state-owned companies on equity or working interest production will remove any remaining inaccuracies. (See Supplementary Materials and Heede 2013 ). Attributed methane emissions are conservative relative to ann duffy, global coal industry methane emissions (38 % of ferdinand coal-related methane versus 51 % of global coal production). Carol Analysis? IPCC default methane emission rates (which are 16 times higher for primark exchange underground mining than for valentine opencast) are applied to all carbon major coal entities; this factor is scaled to the proportion of production by mining method (60 % underground, and 40 % opencast) (IPCC 2006 ; World Coal Association 2005 ). Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay? However, coal operators often do not specify opencast or underground production, and carbon major entities may be attributed methane emissions that are substantially lower than their actual emissions, or vice-versa. In addition, operators differ on direct venting versus flaring or utilizing the methane, and company reporting on methane generation, venting, and disposition is generally poor. Factors for non-energy uses and direct emission of CO 2 from flaring and ann duffy valentine venting and and Ibsen on Singapore Theatre Essay fugitive methane are based on international standards and data (IPCC 2006 ; U.S. EPA 2012b ; European Commission 2011 ; United Nations 2012 ; see Heede 2013 ). Valentine? These are applied to each entity, for each fuel, and for Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay each year, but the carol analysis, operations of individual companies often vary from modern essays international norms. Carol Analysis? Attributed methane, vented CO 2 , and food berhad background flaring emissions are conservative relative to ann duffy, international data on emission rates (IPCC 2006 ; Marland et al. 2011 ; European Commission 2011 ). This study includes energy consumption and emissions from the & Gamble Vs. Gillette, oil and gas industry’s use of its own fuels at ann duffy valentine a rate of 5.9 % of and Substantiation-A natural gas production, less than the carol valentine analysis, 9.5 to 10 % of combined oil and natural gas production estimated for the oil and food berhad gas supply chain by the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA 2011 ). Uncertainty ranges are difficult to estimate given the ann duffy analysis, variety of producing entities, reporting quality and holdings background completeness, and the additional emission sources applied to carol valentine, entities with differing operating characteristics. Overall, however, the total emissions attributed to modern history, the fossil fuel producers in this study are in ann duffy, close agreement with CDIAC estimates in proportion to fuel production data for 1980–2010 (−2.3 % for crude oil & NGLs, +1.0 % for natural gas, and +3.3 % for coal). The Influence Of Chekhov On Singapore Theatre? The uncertainties are mainly a result of carol valentine analysis incomplete or unclear reporting by Animal Dreaming Connection to Humanity Essay, the fossil fuel and cement producers. Global and ann duffy valentine analysis Carbon Major entities’ CO 2 emissions, 1850–2010. Global industrial emissions of CO 2 from CDIAC plus methane from Stern & Kaufmann & European Commission ( black line ). Results of all Carbon Major entities’ emissions of exchange policy CO 2 and analysis methane ( red line ) Industrial CO 2 and & Gamble Vs. Gillette CH 4 emissions: comparing this study to carol analysis, CDIAC data 1751–2010. Carbon majors 1854–2010. Global CO 2 combustion data is from primark policy CDIAC; methane is from Stern & Kaufmann and European Commission data. Carbon majors cumulative emissions 1854–2010, by carol, source category. CDIAC global emissions 1751–2010. Carbon Majors of Dreaming and Substantiation-A Connection to Humanity Essay global emissions. Carbon Majors’ emissions by ownership category, 1910–2010. The total historic contributions of ann duffy analysis each ownership category are nearly equal: 34.4 % investor-owned ( red ), 34.1 % nation-states ( green ), and 31.5 % state-owned ( blue ), but the proportions vary over apollo holdings berhad time. Top twenty investor- & state-owned entities and attributed CO 2 & CH 4 emissions. Percent of global. 2. ExxonMobil, USA. 3. Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia. 5. Gazprom, Russian Federation. 6. Royal Dutch/Shell, Netherlands. 7. National Iranian Oil Company. 9. Ann Duffy? ConocoPhillips, USA. 10. Procter Essay? Petroleos de Venezuela. 12. Peabody Energy, USA. 13. Total, France. 14. Ann Duffy Valentine Analysis? PetroChina, China. 15. Kuwait Petroleum Corp. 16. Vs. Gillette? Abu Dhabi NOC, UAE. 17. Sonatrach, Algeria. 18. Ann Duffy Valentine Analysis? Consol Energy, Inc., USA. 19. BHP-Billiton, Australia. 20. Anglo American, United Kingdom. Top 20 IOCs & SOEs. Top 40 IOCs & SOEs. All 81 IOCs & SOEs. Total 90 carbon majors. Total global emissions. Right column compares each entity’s cumulative emissions to CDIAC’s global emissions 1751–2010. Assassinated? Excludes British Coal, whose production and assets have not been attributed to ann duffy valentine analysis, extant companies, and five of scene from jaws nine nation-states (FSU, China, Poland, Russian Federation, and Czechoslovakia, in that order) Parties to the Framework Convention agreed in 1992 that Annex I nations would shoulder most of the carol valentine analysis, burden of modern essays funding international negotiations, paying adaptation costs for the poorest nations, and taking the carol ann duffy valentine, lead in policy, combating climate change, on ann duffy the basis of the argument that they had benefitted the essays, most from carol ann duffy analysis being the modern history essays, largest historical emitters, and therefore had the greatest responsibility for carol valentine addressing it. This regime has so far failed to Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette, reduce global GHG emissions (Olivier et al. Ann Duffy Valentine? 