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How do I write an introduction? How do I write the body of an essay? How do I write a conclusion? How do I use all of these to write an
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Music Education? Essay state why you included the quote.
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Car Technology Of European. See the introduction sample below for
genre examples an example of how to do this.
Title: The evolving role of friendship in
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1. Re-state your thesis statement and your three points that went with it.
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In conclusion, changes in
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essay on aboriginal assimilation
NOSTALGIA FOR AN assimilated nation haunts public debate on national identity and nationhood, as well as related issues of race, ethnicity, indigenous rights and immigration.
Examples? Commentators on
work place racism both sides of Australian politics deny that the Prime Minister is turning the pages of government back to the assimilation policies of the 1950s. They are right, of course. We celebrate cultural diversity and acknowledge indigenous rights, cultures and
genre, histories. Yet, although the word "assimilation" is rarely mentioned, there is
Car Technology Cars, more than a hint of its essence in official pronouncements on national values, citizenship and the practical integration of Aboriginal communities.
Genre Examples? The paradox of public denial of assimilation and hidden allegiance to its tenets can be explained as "retro-assimilation".
From this perspective, current visions of the nation can be seen as yet another example of nostalgia and clever marketing.
Causes Of Stress? Retro-assimilation mixes 1950s dreams of an
examples, assimilated nation with current ideas of nationhood using today's spin to create a new vision based on
de beers uk shared values, visions and agreements.
Examples? Like other retro products, it uncritically exploits the surface of the
place past without regard for original meanings and significance. Retroassimilation has strong appeal in
examples today's climate of social turmoil, transformation and global threats; we are irresistibly drawn to its retroscapes, and
Education?, nostalgic memories of safer and simpler times.
As we respond to the rosy glow of this past, few recognise in
examples the scenes of happy Australian families, responsible citizens and the bogeymen of war, terrorism and alien "isms" the deliberate tactics of government campaigns. Like all quality retro products, retro-assimilation has a time-tested lineage. This dates back to the 1950s when the Menzies government avidly promoted the vision of an assimilated nation of
and American Essay, Australian families living the "Australian Way of
genre examples, Life". Many senior conservative politicians grew up surrounded by
korematsu vs. united, these images, and
genre examples, fifty years later some remain in their thrall. In a world of retro-assimilation, the
de beers uk past is a grab bag of
genre examples, clichГ©s used to sell the present. Nostalgic memories peddle solutions for
de beers uk current issues or camouflage unpalatable political agendas. While this may be ethical for designers and
genre, marketers, it makes for dodgy politics. Our national history deserves to be respected as more than a marketing ploy for the use of
anaphalactic, later generations. The retro past never really happened.
PEELING BACK THE layers of retro clichГ©s to
examples, find the "real" 1950s is a difficult task. The popular view – also espoused by retro-marketers – is of a golden time of prosperity when each family had a comfortable income, a car and a house in the suburbs filled with all the
of stress trappings of modern living.
Genre Examples? This dovetails with memories of a "decade of normality" wedged between the violence of the
events 1940s and the political protests of the 1960s – a time of
genre, stability, conservatism, peace, circumscribed gender roles, restrained sexuality and
of European and American Cars Essay, a conservative mass media. Some commentators – like Richard Bessel and Dirk Schumann in their book Life After Death (Cambridge University Press, 2003) – argue that this was a "strange" normality: shockwaves from the war forced a "desperate flight into normalcy" and determination "to move on and not look back".[i] Many people sought security and
examples, stability in the family, popularised in
of European and American Cars imagery around the
genre world at the time.
WhatВґs Music Education? Essay? Others see the decade as a social and
genre, psychological turning point,[ii] a pivotal period of
work racism, global upheaval and dramatic change that transformed the world and
genre, determined the
of stress shape of events for
examples the remainder of the
of European Essay century.
For poet W.H. Auden, the 1950s was the "age of anxiety". Below its shiny veneer of complacency and conformity lay the velvety darkness of anxiety and fear.
Genre? The decade was a peculiar mix of contrasts – of rapid change and conformity and exhilaration and fear – that resonates with today's turmoil and
Music Education?, transformation.
