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People do not get to choose their families, and Proposal Paper, many families have conflicts, but valuing family is still important to discourse origin summary, me. Indian Fashion Uk. Family is there for discourse origin you throughout your life, and this is valuable. Service is The Characters and Holden Essay another personal value I find important. Helping others in discourse origin of inequality need is important because there are many people who need help. Class. I believe in service to others because it makes me feel good. I also believe that if more people lived a life of discourse of inequality summary, service there would be less people in about The Consumption of Sugar United need. Discourse On The Origin Summary. As one we can do little, but united in service much can be accomplished. Personal enrichment and wisdom are also values that I hold high. Through education and personal growth much can be accomplished. Personal enrichment and wisdom are important values for people because they will make people better. Weaknesses Examples. Learning and growing is the only way man can survive. Integrity is a personal value of importance because it means to on the origin of inequality, live in respect to personal values. This requires standing up for Proposal your beliefs and discourse on the of inequality summary, living by them. Integrity is important to marxist conflict, me because I believe it is important for people to hold themselves responsible for their actions and beliefs. On The Origin Summary. Through awareness of Relations,, personal values people can understand the development of their personal values. Development of on the of inequality summary, Values. Values are developed in several ways, and list banks in uk, my personal values have been developed through my upbringing, living situations, education, and work experiences. 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My parents made sure I realized how important family is from the in the States, time that I was a child until today. The values of my family influenced my upbringing which influenced my own personal values. I have lived in many different situations, and all of on the origin, these situations have impacted the development of my personal values. Indian Uk. I have lived in discourse on the origin summary community settings where everyone pitched in to take care of the community and list of islamic, maintain the home. Origin Summary. I have lived in settings that were upper-class and lower class. Proposal Argument. I have lived alone and I have lived with over 30 other people. All of these living situations have influenced the development of on the, my personal values. Living in rich areas helped me realize that money is academic weaknesses not everything. Living in poor areas has helped me value hard work. Living alone has helped me value community,and living with many people helped me value personal enrichment. Living situations are all unique experiences that have helped in the development of origin, my personal values. Education has had a strong impact on Proposal my personal values as well. Discourse On The Origin. I have developed a lot of my own personal values due to my educational experiences Education forces you to marxist class, question things and take stands on on the of inequality summary issues. The Characters Of Hamlet Essay. Education provides you with knowledge to make your own opinions. Through my educational experiences I have learned that I value wisdom, and on the origin of inequality summary, this is why I will always continue to list, go to on the, school. Essay In The States. Personal enrichment is another value that has been developed through education. My educational experiences have taught me that there is still much to origin, learn about myself. It has also made me realize that personal enrichment should continue throughout my entire life. The experiences I have had with education have strengthened and developed my values. Experiences in of islamic the workplace have also helped develop my personal values. Through experiences in on the of inequality the workplace I have learned that I highly value my family and integrity. The Characters Of Hamlet And Holden Essay. I have also developed a sense a community, and I have realized the importance of this value through my experiences in the workplace. As a manager and an employee I have been on both sides of workforce. This experience has led me to understand service more thoroughly; it has also helped me value honesty, hard work, and teamwork. These are important values in the workplace. Criteria for Revising Values. Personal values will change as people change, and there is origin summary criteria that I utilize for revising my values. Revising values is international relations levels not always easy, and origin summary, it is based on Union and Labor Relations, Essay a combination of discourse of inequality summary, things. The priority levels of marxist class conflict, values change on discourse of inequality a constant basis to suit the situations at hand. Prioritizing and Essay about The Consumption States, considering positive and negative impacts of on the summary, values are the levels of analysis, criteria I use to discourse on the origin summary, revise my values on a day-to-day basis. Prioritizing is an Research Proposal Argument Paper important means of on the origin of inequality summary, revising personal values. Personal values are beliefs that a person holds true. Academic Examples. Situations occur when values are put into question and discourse origin summary, prioritizing must occur. Considering what values are more important at the time is an important and The Characters and Holden Essay, effective method of origin summary, revising values. Prioritizing is about of Sugar in the States a method that utilizes considering the discourse on the origin, pros and cons of international relations levels of analysis, values in regards to situations at hand. Considering the discourse on the origin, positive and negative impact of my personal values is Essay The Consumption United States a method of prioritizing and discourse on the origin summary, revising my personal values. For instance there are times when my personal values do not exist together peacefully. List Banks In Uk. Integrity and family can conflict at times, and on the origin of inequality, during these times I must revise my values. I must consider both the Argument Paper, positive and on the origin of inequality summary, negative impact these values have. I can then prioritize these values based on this thought process, and I can make better decisions based on my revised values. Impact of of islamic banks in uk, Values on Performance in the Workplace. Personal values inevitably impact the origin summary, performance in the workplace. If someone values hard work they will work hard in international relations a work place environment. Discourse Origin Summary. If someone values making money over The Consumption in the United, integrity they will cut corners and discourse on the of inequality, cheat to get ahead and list banks in uk, make a buck. Personal values dictate the of inequality summary, actions a person takes inside and outside of the workplace. My personal values impact my performance in marxist class conflict the workplace because I value integrity. Origin. I will not work in Essay about of Sugar in the United States a situation that compromises my beliefs or values. Discourse On The Origin Of Inequality. I will also not work in a place that treats people cruelly or unjustly. I value hard work, and Research Argument, it is shown in my performance in the workplace. Of Inequality. I also value creativity, wisdom, and personal enrichment, and I like to work in places where I can learn things. I strive to Relations,, learn and work at my highest potential, and discourse origin of inequality, these values are reflected in Proposal my performance in the workplace. On The Origin Of Inequality. I also value service and teamwork, and of Hamlet and Holden, I will work hard with and for everyone I work with because of my values. Personal values are developed throughout life; these values impact personal live and work performance Values are developed through many means such as upbringing, educational experiences, living situations, and discourse on the origin summary, workplace experiences There are many methods of and Labor Relations, Essay, revising personal values,and prioritizing is an effective method of revising values. Personal values impact work performance because they reflect who we are and how we act. University/College: University of Chicago. Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter. Date: 27 April 2016. Let us write you a custom essay sample on discourse origin of inequality summary The Development of Research Proposal Argument, Personal Values. for only discourse on the origin of inequality summary, $16.38 $13.9/page. Haven't found the Essay You Want? Get your custom essay sample. For Only $13.90/page. 3422 Old Capitol Trail, Suite 267, Wilminton, DE 19808, USA.<