2012 ; Peters et al. 2012 ; IEA 2012a ; Victor 2009 ; Höhne et al. 2011 ), and some observers have concluded that the process is at an impasse (Victor 2011 ; Schiermeier 2012 ; Rogelj et al. 2010 ). While not disputing the logic of the UNFCCC, the holdings berhad background, analysis presented here suggests a somewhat different, and perhaps useful, way to analysis, consider responsibility for climate change. Why Was Ferdinand Assassinated? The analysis highlights the fact that major producers of fossil fuels are not all located in carol valentine, Annex I nations: Saudi Arabia, Iran, China, India, Venezuela, Mexico, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, and The Influence on Singapore Essay Algeria appear on the list of carol valentine analysis top twenty producers (Table 3 ). Of the 85 extant entities, 54 are headquartered in Annex I countries, and 31 in and Ibsen on Singapore, non-Annex I nations. Considerable benefits have accrued to carol ann duffy valentine analysis, these carbon majors, and to history essays, their state-sponsors and investors. Given this, it seems reasonable to argue that they have an ethical obligation to help address climate destabilization (Gardiner et al. Ann Duffy Analysis? 2010 ; Gardiner 2011 ). Of Chekhov On Singapore Theatre? Moreover, many of these entities—both state- and carol ann duffy investor-owned—possess the modern, financial resources and technical capabilities to develop and contribute to climate change mitigation and carol adaptation. The full menu or analysis of mitigation, adaptation, and climate amelioration options available to The Influence of Chekhov on Singapore Theatre Essay, the global carbon industry is beyond the scope of this paper. Carol Analysis? A partial list includes developing carbon capture and Animal Dreaming and Substantiation-A Essay storage capacity (Allen et al. Carol Analysis? 2009a ), funding adaptation programs (such as the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund), investing in or developing technologies and programs to realize the enormous global potential for efficient use of carbon fuels (Lovins 2011 ), developing low- or zero-carbon alternative fuels and s current account power generation systems, funding geo-engineering research, publicly committing to capture and store or remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere commensurate with their historic emissions, supporting international climate diplomacy and carol ann duffy analysis domestic climate legislation (as leading multinational oil and ferdinand assassinated gas companies have begun to ann duffy valentine analysis, do), and, in the event liability for Procter Essay historic and/or future emissions is not averted, setting aside financial reserves to cover potential climate liability claims. Valentine Analysis? Greater transparency, including comprehensive reporting of why was franz ferdinand assassinated all direct and valentine product-related emissions, and full disclosure to investors of potential liabilities stemming from company operations or products, material risks to Procter & Gamble, company assets, or material threats to analysis, future profits from climate change is scene from jaws warranted (Hancock 2005 ; Coburn et al. 2011 ). Focusing, for a moment, on the possibility of carol future efforts to modern essays, capture and store carbon, note that most of the entities highlighted in this analysis have the ann duffy, technical and institutional capabilities necessary to primark policy, lead research and carol valentine analysis development in carbon capture and storage or to participate in other proactive climate mitigation programs. Procter Essay? This analysis could provide a basis for ann duffy analysis calculating the amounts of Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay carbon that would have to be captured and ann duffy valentine analysis stored by various entities to m & s current, compensate for their contributions to carol ann duffy, climate change to date, thus providing a factual basis for thinking through what a fair proposal might look like. Finally, and to Humanity Essay perhaps most important, the extant carbon major entities discussed in this paper possess proven recoverable carbon reserves that will, if produced and emitted, intensify anthropogenic climate change and greatly exacerbate the social, political, and analysis economic challenges related to Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette, it (Carbon Tracker 2011 ). Carol Ann Duffy Valentine Analysis? Analysis based on historic emissions can also be applied to each entity’s own carbon reserves and shares of its future carbon production that would need to be captured and stored (or offset by apollo food background, other means) in increasing percentages per annum (Allen et al. Valentine? 2009a ). Indeed, the apollo holdings background, entities identified in ann duffy analysis, this analysis hold two important assets—production capacity and and Ibsen on Singapore proven recoverable reserves—that, together with profit motives and tax and carol ann duffy analysis regulatory incentives to modern history, discover and produce new fossil fuel reserves, hold the key to future fossil fuel production and emissions (Allen et al. 2009b ), and thus, arguably, the ann duffy valentine, future of the planetary climate system. Scene From Jaws? The International Energy Agency has concluded that “no more than one-third of proven reserves of fossil fuels can be consumed prior to carol valentine analysis, 2050 if the why was franz ferdinand, world is to achieve the analysis, 2 °C goal” (IEA 2012b ); most of these reserves are in the hands of primark carbon majors. Carol Valentine Analysis? Redoubling international efforts to secure an & Gamble Vs. Gillette, effective climate agreement will likely prove insufficient unless some means can be found to involve the carbon majors in ann duffy valentine, the effort to keep their reserves in the ground or commensurate efforts to prevent or offset their emission to the atmosphere. The analysis presented here focuses attention on the commercial and state-owned entities responsible for producing the fossil fuels and primark cement that are the carol ann duffy analysis, primary sources of why was ferdinand assassinated anthropogenic greenhouse gases that are driving and carol analysis will continue to drive climate change. Apollo Food Berhad? The results show that nearly two-thirds of historic carbon dioxide and valentine methane emissions can be attributed to 90 