Examples? The United Nations and the blockbuster exhibition "Family of Man" – which toured the
korematsu states world in the 1950s, with a comforting message of universal brotherhood and equality – promoted the
genre examples ideal of an international family of nations, but the
statement the presidential of theodore roosevelt political and
examples, economic realities were different.
That decade had unprecedented global migration, extraordinary economic development, undreamt of prosperity, and
Car Technology of European Essay, a new world of
genre examples, consumerism and advertising and political spin. Despite the creation of the United Nations, with its promise of
anaphalactic shock, world peace, reports escalated of new theatres of war, political terrorism in decolonising nations and racial conflict in the wake of the
genre examples emerging civil rights movement. Overshadowing everything else was the spectre of a world split by
of European and American Cars, the competition between capitalism and communism and the terror of atomic global annihilation through their competing will to
genre, power.
Place? Fanned by US doctrine at home and abroad, this created a scenario of fear and
examples, delusion, and the Janus-faced paranoia about enemies at home and abroad.
Today we grapple with the black dog of
causes of stress, depression, but the personal devil in the 1950s was anxiety.
Genre Examples? The drugs of
What´s Essay, choice today are Prozac and Zoloft, but back then the "miracle cure for anxiety" was Miltown (meprobamate) – a tranquilliser known popularly as the
examples "happy pill" or "emotional aspirin". Within a year of its launch in
Cars Essay 1955, one in twenty Americans was prescribed Miltown, over
genre, a billion tablets had been sold and the monthly production of
Music Education? Essay, fifty tons could not keep up with market demand. The drug was widely prescribed for mothers to bolster their role of
examples, maintaining peace and stability within the
best describes the presidential roosevelt haven of the family. Miltown became the panacea for the anxieties of American life, its calming effects helping to prop up the increasingly precarious vision of
examples, a nation of
place racism, happy families.[iii]
In Australia, mothers relied on the analgesic properties of the aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine contained in
genre Bex and Vincent's Powders to get them through the
non-normative life day. These products could be purchased across the counter at
genre any corner store, and their widespread use gave rise to the iconic 1950s housewives' remedy of "a cup of tea, a Bex and
which best describes the presidential style roosevelt, a good lie down".
Examples? According to
which statement describes style, Hugh Mackay, the
genre anxiety of the times penetrated the heart of the Australian family to shape the nihilistic view of the Baby Boomer generation: eat, drink and be merry because, with the press of a button, the world could be annihilated.[iv]
Australia, like many other nations, was in a state of high anxiety as our leaders struggled to carve out a respectable place in
Car Technology of European the new world order as boundaries of
genre examples, empires, nations and alliances of power were redrawn. During the Cold War, we followed our new ally the
vs. united United States, joining its war in Korea and exhibiting extreme hostility towards communists at
genre examples home and
work place, abroad.
Examples? As we renegotiated ties with Britain, we even volunteered territory to test twelve British nuclear bombs between 1952 and 1956.
Yet our leaders seriously misjudged world opinion when they took a conservative stand on colonialism and
Car Technology and American Essay, race in international debates, and
genre examples, Australia was condemned by
Music Education? Essay, near neighbours in Asia and Africa. We resented the loss of white dominance in the Commonwealth and then sulked when we were excluded from the Bandung Conference of twenty-nine non-aligned Asian, African and Middle Eastern nations in
examples 1955, billed as the "first intercontinental meeting of coloured people in the history of mankind".[v] We tried to
anaphalactic, keep our race-based immigration policies and discriminatory treatment of
genre examples, indigenous people hidden from
best the presidential of theodore, world scrutiny, but were criticised in
genre the UN and the world media led by communist Russia and
anaphalactic, China and
examples, new nations in Africa and
non-normative, Asia.
Genre? The criticisms were couched in race terms, but UN debates also addressed the rights of
de beers uk, indigenous peoples and at
genre examples one point threatened the sovereignty of
anaphalactic shock, settler colonies like Australia. Instead, the International Labor Organisation passed the
genre examples 1957 Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, which advocated assimilation of indigenous people into nation states as citizens with full rights of citizenship, while retaining some traditional rights to land and culture.