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Summary: discourse on the origin of inequality among men of Jean

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Nov 25, 2017 Discourse on the origin of inequality summary, do my homework online - Criminal Justice Ethics Research Paper. This sample Criminal Justice Ethics Research Paper is published for educational and informational purposes only. Like other free research paper examples, it is origin not a custom research paper. If you need help writing your assignment, please use our custom writing services and of islamic in uk buy a paper on any of the discourse on the of inequality summary criminal justice research paper topics . This sample research paper on criminal justice ethics features: 7200+ words (25 pages), an Essay about outline, APA format in-text citations, and on the a bibliography with 40 sources. II. Ethical Systems. A. Of Analysis? Deontological Systems. B. Teleological Systems. III. Ethics and the Police. A. The Police Subculture. B. Discourse On The Origin Of Inequality? Police Corruption. C. Additional Types of Unethical Police Behaviors. IV. Ethics and the Courts. A. Prosecutors and list of islamic Ethics. B. Unethical Behaviors and Defense Attorneys. C. Ethical Issues Involving Judges. V. Ethics and Correctional Officers. A. Inappropriate Relationships With Prison Inmates. B. Origin Of Inequality Summary? Contraband and international of analysis the Prison Economy. C. Unethical Behaviors and the Prison Guard Subculture. VI. Ethics and origin summary Probation and Parole Officers. Criminal justice and international levels of analysis ethics are closely related. Of Inequality? According to social contract theory, the denizens of States, a country give up certain liberties to be protected by the government, and criminal justice professionals are agents of the discourse of inequality government. Justice practitioners are expected to Union and Labor Essay have a higher moral character, so that the common man can feel confident about the agents of the government that are affording them protections. Virtually all criminal justice professionals, be they police officers, judges, prosecutors, defense lawyers, correctional officers, probation officers, or parole officers, need to exercise the use of their discretion at some point or another during the course of their careers. On The Origin Summary? Usually this occurs when practitioners are faced with specific ethical dilemmas, as opposed to Union and Labor Essay taking a stand in origin of inequality summary, matters involving broad ethical issues (Pollock, 2007). When discretionary decisions are guided by ethics, decisions can be said to list in uk be fair and just, because there are always shades of moral obligations that are higher than others (Souryal, 2006). The awareness and importance of ethics in origin of inequality summary, the field of and Labor, criminal justice are increasing at on the summary, a fast pace. This is because, as in academic, virtually every other occupation, criminal justice officials also engage in unethical behaviors during the course of their 8-hour shifts. Discourse Of Inequality? Every year there are practitioners who end their careers in disgrace by of Hamlet and Holden Essay engaging in on the origin of inequality, unscrupulous activities. This includes behaviors that are outright illegal, as well as those that have not been labeled as being criminal in nature. It is noteworthy that not every type of unethical behavior is necessarily illegal. Academic Weaknesses? In fact, criminal justice practitioners engage in many types of unethical behaviors that are not governed by the legislature and on the origin the court system. Plato argued that the idea of Essay about The Consumption of Sugar in the United States, “goodness,” or the summum bonum of discourse on the origin, values, is a virtue even higher than justice (Souryal, 2006). This goodness lights up the minds of human beings and The Characters of Hamlet and Holden Essay helps them make moral judgments. Discourse Summary? The idea of natural law, or self-preservation, appealed to both Plato and and Labor Relations, his student Aristotle, who sought universal qualities in discourse on the origin of inequality, human nature (Souryal, 2006). Originating from the Stoics, natural law signifies a search for about The Consumption in the States, moral absolutes that is identified as natural (Pollock, 2007). Aristotle, in the Nicomachean Ethics, “provided the first systematic study of ethics in of inequality, the history of the Western world” (Albanese, 2008, p. 15). In this book, Aristotle proposed the ethics of virtue that is concerned with cultivating virtuous habits. Academic Examples? Aristotle suggested the intermediate path, or the origin of inequality summary golden mean, which strikes a balance between extreme behaviors. He prescribed 10 moral virtues or excellences that are to about The Consumption of Sugar United States be cultivated: (1) courage, (2) temperance, (3) prudence, (4) justice, (5) pride, (6) ambition, (7) having a good temper, (8) being a good friend, (9) truthfulness, and (10) wittiness (Albanese, 2008). On The? Because Aristotle’s ethics of virtue was based on list banks the cultivation of habits over time, it did not address the specific issue of on the origin of inequality, ethical dilemmas and moral judgments (Pollock, 2007). There are several ethical systems that explain the ethicality of a moral judgment. Broadly put, the indian ethical systems can be deontological (nonconsequentialism) or teleological (consequentialism). A deontological ethical system is concerned with the inherent nature of an act, whereas a teleological ethical system is concerned with the discourse on the origin consequences of an act (Pollock, 2007). The most prominent deontologist is Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), who propounded ethical formalism. Kant proposed the rational basis of class conflict, moral decisions and origin identified that an The Characters Essay act based on duty was truly moral. He called this the categorical imperative or the supreme principle of morality, something that one must do, a duty (Close & Meier, 2003; Pollock, 2007). The next is the on the of inequality Golden Rule. This system, found in diverse cultures, proposes the Proposal Argument common principle “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” Although the reason for discourse of inequality, this behavior might be based on Essay about of Sugar in the United the consequences of the action, this system is of inequality often treated as deontological because it sets forth a fundamental moral principle (Close & Meier, 2003). Religious ethics or the of islamic in uk Divine Command Theory believe that God’s word is perfect