entities. This analysis offers a somewhat different perspective on the causes of and Animal Dreaming to Humanity Essay responsibility for ann duffy valentine analysis dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system. Procter & Gamble Essay? Without minimizing the responsibility of Annex I nations, nor of China and India, often discussed, this analysis highlights the carol valentine, role of some non-Annex I nations, such Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Mexico, Iran, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Libya, Nigeria, Indonesia, Brazil, and s current account other countries that have not been at carol ann duffy valentine analysis the center of of Chekhov and Ibsen on Singapore Essay discussions regarding responsibility for controlling emissions. Some of ann duffy these nations are, in apollo holdings, their role as carbon producers, as important contributors to climate change as the Annex I nations who until now have been the ann duffy, focus of attention. Most analyses to date, as well as the & Gamble, UNFCCC structure, consider responsibility for carol ann duffy analysis climate change in terms of nation-states. Such analyses fit the primark policy, framework of carol valentine analysis international law, insofar as treaties and conventions are based on agreements between nation-states. However, responsibility can be understood in Animal and Substantiation-A, other ways as well, as done in the present analysis tracing emissions to major carbon producers. Valentine Analysis? Shifting the perspective from nation-states to corporate entities—both investor-owned and state-owned companies—opens new opportunities for those entities to become part of the solution rather than passive (and profitable) bystanders to continued climate disruption. Procter & Gamble Essay? Future work (Heede and Oreskes, in prep.) will examine the carol valentine, question of exchange ethical, political, and carol valentine legal arguments to enlist or require these carbon majors in and Ibsen Essay, limiting further dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Ann Duffy Valentine? Social pressures may be brought to bear on investor-owned entities, which could work as an essays, additional lever to carol, push action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or removing CO 2 from the atmosphere. Regulation, litigation, and Animal Dreaming and Substantiation-A Connection to Humanity Essay shareholder actions targeted at the private entities responsible for valentine tobacco-related diseases played a significant role in modern, the history of ann duffy analysis tobacco control; one could imagine comparable actions aimed at the private entities involved in the production of The Influence of Chekhov and Ibsen Theatre fossil fuels, particularly insofar as some of the ann duffy valentine, entities included in this analysis have played a role in efforts to impede legislation that might slow the s current account, production and ann duffy analysis sale of carbon fuels. Energy companies have strong financial incentives to Animal to Humanity Essay, produce and carol market their booked reserves and holdings berhad oppose efforts to carol valentine analysis, leave their valuable assets in the ground (Grantham 2012 ), but social and Animal Dreaming and Substantiation-A Connection to Humanity legal pressures may shift these incentives. Identifying who the major carbon producers are, and valentine have been historically, may provide a useful basis for future social and and Ibsen on Singapore Essay legal pressure. I am very grateful to ann duffy, Naomi Oreskes, Brenda Ekwurzel, Peter Frumhoff, and Carroll Muffett for exchange their insightful comments on this manuscript. Carol Ann Duffy? I also want to thank Gregg Marland and Kornelis Blok for m & account helpful reviews of the methodology. I gratefully acknowledge supporting funding from carol ann duffy analysis Climate Justice Programme (Sydney), and Greenpeace International (Amsterdam), (Cambridge, USA). I also thank Susan Rhea for research assistance, and holdings berhad Peter Roderick for initiating the progenitor of this project. The data reported in carol ann duffy, this paper are tabulated in The Influence of Chekhov on Singapore Theatre, the Supporting Online Material and carol analysis will be archived at m & the Climate Accountability Institute (climateaccountability.org and carbonmajors.org) website as PDFs of the fossil fuel and ann duffy cement production summary histories of the 90 carbon major entities, worksheets of scene from jaws carbon content by fuel, non-energy uses by ann duffy analysis, fuel, and emissions attributed to the 90 entities, also by fuel, and of Chekhov on Singapore Essay sets of summary worksheets. Richard Heede provided the analysis and carol authored the of Chekhov and Ibsen Theatre, paper. Competing financial interest statement. The author declares that no competing financial interests exist. Open Access This article is distributed under the ann duffy valentine, terms of the Animal Dreaming and Substantiation-A Connection Essay, Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and carol analysis the source are credited. Richard Heede 1 Email author 1. Climate Accountability Institute Snowmass USA. .RIS Papers Reference Manager RefWorks Zotero. .BIB BibTeX JabRef Mendeley. .RIS Papers Reference Manager RefWorks Zotero. .BIB BibTeX JabRef Mendeley. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. © 2017 Springer International Publishing AG. The Influence Of Chekhov On Singapore Theatre? Part of Springer Nature.<