These pressures and
Car Technology of European Essay, anxieties pushed Australia towards a form of
genre examples, democracy that would satisfy new global expectations of modern nationhood. The vision of an assimilated Australia reflected the international discourse of equality and anti-racism, promised a shield from
of European and American Cars Essay, criticism and kept the nation abreast of
genre, international responsibilities.
Anaphalactic Shock? This vision also gave hope to
genre, an increasingly jittery and
Education? Essay, anxious public, who saw in
examples it realisation of some of the principles they had fought for during the war.
Vs. United? Nonetheless, the "white nation" status quo continued, and
genre, existing patterns of cultural, political and economic dominance and Australian sovereignty went largely unchallenged.
OF COURSE, ASSIMILATION brought change. The entry of one and
Car Technology of European Essay, a half million immigrants between 1947 and
genre examples, 1961 – two-thirds of
describes roosevelt, them from Europe – and the government's attack on racial segregation inevitably altered demographic, social and cultural landscapes. While the pressure to assimilate rested heavily on
genre examples Aboriginal people and immigrants, successful assimilation depended on
causes of stress more enlightened attitudes and behaviours at
examples home. The federal government embarked on a campaign of
place racism, nation-building directed at
examples Australian audiences, but with an eye to convincing critics overseas of its commitment to change. In developing the
and American Cars Essay campaign, the government drew on the successful use of
genre, propaganda to
best describes style of theodore roosevelt, forge national unity during the
examples war years and new US techniques of nation-building, which used the tools of mass persuasion – public opinion polls, advertising and public relations – to "beef up" the nation through optimistic messages of material progress and assurances of citizens' security from threats from within and without.
The campaigns were mired in government rules and
of European Essay, red tape, and the resulting pamphlets and films looked dull and
examples, uninteresting compared with the sensational reports on Aborigines and migrants in popular magazines such as PIX and Australasian Post.
Which Statement Best Style Roosevelt? Campaign materials were produced inhouse through the Australian National Information Bureau and
examples, the Australian Government Film Unit, survivors of the carve-up of the
anaphalactic government's powerful wartime propaganda machine.
Examples? The Department of Immigration had is
anaphalactic shock, own publicity section, and
examples, worked collaboratively with these two agencies.
Non-normative Events? Aboriginal campaign materials were the product of
genre, often-fraught negotiations between the federal Departments of the Interior, Territories and External Affairs and state Departments of
life, Aboriginal Affairs.
The official campaign presented images of the family and "the Australian way of life". This is a notoriously slippery concept: aspirational and
genre, mutable, loosely defined in terms of an outdoor lifestyle, the nuclear family, home ownership, suburban living, mateship and a fair go for all. The campaign film The Way We Live , pitched "the Australian way of life" to aspiring migrants through images of suburban housing, leisure, work, consumer goods, and
de beers uk, services such as transport, health, education, financial assistance, cultural institutions and social organisations. Designed to counter images of
genre, "bush and
anaphalactic, billabongs", the
examples film focused on
anaphalactic shock urban living and Australia's growth potential.
If "the Australian way of life" expressed the style of the
examples nation, the suburban middle-class family was its heart. This was both the goal of an
causes of stress, assimilated nation and the vehicle to achieve it – central to the processes of nationhood. This ideal was represented in
genre the government pamphlet An Everyday Australian , which showed a young suburban family: their brick home and
anaphalactic, its garden setting, modern furnishings and appliances, the family car, the husband leaving for work in the city, the
genre examples wife at her housework, and the family enjoying the
which best describes the presidential of theodore weekend cleaning the
genre car and picnicking with friends. Without any distinction of
What´s Music, class, race or ethnicity, this unit – male bread winner and dependent spouse and children – was the focus of domestic life, work, education, security, personal happiness and
genre, citizenship around the nation. The dream was embraced by
of stress, many Australian couples who married young and quickly started families of two to
genre examples, three children, then set about buying their own homes.
Considerable effort was devoted to promoting the
which statement best describes the presidential of theodore immigration program to
genre, Australians, and to
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examples, informing overseas agencies such as the International Refugee Organisation.
Events? Just as Arthur Calwell promised, when introducing the
examples program in
events 1947, that "our population shall remain predominantly British", so the campaign reassured Australians that immigrants would be British or readily assimilable Europeans and
genre examples, there would be no competition for
causes jobs and housing or lowering of living standards and
examples, working conditions.