and summary that morality is derived from the The Characters of Hamlet and Holden Essay words of God, whatever the religion of an individual might be (Close & Meier, 2003; Pollock, 2007). The emphasis is on discourse summary following God’s commands rather than focusing on the consequences of the actions. The most common teleological ethical system is utilitarianism, founded by Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). This concept was also found in the works of Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873; Albanese, 2008). Of Hamlet And Holden? Utilitarianism focuses on the good or happiness of the majority. Happiness is origin of inequality measured by Essay about of Sugar States Bentham’s pleasure– pain principle or the hedonistic calculus, whereby pleasure is on the origin of inequality summary sought and pain avoided (Albanese, 2008; Pollock, 2007). An action will be judged by the total amount of pleasure or happiness that will be created as opposed to international relations the total amount of pain or unhappiness that will be created (Close & Meier, 2003). Summary? Because the indian fashion emphasis is on the consequences of an act, utilitarianism justifies bad actions as long as the discourse on the of inequality result is good; in examples, other words, the of inequality summary end justifies the Research Proposal means. Summary? Determining whether a specific act is morally right or wrong constitutes act utilitarianism (Pollock, 2007). Rule utilitarianism proposes that an act is about in the States morally right if it can be universally applied as a rule that is discourse summary morally right. Another teleological system is ethical egoism, which proposes that an action be judged by marxist conflict the greatest good that is discourse on the origin of inequality summary produced for marxist, the person taking the of inequality action. The sole consideration is for the benefit to Relations, Essay the egoist. Ethics of care, a feminine ethical system discussed in discourse origin, the works of Carol Gilligan, has found application in examples, restorative justice and rehabilitation of offenders (Pollock, 2007). The focus is on relationships, the needs of the discourse on the origin of inequality victims, and on marxist class reintegrating offenders into discourse on the origin of inequality summary, society after they have accepted responsibility for their actions. This can be said to be a teleological system, because it is international levels of analysis concerned about the consequences of the of inequality actions, whether it would serve the needs of academic weaknesses, those affected by the decision. There are two paradigms of discourse origin, policing: (1) the traditional crime fighter role and (2) the list in uk more recent public service or community policing role (Pollock, 2007). In the United States, although crime control is the on the of inequality major role of policing, both paradigms can be seen. The public service paradigm is predominant in Europe. The public service paradigm can be identified with community policing, where the international levels police are people’s friends, mingling with them in origin summary, the community and aiming at social peace. Weaknesses Examples? The spirit of discourse on the, service is Essay United primary. On The? The goal is to abide by the code of police ethics and be ideal protectors of the people, as expected by social contract theory. About United States? Under this paradigm, a criminal is on the origin summary viewed not as a member of The Consumption States, a distinct group but as somebody from the on the origin neighborhood who has gone astray (Pollock, 2007). Whereas the public service paradigm is more rights based and Essay duty oriented, as prescribed by discourse ethical formalism, the marxist crime control paradigm is on the summary less formal and subscribes to utilitarianism. Marxist Class Conflict? Under the crime control paradigm the discourse origin police are seen as an army to international fight crime and discourse on the catch criminals by whatever means necessary (Kleinig, 2008; Pollock, 2007). International Relations? With the discourse on the of inequality summary September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the crime control paradigm has gained prominence. Criminals are viewed as enemies, and the police consider themselves as distinct from the people they serve. This gives rise to the police subculture in which loyalty is the code of honor and Research Proposal Argument the “blue wall of secrecy” is on the origin of inequality maintained. About The Consumption? “Noble cause” corruption is tolerated within the departments, thus allowing police use of excessive force, as in the film Dirty Harry (Pollock, 2007). The police subculture also allows officers to carry out unethical behavior at the individual level. Increasing diversity in origin of inequality, the police force, police unions, and relations levels of analysis civil litigation are causing police subcultures to weaken (Pollock, 2007). It should be mentioned that subcultures are prevalent in origin of inequality summary, some form in almost every police agency in about The Consumption of Sugar in the States, the world, ranging from the United States to the United Kingdom. It is important to note that police subcultures may directly contribute to unethical employee behaviors. Origin Of Inequality Summary? Unlike probation and parole officers, who may work alone, police officers are heavily influenced by academic examples their peers. Walker and Katz (2008) contended that the on the origin summary police subculture provides officers with rationalizations and Proposal Argument Paper motivations that allow them to discourse on the origin summary engage in Essay The Consumption United States, unprofessional behaviors. Origin Of Inequality Summary? Some scholars have argued that there is conflict a profound need to eliminate the negative effects associated with the police subculture (Souryal, 2006). It is also possible that the police subculture allows law enforcement officials to on the origin summary commit unethical acts in the presence of and Labor, other officers. On The? Ward and McCormack (1987) stated, for example, that there are some citizens who strongly feel that “the great esprit de corps in weaknesses examples, the police force inhibits officers from origin investigating suspected corruption of fellow officers” (p. Union And Labor Essay? 21). Other scholars have noticed the lack of on the summary, cooperation between officers of different ranks (Toch, 2002). Proposal Argument Paper? Souryal (2006) argued that this builds a sense of origin of inequality summary, unity among low-ranking patrolmen who may be tempted to isolate themselves from senior officers or cover up each other’s mistakes. Proposal Argument Paper? Pollock (2007) also contended that there is an enormous amount of discourse summary, discord between police administrators and banks their underlings. Some scholars also argue that the police subculture inadvertently excludes certain types of on the origin of inequality, police officers (Holdaway, 1996; Miller, Forest, & Jurick et al., 2003). In the marxist class United Kingdom, discrimination has been said to exist toward other officers as an indirect result of police activities that occur outside of work, such as shift parties and get-togethers (Holdaway, 1996). According to Holdaway (1996), certain officers, usually women and of inequality summary members of of islamic banks in uk, minority groups, are excluded from these events. On The Summary? This is consistent with Miller et al.’s (2003) contention that homosexual police officers also have limited access to the police subculture. Even though some officers are more entrenched in uk, the police subculture than others, much of the current literature contends that it promotes attitudes that lead to cynicism and unethical behaviors among police. In 1972, the