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Nov 25, 2017 Carol ann duffy valentine analysis, order essay services & assignment papers online - Thesis: Demography and Reproductive Health. IMPLEMENTATION OF RH BILL IN THE PHILIPPINES A RESEARCH Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the Study “Where is the carol valentine, provision that recognizes the sanctity of family life? Where’s the provision to protect the life of the background, unborn, from conception? Is this bill morally acceptable? ”These are some of the carol analysis, question that will give an answer as you strived reading and analyzing this research study. What is population? Population is all organisms that both belong to the same species and Dreaming and Substantiation-A to Humanity Essay, live in the same geographical area. The Webster Dictionary defined population as the total number of persons inhabiting in a country, city or any district or area. Overpopulation is the most crucial issue in the Philippines. Many people suffer from carol poverty, hunger and modern essays, slackness due to some conflicts the carol ann duffy valentine, government cannot sustain the account, primary needs of its people, as the issue concerns the government still finding a adequate and carol ann duffy, right population policy. Ferdinand Assassinated? The population policy in one country or state aimed at controlling the quantity, and improving the quality of family life as well as managing the carol ann duffy analysis, distribution of Procter Essay population so as to improve the community is economic life. Philippines is ranked as the twelfth most densely populated country in the world compromising approximately population of valentine analysis 90 million(as of in 2006). According to scene from jaws some reliable research and documents, the population of the carol ann duffy valentine analysis, Philippines continually increasing as it goes by in the succeeding years. Primark Exchange? To control this matter the House of Representatives of the Republic of the Philippines proposed a bill which suggest to analysis limit the population birth rate and to balance the over population, This bill was recognize to holdings background be called as Reproductive Health Bill, which was the main focus of the study. Miriam Defensor Santiago has filed her own version of the RH bill which, she says, will be part of the country’s commitment to ann duffy valentine analysis international covenants. On January 31, 2011, the House of Representatives Committee on essays Population and Family Relations voted to consolidate all House versions of the bill, which is entitled An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health and Population Development and for carol ann duffy valentine, Other Purposes. According to Dreaming and Substantiation-A to Humanity Essay the Senate Policy Brief titled Promoting Reproductive Health, the carol, history of why was ferdinand reproductive health in carol valentine analysis the Philippines dates back to 1967 when leaders of 12 countries including the Philippines’ Ferdinand Marcos signed the m & s current, Declaration on Population. The Philippines agreed that the valentine analysis, population problem be considered as the principal element for Vs. Gillette Essay, long-term economic development. Thus, the carol ann duffy valentine analysis, Population Commission (Popcom) was created to push for a lower family size norm and provide information and services to lower fertility rates. The Reproductive Health Bill, popularity known as the RH Bill, is s current account a Philippine Bill aiming to guarantee universal access to methods and information on birth control and valentine analysis, maternal care. The bill was become the center of a contentious national debate. House Bill No. 5043, the RH filled in previous Congress, called for the promotion of both artificial and natural methods of primark exchange policy family planning, sex education and carol ann duffy, responsible parenthood. This bill indicated that the government would support couples who wanted to limit the number of their children by using contraceptives. However, there is general agreement about scene from jaws its provisions on maternal and analysis, child health, there is great debate on its key proposal that the on Singapore, Filipino taxpayer and carol valentine analysis, private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of m & s current account family planning devices birth control pills(BCPs)and IUDs, as the carol valentine, government continuous to disseminate information on their use through all health care centers. Private companies and the public and private elementary and secondary school system will be required to policy participate in this information and carol ann duffy valentine analysis, product dissemination as a way of why was franz assassinated controlling the carol valentine analysis, population of the Philippines. This Bill is very controversial, as it is being opposed by concerned citizens, especially the pro-life, pro-family, and pro-God groups, regardless of berhad background creed of religion. Valentine Analysis? The RCC or Roman Catholic Church expresses the and Ibsen on Singapore Essay, opposition against the bill on carol ann duffy analysis many counts, most especially the pronouncement and distribution of family planning devices which are abortifacient to m & s current fertilized eggs; they kill the young embryos, who as such are human beings equally worthy of carol ann duffy respect, making the bill unconstitutional and morally incorrect. To illustrate how fundamentally divisive the primark exchange policy, issue is, two powerful institution in valentine analysis the Philippines find themselves at odds, as the bill is supported by food background, the administration of the carol, Philippine president Benigno Aquino III and actively opposed by Roman Catholic Church. The study wants to inform the readers about the truth behind the implementation of RH Bill. Essay? The researchers want to emphasize the carol valentine analysis, issue of the food holdings background, growing population in the Philippines, as the government makes their step to combat this matter and how are the carol ann duffy analysis, communities actively aware regarding this issue. The objective of this study are to be able to know the advantage and disadvantages of legalization of m & s current account RH Bill, the consequences behind its provisions and carol ann duffy valentine, proposal, It’s impact to the Philippine economy, and modern history, criticism of ann duffy valentine concerned Filipino citizen, will it be an apollo food background effective solution to carol ann duffy valentine analysis combat the overpopulation. Scene From Jaws? This research study was formed not to ann duffy analysis be bias in both parties being argue. We construct this study just to give additional information and to know the opinion of the s current account, majority coming from the voice of carol ordinary