Of Stress? In short, "the Australian way of life" would be maintained.
The campaign assured Australians that immigration would benefit the nation by providing much-needed labour for
examples postwar reconstruction, industrial development and resource exploitation, and that national defence would be improved by
life events, building up the
genre examples population in
de beers uk the north with migrant families. Results from
genre examples, opinion polls, introduced to
korematsu, Australia from the United States during the war, showed considerable bipartisan support for the immigration program – as long as national standards of economic development, employment, and law and
genre, order were maintained, and migrants were not too visible.
As Rowena MacDonald demonstrated in
statement of theodore her 1996 exhibition at the Australian Archives Gallery in Canberra, Selling a Dream: Promoting Australia to Postwar Migrants , the
genre campaign used images of
non-normative, family life, the beach and
genre, boundless prosperity to lure migrants to
de beers uk, Australia. On arrival, migrants were handed pamphlets that outlined the benefits of Australian citizenship and, for migrants from Europe, the special qualifying conditions for "naturalisation" – five years' residency, the renouncing of allegiance to
genre examples, their home nation and the ability to speak English.
Anaphalactic? Australian governments placed great importance on naturalisation, seeing it as proof of successful assimilation and
genre examples, a marker of
causes, migrant loyalty and commitment. But, despite government efforts, many migrants remained ambivalent and in 1957 only 32 per cent of those eligible had opted for Australian citizenship.
Most of the
genre campaign was directed at convincing Australian audiences.
WhatВґs Essay? They were targeted in the film No Strangers Here (1950) based on a 1945 American film, The Cummington Story , which depicted the experiences of a refugee family in a typical Australian town and
genre, proffered the advice: "These are ordinary people like ourselves .
Car Technology? you saw how a friendly helping hand helped them settle in
genre examples all the
life events faster" so "the newcomer need never feel a stranger". During the Commonwealth Jubilee Year in
examples 1951, the Jubilee Train criss-crossed Victoria and South Australia distributing 15,000 copies of the
vs. united states pamphlet Why Migration is Vital for Australia . Four years later, Australia celebrated the
examples arrival of its millionth postwar migrant, an attractive young British housewife. However, such a reassuring symbol of
life, Australian immigration was not a matter of chance: the
genre examples young woman had been chosen carefully by the Chief Migration Officer in London according to
de beers uk, criteria drawn up by the Department of Immigration in Australia.[vi]
The centrepiece of the
examples campaign was the
Music Essay prestigious annual Citizenship Convention, which was attended by
genre, up to four hundred prominent political and
causes, community leaders. The conventions were a public demonstration of consensus about
genre immigration and its core doctrine of assimilation. At the
korematsu launching ceremony in 1950, Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies proclaimed that "a man, woman or child who comes here to
examples, settle is
causes of stress, either not accepted and
genre, is therefore not admitted, or he or she becomes an
Car Technology and American Cars Essay, Australian – a member of this community, a member of our nationality, a member of our brotherhood, and in the best sense of the
examples word, a member of our family".[vii] The gatherings were also a channel for
anaphalactic shock information and a rallying place for
examples citizen support. Migrants played only
best describes style roosevelt, a minor role at
examples the conventions prior to
anaphalactic shock, the 1960s, but were invited each year to stage cultural performances once discussions had closed. In the Convention's 1961 tableau We the People , immigrants were woven into
genre examples, its narrative of the nation, which progressed by stages from the first settlers to the gold rushes, Federation, the
Music two world wars, pioneers of
genre, aviation, sport stars, and
de beers uk, finally migrant contributions to
genre examples, Australian development.
Anaphalactic Shock? Aboriginal people were not mentioned at all.[viii]
The Good Neighbour Council also played a key role in
examples the campaign through its national network of 300 local branches and 10,000 volunteer workers – the majority of
and American Essay, them middle-class white Australians.
Examples? The branches sponsored naturalisation ceremonies, film evenings and
Car Technology and American Cars, public lectures, and provided an
genre examples, example of good citizenship to their fellow Australians by offering practical assistance to migrant families that was well meant but often patronising.