Knapp Commission exposed unethical behavior and police corruption at discourse of inequality summary, virtually every level within the Union and Labor Essay New York City Police Department (NYPD). Discourse On The Summary? During these official proceedings, corrupt officers were considered to be either “grass eaters” or “meat eaters” (Pollock, 2007). Marxist Conflict? Grass eaters were officers who accepted gratuities yet did not demand any of the services they received (Souryal, 2006). Meat eaters, on on the of inequality summary the other hand, aggressively demanded bribes in exchange for specific types of favors. Proposal Argument? The Knapp Commission discovered that both of these types of police officers permeated the discourse origin of inequality summary entire police department. In the Union Essay Knapp Commission inquiry, two police officers, Frank Serpico and David Durk, of the NYPD, went public with allegations of corruption and of inequality graft (Maas, 1973). During this formal investigation Serpico testified against The Consumption in the United many of his fellow police officers and of inequality summary helped to international expose the ineffectiveness of the origin of inequality summary NYPD’s internal investigation department (Maas, 1973). List Banks In Uk? Not long after his testimony, Serpico was shot in the face during a routine drug bust; although his coworkers did not come to his immediate aid, Serpico survived the origin attack (Maas, 1973). After the Union Knapp Commission, the discourse on the of inequality summary NYPD pledged to academic weaknesses eliminate officer misconduct and discourse on the origin corruption (Pollock, 2007). In addition to accepting bribes or engaging in organized corruption, police officers may engage in of Hamlet, other types of unethical behaviors during the course of origin of inequality summary, their 8-hour shift. Some research, for example, has shown that police officers engage in international relations levels of analysis, unscrupulous sexual acts while on discourse on the origin duty (Barker & Carter, 1994). Academic Weaknesses? Souryal (2006) contended that this is because police officers have a high degree of discourse origin of inequality summary, power and of islamic banks in uk are relatively isolated from on the origin of inequality their supervisors. List? It has been well documented that some police officers have had sex while on duty (Barker & Carter, 1994; Souryal, 2006). There have even been instances in which sheriffs and chiefs of police have partaken in unethical acts. In one recent case, for discourse origin of inequality summary, example, a high-ranking police executive of of islamic, Wallkill County, New York, was allegedly caught having an intimate encounter in a patrol vehicle (Souryal, 2006). On The Of Inequality Summary? In other instances, however, the acts may be much more serious and are often motivated by greed and self-interest (Pollock, 2007). C. Union And Labor Relations,? Additional Types of Unethical Police Behaviors. There are many types of unethical behaviors in which police officers engage besides sexual deviance. These acts can range from on the origin summary abusing sick time to marxist class brutality (Barker & Carter, 1994). Discourse On The? Some law enforcement employees may also sleep on Research duty, even in on the origin of inequality, instances when they are expected to The Characters and Holden Essay be vigilant and alert (Souryal, 2006). There are also officers who may expect businesses to provide them with special perks, such as free meals and coffee (Souryal, 2006). On The Of Inequality? Police officers may also be tempted to falsify reports and even commit perjury (Barker & Carter, 1994; Pollock, 2007). It is important to note that many countries besides the examples United States have police officers who have acted unethically. In fact, virtually every country has had at least one type of instance in of inequality, which police officers have acted unprofessionally (Reichel, 2002). Mexican law enforcement officials, for example, are perceived by and Holden many scholars to of inequality be notoriously corrupt. Union Essay? In Peru, it has been said that corruption is so rampant that police officers may overlook traffic violations for bribes as small as candy bars (Reichel, 2002). In other countries, unethical police behaviors are equally as serious, if not more so, and discourse on the of inequality may range from torturing pretrial detainees in Egypt to Relations, trafficking child pornography in summary, Australia (Reichel, 2002). List Banks? These examples illustrate that unethical employee behaviors exist in virtually every type of police organization on a worldwide scale. Although police officers certainly engage in unethical behaviors, practitioners who work in the court also have the potential to act in an inappropriate or unscrupulous manner. Discourse On The Of Inequality Summary? This is because, to varying degrees, court personnel such as prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges have discretionary powers. When faced with ethical dilemmas, they can take decisions one way or the indian fashion other, because moral obligations have finer shades (Souryal, 2006). Some prosecutors, for example, may behave unethically. Prosecutors exercise a great deal of discourse origin of inequality summary, discretion as they decide which cases should go to trial and of islamic banks which should be dismissed. In theory, they must try to on the origin seek justice and not merely a conviction. Essay The Consumption Of Sugar In The? However, on discourse on the of inequality summary occasion they are driven by personal ambitions rather than justice. Some prosecutors treat their current jobs as stepping-stones to other lucrative jobs (Kleinig, 2008; Pollock, 2007). Class? This might compromise their undivided service to discourse origin summary the public. They also are greatly involved in the process of Essay about of Sugar, plea bargaining, where the presumption of innocence is compromised and discourse of inequality summary the defendant pleads guilty in Paper, exchange for discourse origin of inequality, a promise of lesser charges or less sentencing. At times, another ethical issue arises when the defendant refuses to accept a plea bargain and the prosecutor acts in a retaliatory manner during the uk trial. In addition to discourse of inequality summary the ethical issues inherent in the plea bargaining process, prosecutors may also intentionally attempt to compromise the class conflict trial process (Kleinig, 2008). This can be done by a practice known as jury skewing (Kleinig, 2008, p. 126). According to Kleinig (2008), jury skewing occurs when prosecutors seek out jurors who are partial or biased in on the origin of inequality, their favor. Class? It should be noted that although some scholars consider this practice to on the of inequality be unethical, it is uk nevertheless perfectly legal, unless a prosecutor discriminates on the basis of origin of inequality summary, race, ethnicity, or gender as per list, Batson v. Kentucky (1986). In addition to engaging in jury skewing, prosecutors may also behave unethically by withholding exculpatory information that may affect the of inequality summary outcome of The Characters and Holden, a criminal case in favor of the on the defendant (Kleinig, 2008). In Brady v. Maryland (1863), the U.S. Supreme Court held that the banks in uk suppression of on the summary, exculpatory information is a violation of the Union and Labor Relations, due process rights of on the of inequality, criminal defendants. Fashion? Prosecutors are also likely to on the summary use questionable expertise because of the relationship the government has with forensic laboratories. Kleinig (2008) identified other examples of prosecutorial misconduct, such as coaching witnesses, overstatement about the evidence in the opening and closing statements, and international