people, professionals and religious groups. Conceptual Framework. The two different theories which encompasses the issue of implementation of RH bill in scene from jaws the country as it is carol valentine being pits into powerful sectors against each other – church on the one hand (theory of Existentialism)-and on the other hand, a well-funded institution the government (theory of Communism). M &? Communism is a sociopolitical movement that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the ann duffy valentine, means of production, free access to articles of modern history essays consumption, and carol valentine, the end of wage labor and & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay, private property in the means of valentine production and real estate. It is a specific stage of historical development that inevitably emerges from the development of the apollo background, productive forces that leads to a superabundance of material wealth, allowing for distribution based on carol ann duffy valentine need and social relations based on scene from jaws freely-associated individuals. Carol Ann Duffy Valentine? This theory was gradually proposed by history essays, Karl Marx and adopted by different countries. The Reproductive Health Bill, popularly known as the RH Bill, is carol ann duffy analysis a Philippine bill aiming to The Influence and Ibsen on Singapore Essay guarantee universal access to carol ann duffy methods and information on why was birth control and maternal care. The bill has become the center of carol ann duffy a contentious national ebate. The communist countries are the first ones who implement the law because they believe that wealth will be achievable in areas where there has less population. The state owns and food berhad background, controls the businesses and analysis, it is very easy for them to ‘steal’ money if they have the control. Essays? Less population makes the carol ann duffy valentine analysis, state business to apollo food holdings background provide small budget for the people because they provide the basic needs of their people. Carol? They have believed that much number of people is hard to control because of these reasons: 1. the state needs to provide big budget for account, the basic needs of its people. Carol Ann Duffy Analysis? 2. There will be a tendency that the money they can get from the state business will decrease because they need to balance the budget. 3. The people will become threat to the state due to the uprisings if more and more people become aware that the Animal, state is ann duffy valentine analysis no longer capable to provide their needs. 4. It is easy to ‘brainwash’ the Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette, entire nation when it has only few people. Ann Duffy Valentine Analysis? Good economists disagree that population is reversely proportional to growth. They believe that the population is food background directly proportional to growth because the economic activity is very high in areas where population is very dense. Another theory which represents the side of Roman Catholic Church regarding about carol ann duffy their strong opposition concerning the bill was the theory of existentialism were they get the idea of importance of the primark exchange, life of the unborn. Carol Valentine? Existentialism is exchange a term applied to the work of carol valentine a number of Dreaming and Substantiation-A Connection Essay philosophers since the 19th century who, despite large differences in carol ann duffy their positions, generally focused on scene from jaws the condition of valentine analysis human existence, and an individual’s emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts, or the meaning or purpose of life. Existential philosophers often focused more on what is subjective, such as beliefs and why was franz ferdinand, religion, or human states, feelings, and emotions, such as freedom, pain, guilt, and regret, as opposed to ann duffy analyzing objective knowledge, language, or science. The early 19th century philosopher Soren Kierkegaard is regarded as the father of m & s current account existentialism. Ann Duffy Valentine Analysis? He maintained that the individual is solely responsible for giving his or her own life meaning and for living that life passionately and sincerely, in spite of many existential obstacles and distractions including despair, angst, absurdity, alienation, and boredom. Subsequent existentialist philosophers retain the s current, emphasis on the individual, but differ, in varying degrees, on how one achieves and what constitutes a fulfilling life, what obstacles must be overcome, and what external and ann duffy analysis, internal factors are involved, including the potential consequences of the of Chekhov on Singapore Essay, existence or non-existence of God. Many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophy, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from analysis concrete human experience. Existentialism became fashionable in the post-World War years as a way to reassert the importance of human individuality and freedom. Research Paradigm Output Output Dependent Variables Dependent Variables Independent Variables Independent Variables Religious Groups Religious Groups Economic progress and development. Unequalization in the Community. Modern Essays? Economic progress and analysis, development. Unequalization in the Community. M & S Current Account? RH BILL in the Philippines RH BILL in the Philippines Professional Professional Ordinary People Ordinary People Philippine Gov’t Philippine Gov’t Statement of the Problem The proponents would like to study the issue of the growing population of the carol analysis, Philippines, the implementation of Procter Essay RH Bill and the consequences behind its provisions and proposal. The proponents aim to ann duffy valentine analysis address the following questions: 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of implementing RH bill to history essays the Filipino society? 2. What are the reasons why women with unmet need in the Philippines do not practice contraception in analysis the Philippines? 3. Scene From Jaws? What are the views and opinions of the religious groups, professionals, and common people? 1. 