CONSIDERABLY LESS TIME and money was spent promoting Aboriginal assimilation. There was no funding to set up a national infrastructure of prominent community leaders and local citizens; the
WhatВґs federal government demurred on
examples the grounds that Aboriginal affairs was a state responsibility and the states cried poor. Of course, the
korematsu vs. united states Aboriginal population, estimated in 1950 at
genre examples 80,000 – 1 per cent of the national total[ix] – was tiny compared with the numbers of migrants, but there were important international sensitivities to be considered.
States? Changing entrenched racism to
genre examples, facilitate assimilation was a huge challenge. This Aboriginal assimilation campaign was the first of its kind in Australia, and
causes, the only
examples, concerted effort before the reconciliation movement of the 1990s. Campaign materials included pamphlets and films with the telling titles Our Aborigines , Assimilation of Our Aborigines , End of the Walkabout , Fringe Dwellers , The Skills of
shock, Our Aborigines , One People and
examples, Aborigines and You . The government also endorsed in 1955 the celebration of an annual National Aborigines Day, and two years later appointed a group of
place, senior Protestant church officials to
genre examples, head up the
best describes the presidential of theodore first National Aborigines Day Observance Committee.
Hundreds of
examples, thousands of pamphlets were distributed overseas and in Australia. In 1959, some 80,000 copies of
life events, Fringe Dwellers were sent out, and between 1961 and
examples, 1963, around 135,000 copies of
de beers uk, Our Aborigines were distributed to government departments, church organisations, schools and universities, businesses, trade unions and community groups around Australia. The pamphlets presented an
genre, optimistic narrative of assimilation that began with an
de beers uk, account of
examples, traditional Aboriginal life, then moved to the beneficial influence of government policy and
work, legislation for dispossessed communities, and came to rest with images – surprising for the times – of
genre examples, Aboriginal suburban citizens and families participating in a new, modern Australia.
Which Of Theodore Roosevelt? The message was that, with a helping hand from other Australians, Aboriginal assimilation was possible.
The pamphlets also explained the steps being undertaken to
examples, extend full citizenship rights to Aboriginal people and highlighted the significance of
korematsu vs. united states, Aboriginal children in achieving the
genre examples goals of
de beers uk, assimilation. In Fringe Dwellers , two-thirds of the
examples images were of children with captions that reinforced the
life message that "the programme of
examples, assimilation throughout Australia concentrates particularly on
shock children.
Genre Examples? For many of them and in due course, for
Car Technology of European and American their children, hopes of assimilation are high."[x] Rather than the government's dull lectures, it was probably the dramatic reports of civil rights protest in
examples the United States and Aboriginal activism at
Education? Essay home that drove popular support for Aboriginal citizenship which culminated in the 1967 federal referendum when 91 per
genre cent of the electorate voted yes – the highest ever recorded for
work place racism a referendum in
genre examples Australia – and endorsed the repeal of the race-based clauses of the
vs. united Constitution.
Ironically, the pamphlets were riddled with the same paradigms and language of
genre, race that they set out to erase. This is hardly surprising after years of
de beers uk, forced segregation, countless myths and misinformation about Aboriginal people and widespread blindness to
genre, the depth of racism in
work racism Australia. This language made the
examples pamphlets comfortable and familiar for local audiences, and
Music Education? Essay, community interest ensured they were put to good use.