of analysis zealous resistance to appeals that may reflect poorly on on the of inequality summary their work. Prosecutorial misconduct can be explained by academic examples utilitarianism and egoism, focusing on discourse on the origin of inequality the consequences of their wrong actions, but such actions are definitely not justified by any deontological ethical system that recognizes that the inherent nature of the Union and Labor Relations, act must be good. B. Of Inequality? Unethical Behaviors and Defense Attorneys. Like prosecutors, defense attorneys also have the potential to uk behave unethically. The job of a defense attorney is to ensure that defendants are not deprived of their due process rights. On The Summary? Their loyalty lies solely to in the States their clients and not to discourse origin of inequality the public. Banks In Uk? At times, however, defense attorneys pursue this goal too zealously to prove their defendants’ innocence. Discourse Origin Summary? At such a time, they should be careful not to of islamic in uk encourage or allow perjury by their clients (Kleinig, 2008). The attorney–client privilege is discourse on the summary a very important aspect of the representation of a client. This confidential and loyal relationship is important to ensure proper representation of a defendant, which is The Characters of Hamlet Essay possible only after a complete knowledge of the facts of the discourse on the summary case. A defense attorney’s job is not to academic weaknesses examples judge whether the client is guilty or innocent but to ensure that the on the summary client gets a fair representation and that all due process rights are protected (Pollock, 2007). Class Conflict? This confidentiality can be broken only under four circumstances: (1) The defendant can waive it, (2) by court order, (3) if the defendant expresses his intent to commit a future crime or fraud, and (4) if the defendant tries to implicate the attorney in some criminal enterprise (Pollock, 2007). There are times when the defense attorney fails to of inequality represent his or her client effectively. Of Analysis? Several cases alleging ineffective assistance of counsel have been filed, but this has been a ground hard to prove. In United States v. On The Origin Summary? Cronic (1984), the U.S. Supreme Court held that a claim of ineffective assistance of academic weaknesses examples, counsel can be made only by pointing out specific errors made by the trial counsel. It cannot be based on discourse on the an inference drawn from the defense counsel’s inexperience or lack of time to prepare, the gravity of the international relations of analysis charges, the complexity of the summary defense, or the indian uk accessibility of witness to origin of inequality counsel. In Strickland v. Washington (1984), the court ruled that an marxist class accused who claims ineffective counsel must show deficient performance by origin summary counsel and Union a reasonable probability that but for origin of inequality, such deficiency the international relations of analysis result of the on the proceeding would have been different. There have been cases in which the defense attorney was found silent and even sleeping during the proceedings in court. List Of Islamic Banks In Uk? In Burdine v. Discourse On The Origin Summary? Johnson (2001), a defense lawyer for a capital offense defendant kept falling asleep during the academic examples trial. Convicted and on the sentenced to death, the defendant appealed, claiming he was denied the examples constitutional right to discourse on the effective counsel. Of Islamic Banks In Uk? The Fifth Circuit concluded that Burdine did not have the discourse origin benefit of effective counsel and Research Argument therefore ordered a new trial. On The Origin Summary? The U.S. Relations Levels Of Analysis? Supreme Court refused to hear the case on appeal; thus, the decision to give Burdine a new trial was upheld. In Ex parte McFarland (2005), the summary court of criminal appeals held that although the lead defense attorney had slept through portions of the trial, the defendant was not deprived of assistance of banks, counsel because his second attorney was present and an active advocate at discourse summary, all times. In Bell v. Cone (2002), the court allowed a death sentence to class conflict stand even though the discourse origin of inequality summary defendant’s lawyer failed to make an argument to Research Argument the jury to save his life. In this case, Cone was tried and found guilty of of inequality, capital murder. During the sentencing stage, the banks in uk sequence was for the prosecution to argue first, then the defense lawyer, and then the of inequality prosecutor again. A junior prosecutor argued first for class conflict, the prosecution. The defense lawyer then decided to origin of inequality summary waive his argument, because under court rules the relations of analysis prosecutor could not argue a second time if the defense lawyer waived the argument. This was done by the defense lawyer as a strategy so that the senior prosecutor, who was a highly effective lawyer and who was going to origin summary give the list of islamic banks second prosecution argument, could not say a word. The jury gave the defendant the discourse on the origin of inequality death penalty anyway. Cone appealed, claiming ineffective counsel. The court upheld the sentence, saying that Cone’s constitutional right had not been violated because what the defense lawyer used as a strategy was reasonable. In Mickens v. Taylor (2002), Mickens was convicted of list of islamic in uk, murder and discourse origin of inequality sentenced to death. Of Islamic In Uk? He claimed ineffective assistance of origin of inequality summary, counsel because he discovered, after the marxist class trial, that his attorney had represented the discourse on the of inequality summary victim on unrelated charges. This was never revealed to Mickens. The U.S. Supreme Court rejected his claim, saying that a defendant who claims that the right to counsel was violated because of a conflict of weaknesses examples, interest must show that the conflict had a negative effect on discourse on the origin summary the attorney’s representation and that there was a reasonable probability that the result would have been different. Research Argument? The court concluded that “dual representation” in discourse on the summary, and of of islamic in uk, itself merely represents a “theoretical division of loyalties” and did not require a reversal of the on the results. C. Ethical Issues Involving Judges. Just as both prosecutors and defense attorneys have the potential to of Hamlet behave unethically, judges are also not immune to engaging in origin, inappropriate behaviors. And Labor Essay? The most important ethical responsibility of discourse on the origin summary, a judge is to be impartial. International Relations Levels Of Analysis? For this, judicial independence and of inequality integrity are vital. List Banks In Uk? Judicial independence could mean both the discourse independence of the judiciary from the Union Essay other branches of the of inequality summary government and indian the personal independence and integrity of the judges so that they are not influenced by other considerations in their function as judges (Kleinig, 2008). The Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 2 (1990) says that a judge shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of discourse on the of inequality, impropriety in all of the list judge’s activities. On The Of Inequality Summary? Also, as per the Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 2 (C) (1990), a judge should not hold membership in any organization that discriminates on international relations the basis or race, religion, gender, or national origin. Judicial accountability is yet another aspect that holds judges responsible for discourse on the of inequality, their actions. Judges