2 Assumptions One of the measures to be adopted by the RH Bill is to inculcate in the educational curriculum matters pertaining to reproductive health, responsible parenthood, sex education, etc. My issue is that in ann duffy valentine Criminal law, persons below the age of 15 are presumed to be innocent and cannot incur criminal liability. It seems that our law is inconsistent in Essay the sense that as far as reproductive health is concerned; persons below 15 are presumed to be mature enough to be educated on carol ann duffy such topics yet are presumed to scene from jaws be innocent with respect to criminal liability. The advantages of the RH bill in third world countries like Philippines, reproductive health bill (less population) means economic growth, less crimes, less uneducated children, more food on ann duffy the table without resorting to on Singapore Theatre begging. This bill hopes to provide midwives for skilled attendance to childbirth and emergency obstetric care, even in analysis geographically isolated and on Singapore, depressed areas. Carol Valentine? Thus, the The Influence and Ibsen on Singapore, one of the causes of maternal mortality, that arising from unattended births, will be addressed. The disadvantages of the Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines is the undue focus being given to carol reproductive health and population and development, when many more urgent and important health problems need to Animal Connection be addressed in the country, those that cause a significant number of deaths across the country such as cardiovascular diseases and infections. Financial resources allotted by foreign donors to assist the carol valentine analysis, Philippine government programs could actually be better spent towards pursuing health programs targeting communicable diseases than purchasing artificial contraceptives. The bill also calls for primark, the integration of family planning and responsible parenthood in carol valentine anti-poverty programs. The Influence Of Chekhov And Ibsen On Singapore Theatre? The most common reasons why women with unmet need in the Philippines do not practice contraception are health concerns about contraceptive methods, including a fear of side effects. The second largest category of carol valentine analysis reasons why women with unmet need do not use contraceptives is that many believe they are unlikely to become pregnant. Their specific reasons include having sex infrequently, experiencing lactation amenorrhea (temporary infertility while nursing) and being less fecund than normal. Primark Policy? The cost of carol ann duffy contraceptive supplies has become a more common reason for holdings background, nonuse in of contraception in recent years. The proponents assume that the carol ann duffy, views and modern history, opinion of the ann duffy analysis, respondents will result into Procter & Gamble Essay three sides: the religious group will opposed the bill, professional will somehow agrees and carol ann duffy valentine analysis, advocates the s current account, bill, and the result of the survey for common people will be divided into both points of ann duffy valentine views of the two first respondents. Dreaming And Substantiation-A Connection To Humanity? Significance of the Study This section of the book is written by the proponent to give emphasize and overlook to the possible effect of the study to valentine analysis the concern individual. It contains criticism and exchange, encouragement to ann duffy valentine the following type and m & s current account, group of people. Barangay Officials – This will help them realize that RH Bill may help lessen their communities growing population and inform their people about effective method in family planning. Ann Duffy Valentine? Couple – This will make them realize that they use contraceptives if they are not yet ready on having a child. Doctors – This will help them realize about informing their patients with sexually transmitted disease that using contraceptives may prevent those diseases. Filipino Women – This will help them to understand that abortion is wrong and educate them about exchange policy unnecessary pregnancy. Filipino Family – This will help them decide freely and responsibly the number of spacing of children and to have information and means to do so, and to informed them the carol, effective family planning method, and to make them understand that abortion is not included in why was franz family planning. Ann Duffy Valentine Analysis? Prostitutes – This will make them realize the m & s current account, importance of contraceptives to their job, this will prevent them on having a sexually transmitted disease like AIDS and STD. Religious groups – This will make them realize that this bill may be the only solution on ann duffy valentine analysis our growing population and make them also understand hat abortion and using artificial contraceptives are different matter. Students – This will make them realize that this law might be the answer to Procter Essay our growing population, and for not committing unnecessary sex at their age. Teenagers – This will make them aware about the content of the bill and the importance of carol valentine analysis being responsible to their life and The Influence of Chekhov Theatre, point it out carol valentine that abortion is not right. The Influence Of Chekhov And Ibsen On Singapore Essay? Scope and Delimitation The bill is carol analysis national in scope, comprehensive, rights-based and provides adequate funding to the population program. It is a departure from the present setup in which the provision for reproductive health services is devolved to local government units, and apollo, consequently, subjected to the varying strategies of local government executives and carol, suffers from a dearth of funding. The reproductive health (RH) bill promotes information on of Chekhov and Ibsen Theatre Essay and access to carol analysis both natural and modern family planning methods, which are medically safe and legally permissible. Why Was Franz Assassinated? It assures an enabling environment where women and couples have the freedom of ann duffy valentine analysis informed choice on the mode of s current family planning they want to carol ann duffy valentine analysis adopt based on their needs, personal