Genre Examples? The pamphlet Fringe Dwellers , issued in 1959, was added to the University of
style, Queensland's library collection; it was displayed in the Glenray Technical College's "aborigine room"; at Bingara in
examples New South Wales, the
de beers uk local newsagent put twenty-five copies in his shop window; and the NSW Department of Railways' bus tour to Taree distributed them to passengers who later attended an
genre, Aboriginal corroboree. The Kogarah Presbyterian Church in Sydney included the
causes of stress pamphlets in
genre examples a course on assimilation for teenagers, along with a display of photos, leaflets, artworks, artefacts and school books from
best the presidential, Ernabella Mission and
genre, screenings of slides and such films as Men of the Mulgas , Children of the
de beers uk Musgraves , Namatjira the
genre Painter and End of the
work place racism Walkabout . The senior class at Ulverstone High School in Tasmania wrote essays that focused on the new facts they had learned and overlooked the message of
examples, assimilation: Aboriginal people were the
Car Technology and American Cars Essay original owners of the continent; white settlement had driven them into remote arid lands and fringe camps; they lived in terrible conditions, suffered from poor health and died young; and they were generally worse off than black people in
genre the USA, Britain and Africa, despite Australia being a rich country and
which statement best roosevelt, signatory to
genre examples, the UN Declaration of
the presidential style, Human Rights.[xi]
READERS OVERSEAS PICKED up on the racialist content, paradigms and
genre examples, language. At the
vs. united states United Nations in 1959, Soviet President Nikita Khrushchev used an image of an Aboriginal camp in Fringe Dwellers to attack Australia. The Chinese press quoted directly from the
examples same pamphlet to describe how Aboriginal people were removed from their homelands to make way for economic development and dumped on wastelands where they survived "only on the fringe of hope and often on the fringe of
WhatВґs Music, despair". The photograph of an Aboriginal camp in One People in 1961 prompted criticism of Australia in the Moscow newspaper New Times , which was published in
examples eight languages. Then, in 1963, Moscow accused British colonists in
Car Technology of European Cars Essay Australia of the near total annihilation of the Aboriginal people. In 1961, Australia's Department of External Affairs ruled that One People was "thoroughly unsuitable for overseas readers", as it was riddled with inaccuracies, contradictions, stereotypes, negative impressions and
genre, poor editing, and failed to adequately answer questions raised overseas concerning Aboriginal legal and political rights.[xii]
Materials to promote assimilation to
of stress, Aboriginal people were produced by the relevant state government agencies, since Aboriginal affairs was by law their responsibility.
Genre Examples? Compared to
Education?, the rather benign tone of the information booklets distributed to migrants, these materials were aggressively didactic, patronising and
examples, racist. Dawn magazine, launched by the NSW Aboriginal Welfare Board in 1952, relentlessly pushed the message of
of stress, Aboriginal assimilation from
examples, its cover image of an Aboriginal Stone Age man juxtaposed against a modern city, through to the text and
and American Cars, images of its feature pages and editorials. By 1965 Dawn had a circulation of 15,000, but by
genre, this stage Aboriginal readers were finding their own uses for the magazine – identifying lost relatives in its pages of
de beers uk, photographs, writing letters critical of the government that were sometimes published and, in the case of
genre examples, future activists and
causes of stress, writers like Kevin Gilbert, honing their writing skills in
genre examples the pages for
Essay young Aboriginal writers.
Materials produced by the Department of
genre examples, Native Welfare in
de beers uk Western Australia were riddled with racist and patronising assumptions that demonstrated just how out of touch their creators were with Aboriginal opinion. The instructional primer Citizens (1964) contained cartoon drawings depicting Aboriginal families in
genre conventional suburban homes and participating as citizens by
de beers uk, voting, having a drink in a hotel, and
genre, seeking police assistance in upholding their rights. Dubbed the ''How to drink" booklet by government officials, Citizens was used to
anaphalactic shock, launch the campaign to introduce drinking rights in the south of the state in
genre 1964.
States? Departmental training films seriously under-estimated the visual literacy skills of Aboriginal audiences accustomed to watching television and
genre, commercial feature films. One short film included a cartoon segment where stick figures carrying flagons of
shock, wine tumbled out of cars into a suburban house that suddenly exploded while a prim voice warned: "Loud parties will cause trouble." The several films about domestic work and infant care simply ignored Aboriginal women's accumulated knowledge and skills.
Genre Examples? The films Good Food Good Health and A House in
vs. united Town produced in 1969 for the department's Home-maker Service aggressively instructed Aboriginal viewers in the routines of suburban domestic life and
genre examples, roles of the nuclear family.
The government's optimistic message of assimilation also appeared in the popular press, sometimes in articles by "Special correspondents" written in
life distinctively government styles.
Examples? However, there were other stories that contradicted the official line by
statement describes the presidential roosevelt, depicting the
genre hardships and even the
states impossibility of assimilation.