are to Research Paper disqualify themselves from cases in of inequality, which their impartiality might be questioned, as in cases in which they might have a financial or other interest (Barua, in of islamic banks, press). This was reinforced by discourse the approval of the Judicial Conference Policy for Mandatory Conflict Screening on September 19, 2006. Of Islamic Banks? This policy mandated an on the summary automated conflict screening to identify any financial conflict that federal judges might have in Relations, Essay, cases that come before them. Besides this, judges are often invited to attend educational trips sponsored by on the of inequality summary certain organizations. Indian? This sometimes gives rise to an ethical issue that judges would be biased toward the sponsors of these programs or toward corporations in which they might have a financial interest. It is discourse of inequality summary more the appearance of impropriety than an actual unethical action of The Characters of Hamlet, a judge that creates concerns (Barua, in origin summary, press). On September 19, 2006, the Judicial Conference Policy on Judges’ Attendance at Privately Funded Educational Programs was released. It mandated that a federal judge should not accept travel, food, lodging, reimbursement, or anything that would be considered a gift under the Judicial Conference Ethics Reform Act Gift Regulations for attending a private educational seminar, unless its sponsor has filed a public disclosure statement on about of Sugar in the States the content of the program and of inequality all sources of relations levels, funding for the judges’ expenses. These two policies were aimed to allay the fears of on the origin, unethical behaviors that the fashion public might have about federal judges (Barua, in discourse on the summary, press). The two areas where judges exercise their discretion are (1) interpretation of the law and (2) sentencing (Pollock, 2007). While interpreting laws, judges can get caught up in indian fashion uk, hypertechnical application of laws at the cost of equity and fairness (Pollock, 2007). Origin? Before the federal sentencing guidelines, sentencing disparities existed because of different sentencing patterns of individual judges (Hofer, Blackwell,&Ruback, 1999).Whatever may be the situation and indian uk the case, judges are expected to discourse origin summary be fair, just, and impartial and to list banks mete out summary, equal treatment to all and sundry, upholding the neutral position of the Research Argument judge and discourse on the summary behaving in Union, a manner that behooves a judge and discourse on the origin the pristine judicial office. Banks? As this section of the on the summary research paper has shown, however, some judges may behave unethically. Like other practitioners who work in of islamic banks in uk, the court, judges also have the potential to summary behave irresponsibly or in examples, an unprofessional manner. V. Origin Of Inequality Summary? Ethics and of islamic Correctional Officers. Although very little literature has systematically addressed the types of of inequality summary, unethical behaviors in which correctional officers engage, at least a few studies have addressed these issues. One of the Paper most common areas of discourse origin summary, ethical concern pertains to excessive uses of force that occur in penal facilities. Morris (1988) portrayed a classic depiction of marxist conflict, abuse as he described the events that led up to the infamous 1980 New Mexico prison uprising. Morris gave a detailed account of the “goon squads” that were led by guards and designed to systematically abuse offenders as a means of achieving control. On The Origin Of Inequality Summary? Ultimately, it was this informal control mechanism that was one of the major factors that led to academic one of the most devastating riots in American prison history. It has been almost 30 years since the discourse on the origin of inequality summary New Mexico prison uprising, yet there is indian uk still reason to believe that correctional officers use excessive force against inmates. In August 2005, for example, two female jail employees were arrested for discourse on the origin of inequality, conspiring with an offender to assault another inmate (Hales, 2005). In this incident, the guards were apprehended for utilizing offenders to punish a female inmate who was incarcerated for international, committing sex crimes against her son. On The? The mistreatment of offenders by marxist prison employees may occur in institutional settings besides state and local correctional facilities. For example, similar acts of brutality have been committed against Iraqi detainees by summary U.S. military prison personnel. In recent memoranda to the Armed Service Committee, one military employee stated, “We would give them [prisoners] blows to Proposal the head, chest, legs and stomach, pull them down, kick dirt on on the origin of inequality summary them. Essay In The United? This happened every day” (Serrano, 2005, p. A-1). In addition to of inequality summary physical brutality that is directed toward inmates, there have been cases in which male and female guards have acted unethically by academic sexually assaulting the discourse of inequality summary inmates they are paid to protect. Union And Labor Relations, Essay? Welch (2004) described a well-documented 1998 incident in on the, which three female prisoners were sold as “sex slaves” to male inmates at Relations,, a federal penitentiary in Pleasanton, California. On The Summary? Ultimately, this led to academic weaknesses a federal lawsuit, and the Federal Bureau of on the summary, Prisons settled the suit for $500,000 (Lucas v. White, 1999). The prison agency also agreed to drastic changes in order to curtail the sexual abuse of female inmates. While the of Hamlet and Holden preceding case represents one of the discourse summary most horrific examples of conflict, sexual abuse directed at female inmates, there have been other examples in which it may seem less obvious as to whether a sexual assault even occurred. In State v. Discourse On The? Cardus (1997), a male prison guard developed a rapport with a female inmate for whom he was performing favors. This led to a friendship, followed by a physical relationship. About Of Sugar In The States? Sexual contact occurred, but only on one occasion, and was limited to oral sex. To complicate matters even further, court documents indicate that there were strong feelings of discourse on the of inequality summary, attraction on Union Relations, the part of the on the origin inmate (State v. Cardus, 1997). She later admitted in of islamic banks, an official proceeding that her actions were voluntary. The inmate gave the following testimony: “I wanted to do it being incarcerated for about a month then, and prior to being incarcerated, I wasn’t having sex . . . Origin? I did want it” (State v. Cardus, 1997, p. 429). Of Islamic Banks In Uk? Despite this testimony, the Intermediate Court ofAppeals ruled that the “consent” of an incarcerated person was “ineffective consent,” and it affirmed the defendant’s conviction of second-degree sexual assault. Discourse On The Of Inequality Summary? In the Cardus case, the correctional officer was behaving in both a criminal and an unethical manner. A. Indian? Inappropriate Relationships with Prison Inmates. Some of the more recent literature on unethical behaviors that occur in discourse of inequality summary, prison settings relate to Research Proposal Paper the inappropriate relationships that can develop between inmates and staff members. Few studies have been conducted in discourse on the summary, this area, and weaknesses this is still largely uncharted territory. Discourse On The Origin Summary? An incident that one scholar might call an list of islamic “inappropriate relationship” may be labeled by discourse on the origin of inequality others as a form of The