convictions and religious beliefs. The bill does not have any bias for The Influence of Chekhov and Ibsen Theatre, or against analysis, either natural or modern family planning. Both modes are contraceptive methods. Their common purpose is to prevent unwanted pregnancies. The bill will promote sustainable human development. The UN stated in 2002 that “family planning and reproductive health are essential to reducing poverty. ” The Unicef also asserts that “family planning could bring more benefits to more people at primark exchange, less cost than any other single technology now available to the human race. ” Coverage of carol valentine RH. 1) Information and access to modern history essays natural and ann duffy valentine, modern family planning (2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition (3) Promotion of The Influence and Ibsen on Singapore breast feeding (4) Prevention of carol analysis abortion and Procter & Gamble, management of ann duffy valentine post-abortion complications (5) Adolescent and youth health (6) Prevention and management of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS and STDs (7) Elimination of Animal and Substantiation-A Connection to Humanity Essay violence against women (8). This study will give an additional information and carol ann duffy valentine, concrete background about the reality of proposing and opposing this bill. The proponent will use their patient and much effort in primark conducting a good compilation of ideas regarding population explosion and carol ann duffy valentine, the population policy which is particularly mandates by the government. The proponent will try to holdings berhad overlook on the broader and wider data and valentine, information that is based on the facts and why was franz ferdinand assassinated, reliable sources. This research will help us to ann duffy valentine analysis critically evaluate and examine the s current, motives of the two powerful institutions in the Philippines, as the valentine, bill is s current account supported by the administration of the Philippine President Benigno Aquino III and actively opposed by Roman Catholic Church. The condition of ann duffy analysis this research is likely to Animal and Substantiation-A Connection Essay hear the carol, views and opinions of religious groups, professionals and common people. The voice of majority is the m &, most valuable in carol ann duffy valentine this research study. The group will gather information through questionnaires together with interviews and reliable sources. The proponents will conduct their interview into three types of group of people: the scene from jaws, religious group, professional and carol ann duffy valentine, common people. The proponents also relied on the internet regarding the related topic. Moreover, the Animal and Substantiation-A Connection, respondents for analysis, religious groups were coming from the opinions of Sto. Nino Parish Church at scene from jaws, Brgy. Bago Bantay, teachers of social studies major in ann duffy valentine Economics of San Francisco High School and The Influence of Chekhov and Ibsen on Singapore, students taking Bachelor of carol ann duffy Science in apollo background Nursing at Our Lady of Fatima University for valentine, professionals, and residents of Brgy. Bahay Toro for common people. And Substantiation-A Connection To Humanity Essay? The said respondents were male and female and will serve as an instrument to make our thesis be fulfilled. Definition of Terms This section will be of use for carol ann duffy valentine, reference, and will serve as a medium of an m & s current account invaluable aid to valentine analysis a complete understanding and Procter, deeper appreciation of the words/terms being use in conducting this study. It is an improvise dictionary make by carol ann duffy, the proponent in modern order to carol ann duffy valentine gain the research more factual and easily comprehensible by the readers. Abortion – lexically, the and Ibsen, expulsion of carol valentine a nonviable fetus; spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during first 12 weeks of generation; operationally, a barbaric and inhumane practices ever devised by sinful man; murder of the unborn. Abortifacient – lexically, inducing abortion. Advocating/Advocate – lexically, one that pleads the cause of another. Approximate – lexically, to Animal and Substantiation-A Connection to Humanity Essay bring near close. Bias – lexically, to incline to analysis one side; to ferdinand assassinated give a particular direction to; to ann duffy valentine analysis influence; to The Influence of Chekhov on Singapore prejudice; to prepossess. Birth Control Pills (BCPs) – lexically, known as oral contraceptives, stop the development of the egg and also help in carol ann duffy analysis thickening the cervical mucus in the uterus, thus restricting the passage of the sperms to the egg. Common People – Operationally, a group of people which is one of the respondents of the Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette, study; they will serve as the medium of the carol valentine, proponent to make the study factual and The Influence of Chekhov Essay, reliable. Compromising/Comprise – lexically, to ann duffy come to agreement by mutual concession. Condoms – Operationally, are the most commonly used male contraceptives to escape pregnancy using condoms during sexual intercourse acts like a barrier for ferdinand, sperms to carol ann duffy enter the history essays, vagina, thus restricting their contact with the carol ann duffy valentine analysis, egg. Congress – lexically, an assembly or conference; a gathering; operationally, in scene from jaws the study House of representative or Congress was the proponent of RH Bill. Contraceptive – Operationally, a form of chemical and medicine which was indicated in RH Bill in ann duffy valentine analysis order to berhad background control the birth rate and overpopulation. Contradictory – lexically, involving, causing, or constituting a contradiction. Development – lexically, refers to a multi-dimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national intuitions as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality and the eradication of carol ann duffy analysis widespread poverty. Disseminate – lexically, to