Characters, economic exploitation, or even sexual abuse. Of Inequality Summary? One thing is certain, however: These behaviors are certainly unethical and The Characters of Hamlet Essay should not be tolerated in a correctional environment. Worley, Marquart, and Mullings (2003) provided a definition of inappropriate relationships: Personal relationships between employees and on the inmates/clients or with family members of inmates/clients. This behavior is usually sexual or economic in international relations levels of analysis, nature and has the discourse on the of inequality summary potential to jeopardize the security of a prison institution or compromise the academic integrity of origin of inequality, a correctional employee. (p. 179) Although some research on the forbidden relationships between correctional staff and class conflict inmates focuses disproportionately on sexual situations involving male officers and female offenders, the majority of inappropriate relationships occur between male inmates and on the summary female correctional officers (Worley et al., 2003;Worley & Cheeseman, 2006). This makes sense when one considers that female inmates make up only 7.3% of the fashion state prison population and on the 7.5% of the marxist federal prison population (Clear, Cole, & Reisig, 2009). There may be a perception that only low-ranking correctional employees are likely to have inappropriate relationships, but even prison administrators are not immune from behaving unscrupulously with inmates. Recently, for origin, example, Christine Achenbach, an executive assistant and fourth in command at a federal prisbon in and Labor, Colorado, was convicted of discourse summary, having sexual relations with a prison inmate (Hughes, 2002). Proposal? During the course of her sexual relationship with two offenders, Achenbach was even believed to origin of inequality summary have warned her inmate “boyfriends” when their cells would be searched (Hughes, 2002). Both of list of islamic banks in uk, these offenders were members of the on the infamous Crips gang (Hughes, 2002). The Characters Essay? One of Achenbach’s inmate lovers, during the discourse of inequality summary trial, described how he wooed her into having a relationship and said: “I felt that [Achenbach] was vulnerable and that she could be compromised if a person were to of islamic banks be sensitive and discourse on the take time with her” (Hughes, 2002). In 2002, a judge sentenced Achenbach to list of islamic 4 years of probation; she was also required to origin of inequality register as a sex offender for Union and Labor, life (Abbott, 2002). It is discourse origin of inequality summary clear from this example that even upper echelon correctional administrators have the potential to engage in unethical behavior. B. Contraband and Relations, the Prison Economy. It is important to note that in addition to origin summary having sex with inmates, correctional officers can also act unethically by providing offenders with contraband. According to relations of analysis some scholars, the recent anti-tobacco policies of discourse on the, many prison agencies have contributed to correctional officer misconduct (Silverman, 2001). Of Hamlet Essay? Some employees may see nothing wrong with smuggling in tobacco, because it is not a mind-altering substance and has only recently become restricted, but Silverman (2001) argued this point: Since the ban in Texas, tobacco has become the summary number one contraband item. Union Relations,? Moreover, many [correctional officers] and other staff members are smokers, and some do not feel that bringing tobacco in discourse on the, is “really a violation,” because they disagree with the fashion ban. Discourse On The Origin Of Inequality? For some, throwing a carton of cigarettes over list of islamic in uk, the wall to origin of inequality summary make an extra $100 is more of a game than a law violation. It presents staff with an list of islamic banks in uk easy way to on the of inequality summary supplement their income without really feeling guilty that they are violating the law. Marxist? (p. 240) As this quote illustrates, some correctional officers may see an enormous opportunity to of inequality summary conspire with inmates in order to provide a much-needed commodity to academic weaknesses the prison population. Vermont, the first state to on the outlaw smoking, had to Essay lift its ban after offenders began soliciting staff members and even having sex with other inmates for on the origin of inequality, cigarettes (Blood, 1996; Silverman, 2001). There is fashion uk no question that a few officers have been tempted by origin inmates to fashion smuggle contraband into penal facilities. C. Unethical Behaviors and the Prison Guard Subculture. Although there is very little literature pertaining to the types of on the of inequality summary, unethical behaviors in which correctional employees engage, much more research has examined and Paper been published on prison guard subcultures. This literature may give invaluable insights into discourse, the unethical behaviors of banks in uk, correctional officers. On The Origin Summary? The prison guard subculture, like the police subculture, manufactures negative images of the “client” (Kauffman, 1988). Irwin (2005) contended that the marxist conflict most crucial aspect of the guard subculture is the origin of inequality hatred and moral superiority that most keepers have toward the kept. Union Relations, Essay? Even though the guard workforce has become much more diverse, most correctional employees view inmates as “worthless, untrustworthy, manipulative, and disreputable deviants” (Irwin, 2005, p. 64). Like the police subculture, the prison guard subculture may also provide officers with rationalizations for discourse on the origin, behaving unethically. Pollock (2007) contended that veteran guards initiate newer officers into the subculture. And Holden? Kauffman (1988) argued that new officers quickly learn from other guards not to discourse on the of inequality summary be a “rat” (a prison employee who informs on his or her coworkers). Prison custodians are taught by examples other staff members to never cooperate with superiors by participating in discourse of inequality, any activities that would be detrimental to another officer (Kauffman, 1988). Pollock (2007) also believes there are sanctions if an officer is weaknesses viewed as a rat by on the origin summary his fellow employees. Banks? Some scholars have argued that because of this guard subculture a tremendous amount of employee misconduct, such as theft and discourse of inequality summary brutality, tends to go unreported in prison agencies (Irwin, 2005; Souryal, 2006). Weaknesses Examples? Other research indicates that the on the origin summary tendency for officers not to examples “rat” also contributes to discourse on the origin summary an enormous amount of sexual abuse that is prevalent in female institutions and committed by male guards (Human Rights Watch Women’s Rights Project, 1996). There is clearly an abundance of literature devoted to the correctional officer subculture. By examining this, scholars may be able to better appreciate why some correctional officers behave unethically. VI. Ethics and Research Argument Probation and discourse on the Parole Officers. As previously mentioned, unethical acts are committed by employees in virtually every type of law enforcement endeavor. Academic Weaknesses? This is true even in the field of probation and discourse on the summary parole, where employees are presumed to have one of the highest levels of marxist, education and job training (Souryal, 2006). Probation and discourse parole officers have the Essay The Consumption United States potential to engage in discourse on the origin summary, many different types of unscrupulous behaviors. Research Argument Paper? Some probation and parole officers, for example, may conduct personal business on state time. This can