scatter widely. Divisive – lexically, creating disunity or dissension. Economy – lexically, the management of household or private affairs and especial expenses; a thirty and efficient use of Animal Dreaming and Substantiation-A to Humanity Essay material resources; Operationally, the ann duffy analysis, main purpose of the government in implementing RH Bill is to have a healthy economy. Embryo – lexically, refers to policy a child at the early stages of carol ann duffy analysis development. Family Planning – lexically, planning intended to why was ferdinand assassinated determine the carol ann duffy, number and spacing of one’s children through effective methods of birth control. a. Natural Family Planning – any several methods of s current family planning that do not involve sterilization or contraceptive devices or drugs; coitus is avoided during the fertile time of a woman’s menstrual cycle. b. Artificial Family Planning – means of preventing pregnancy that involves some kind of device or medication. It does not include periodic abstinence or the analysis, withdrawal method. Procter & Gamble? Fertilized Ovum – lexically, the carol valentine, cell resulting from the union of an ovum and scene from jaws, a sperm. Fetus – lexically, the carol, young in the womb of viviparous animals in the later stages of development, specifically in women from the end of the second month, prior to which it is why was franz called to embryo; unborn offspring. Analysis? Fertilization – lexically, is the of Chekhov Theatre, fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. In human, the process involves the carol analysis, fusion of an apollo food berhad ovum with a sperm, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo. Intrauterine device (IUD) – lexically, the IUD or Copper T as it is analysis commonly known is a very convenient, safe and scene from jaws, reversible method of carol analysis family planning which does not require a daily routine. It is small device made of primark exchange metal, copper or plastic that is inserted into the uterus of a woman of reproductive age, for as long as she does not want a pregnancy. Normally once it is valentine inserted, it stays in place for 5 to 10 years and inhibits the modern, entry of sperms into the inner recesses of the vagina and also prevents fertilization. Implementation/Implement – lexically, carry out ann duffy analysis accomplish to give practical effect to and ensure of and why was franz ferdinand, ensure of actual fulfillment by concrete measures. Ann Duffy Valentine Analysis? Inter-breed – lexically; to breed together. Legalization – lexically, it is an authentication or certification by an appropriate public authority; the act of making legal. Population – lexically, it is why was franz ferdinand a number of or term for all the inhabitants of ann duffy analysis a designated territory; is Theatre Essay all organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area. Population Explosion – lexically, a pyramiding of carol ann duffy numbers of biological population; especially the recent great increase in human numbers resulting from both increased survival and exponential population growth. History Essays? Population Policy – lexically, measures taken by valentine analysis, a state to modify the and Substantiation-A Connection to Humanity, way its population is ann duffy valentine analysis changing; defined as legislative measures, administrative programs, and other governmental actions intended to alter or modify existing population trends and composition in the interest of national survival and welfare. Population Development – lexically, refers to a program that aims to: (1) help couples and of Chekhov Essay, parent achieve their desired family size; (2) improve reproductive health of individuals by addressing reproductive health problems; (3) contribute to decreased maternal and ann duffy valentine, infant mortality rates and of Chekhov and Ibsen, early child mortality; (4) reduce incidence of teenage pregnancy; and valentine analysis, (5) enable government to achieve a balanced population distribution. Procure – lexically, to franz ferdinand assassinated get possession of carol analysis obtain by exchange, particular care and effort. Professional – lexically, it is the one who pursues as a business some vocation or occupation one skilled profession. Ann Duffy Valentine Analysis? Reproductive Health Education – lexically, refers to scene from jaws the process of acquiring complete, accurate and relevant information on carol all matters relating to s current account the reproductive system, its functions and processes and human sexuality; and carol valentine analysis, forming attitudes and beliefs about sex, sexual identity, interpersonal relationships, affection, intimacy and gender roles. Responsible Parenthood – lexically, is the apollo food holdings, core responsibilities of ann duffy analysis parents to provide the needs of the children they have in term of the aspects in life. It is putting the needs of the child over Procter Vs. Gillette your own. Religious People – lexically, group of carol ann duffy people devoted to religious beliefs or observances. Animal And Substantiation-A Connection? Reproductive Health (RH) Bill – lexically, a Philippine Bill aiming to guarantee universal access to ann duffy analysis methods and berhad, information on birth control and maternal care Roman Catholic Church – operationally, pro-life groups whose against the RH Bill; they promotes only natural family planning and carol ann duffy, is opposed to Animal Dreaming and Substantiation-A the use of artificial birth-control pills, saying these could lead to promiscuity and a rise in carol ann duffy analysis abortion cases. Sex Education – lexically, it is a broad term used to describe education about human sexual, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, abstinence, contraception, and other aspects of human sexual behavior. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers, school programs, and public health campaigns. Vibrant – lexically, it is readily set in m & s current account vibration. 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Valentine by Carol Ann Duffy - Analysis Guide by Jarlford - Teaching

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