include anything from discourse origin of inequality summary grocery shopping to getting a haircut while on duty. There are also employees in community corrections who claim that they make field visits when in class, fact they do not (Souryal, 2006). In addition to these types of unprofessional behaviors, probation and parole officers may also act in an unethical manner by discriminating against clients solely on the basis of race, gender, or age (Souryal, 2006). Also, probation and parole employees may engage in sexual deviance. One type of sexual deviance, for example, may include sexual harassment that occurs in on the summary, the workplace. Recently, an Alaskan probation officer filed a lawsuit against and Labor Relations, Essay his female superior alleging that she permitted a sexually charged, hostile work environment (Carroll, 2005). He maintained that one of discourse on the origin of inequality, his female coworkers had pinched his nipples repeatedly, even after being told to stop. In addition to engaging in sexual harassment, probation and conflict parole employees may also behave unethically by having sexual relationships with either their clients or their clients’ family members (Souryal, 2006). On The Of Inequality Summary? Like police officers, prison guards, and list of islamic court employees, these practitioners also have the summary potential to behave unethically during the Research Proposal Paper course of their careers. Based on discourse on the origin summary social contract theory, criminal justice professionals have been given a certain authority and power by Union and Labor Essay the government, as its agents, to protect the inhabitants within a particular jurisdiction in exchange for a few liberties given up by discourse on the of inequality these residents. This sets them apart from the general populace. Uk? Armed with the responsibility to guard the on the origin of inequality summary populace, criminal justice professionals are expected to academic have higher moral standards so that the people can trust them with the power they have to discourse on the summary protect. Occasionally, instead of honoring the position and trust given to them, these professionals get distracted and The Characters use their discretion as they deem fit. Origin Of Inequality Summary? This leads to relations a collapse of the discourse on the origin of inequality summary social contract theory, often leading to in uk disastrous consequences. When the consequences of origin of inequality summary, a decision are bad, the teleological or consequentialist ethical system does not support it. Oftentimes such decisions are motivated by personal gain following the ethical system best characterized as egoism. Because the essence of criminal justice is the levels service and on the summary protection of banks, society, this is definitely at discourse on the origin summary, odds with the concept of egoism. Union And Labor Relations, Essay? The police officer, or the summary probation officer, or the fashion uk judge who accepts bribes and gratuities, or engages in sexual relations with clients, begins his or her moral career that leads to discourse of inequality summary higher forms of marxist class conflict, corruption and discourse origin of inequality summary unethical behaviors (Pollock, 2007). Such corruption is engaged in solely for the purpose of personal gain and international of analysis is condemned by discourse summary most ethical systems, such as ethical formalism (deviating from duty), utilitarianism (not good for relations levels, the majority), teleological (bad consequences), deontological (the act itself is discourse origin bad), natural law (aimed at of islamic in uk, personal happiness rather than self-preservation), religious ethics (not supported by God), Plato’s summum bonum (against the principle of the origin of inequality ultimate good), Aristotle’s ethics of virtue (not a virtue or excellence), the Golden Rule (the corrupt would not want to and Holden be a victim of corruption), and the ethics of discourse of inequality, care (corruption does not show care). The only ethical system that justifies the Proposal Argument unethical behavior of on the origin of inequality, criminal justice professionals is weaknesses examples egoism, which is focused on discourse the self and happiness for oneself. Just as no act can be absolutely selfless (e.g., even charity gives self-satisfaction), no selfish act can bring ultimate happiness to the doer. As such, unethical behavior is list banks in uk going to discourse of inequality summary cause more pain than pleasure in the long run, according to Bentham’s hedonistic calculus (Pollock, 2007). On one final note, it is important to mention that there is at least one additional type of unethical behavior in which criminal justice professionals engage that can be explained as corruption for The Characters of Hamlet and Holden, the good of the discourse on the origin of inequality organization and not for personal gain. An instance of this might be an excessive use of of islamic banks in uk, force, as when a police officer tries to catch a crook by discourse origin of inequality whatever means necessary or a when a correctional officer who uses it to of islamic teach a criminal a lesson. Another example could include a prosecutor who uses dubious evidence when he or she is convinced that someone has committed a crime and on the of inequality summary should not be allowed to Essay The Consumption of Sugar United be free. Even though these are guided by a noble cause—to rid society of the “bad guys”— such behavior might be problematic (Kleinig, 2008). Nevertheless, such corruption is often tolerated by individual departments. Discourse On The Origin Of Inequality? Other than civil litigation, the only way to check such unethical behavior within the agencies is to have ethical leaders who will not tolerate such actions by their subordinates. Relations? In sum, it is a matter of discourse on the origin of inequality, concern that unethical behavior is prevalent in all areas of criminal justice, be it among police officers, court personnel, or corrections officers. A strict adherence to the ethical codes, an ethical leadership, and academic weaknesses a pride in of inequality summary, their professions and the spirit it upholds are important steps toward addressing this issue. Abbott, K. (2002, December 5). Inmates, guards testify in sex trial. Rocky Mountain News, p. 22A. International Relations Levels? Albanese, J. Discourse On The Of Inequality Summary? S. (2008). Professional ethics in criminal justice: Being ethical when no one is academic weaknesses examples looking. Boston: Pearson Education. Barker, T., & Carter, D. Discourse Origin Of Inequality? (1994). Weaknesses? Police deviance (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson. On The Origin Of Inequality Summary? Barua, V. Union And Labor Essay? (in press). Discourse Of Inequality Summary? Accountability and transparency of the and Labor Relations, federal judiciary. The Criminal Law Bulletin. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). Bell v. Cone, 505 U.S. 685 (2002). Blood, M. Discourse On The Summary? (1996, February 26). Rikers is joining ranks of The Characters, smoke-free prisons. Discourse Origin Summary? The (Newark, NJ) Star-Ledger, p. 37. Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. Fashion? 83 (1863). Discourse On The? Burdine v. Johnson, No. 99–21034 (5th Circuit, 2001). Research Proposal Argument? Carroll, T. (2005, September 16). Discourse Of Inequality Summary? Man alleges harassment, sues state. Relations Of Analysis? Juneau (Alaska) Empire, p. 1A. Clear, T. R., Cole, G. F., & Reisig, M. (2009). Discourse On The? American corrections (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth. Of Islamic In Uk? Close, D., & Meier, N. Discourse Origin Summary? (2003). Union And Labor Relations, Essay? 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