Genre? During the 1950s, the
work place popular PIX magazine published some surprising articles about migrant and
genre, Aboriginal experiences in between its titillating pictures of bikini-clad girls and quirky human-interest stories.
The hard work and
de beers uk, sacrifices of
genre, migrants were recounted through stories of families living in self-built garages on
causes suburban lots while husbands and wives worked long hours at mind-numbing factory and industrial jobs to make ends meet. A moving article in 1957 described the tragic plight of casualties of
genre, migrant assimilation – "vagrant migrants . a lost race of despondent, neurotic misfits" who had "gambled their lives in
work a new world and
genre, lost. Maladjusted, beset by
anaphalactic shock, language problems, burdened by
examples, horrible memories that they just can't forget."[xiii] Even the
statement the presidential style self-congratulatory stories of Australia as a haven from the
genre examples horrors of war and
korematsu states, communist life and the patronising accounts of Australians trying migrant coffee and
genre examples, foods differed from government publications in acknowledging the
de beers uk memories and cultures that migrants brought with them.
PIX also carried a range of stories that drew attention to the place of Aboriginal people in a modern Australia. There were the idiosyncratic weekly cartoons created by Eric Joliffe that depicted Aboriginal people as primitive desert dwellers who made surprisingly modern – and therefore humorous – comments about topical events such as the drudgery of housework, the
genre H-bomb, domestic disputes and the vanity of women.
Korematsu Vs. United States? Traditional Aboriginal life was represented in stories of exotic savagery from a distant Stone Age past, and
genre, was sometimes linked through outmoded explanations of racial and cultural decline to Aboriginal fringe camps of the
Essay 1950s.
Examples? There were also stories of outstanding Aboriginal people, notably the
of stress artist Albert Namatjira, whose declining fortunes were recounted, like the
genre intertwined lives of the
place star-struck lovers in
genre the movie Jedda , within the familiar narrative framework of the
of stress tragic life of people forced to live between two cultures – a narrative that was profoundly pessimistic about the possibility of assimilation.
These stories of migrant and Aboriginal people were filtered through the lens of mainstream journalism, but there were alternative newspapers and publications where their voices spoke more directly to readers. Ethnic-language newspapers could be seen as countering the goals of assimilation or providing a passage into a new assimilated way of life. They were usually business-oriented, containing useful information on
genre examples ethnic-owned services and ethnic professionals for new arrivals and the growing ethnic communities.
The pros and
work racism, cons of
examples, Aboriginal assimilation were discussed in a plethora of small pamphlets published by
racism, churches, mission societies, student groups and
genre examples, Aboriginal political organisations. The Coolbaroo Club, a Perth-based Aboriginal political and cultural organisation, published Coolbaroo News (later Westralian Aborigine ), a broadsheet that showed Aboriginal people participating as modern citizens selectively negotiating their way through the challenges of assimilation. The Federal Council of the Aboriginal Advancement (later the
which statement best describes style of theodore roosevelt Federal Council for the Advancement of Aboriginal and
genre examples, Torres Strait Islanders) supported a program of
racism, Aboriginal rights while it attacked assimilation policy. In 1963, Council Secretary Stan Davey published a pamphlet entitled Genesis or Genocide? The Aboriginal Assimilation Policy , which criticised the policy for
genre endeavouring to destroy Aboriginal identity and for failing to
WhatВґs Music Essay, achieve equal legal status for
examples Aboriginal people or to
racism, meet international standards. He challenged readers who condemned "elimination by
genre examples, extermination" in Nazi Germany and
de beers uk, communist Russia, asking whether they thought this should be "condoned in
genre examples Australia because of a different method of achieving the
non-normative life events (same) objective".[xiv]
Assimilation was a seductive solution to the threat posed by global challenge to "white Australia". While the imagery and rhetoric of assimilation created the impression of a new nation of equal citizens, the
genre mechanics of assimilation reinforced the inequalities of the
vs. united states status quo. The marketing of assimilation through the powerful images of Australian life and
examples, Australian families distracted the public from the fact that there was no level playing field, only players who always won and those who rarely could. Confronted by our own global fears and
place, anxieties, we remain susceptible to
genre examples, the repackaging of this phoney dream as a solution to today's dilemmas. But where will this leave us? If nations who do not know their history are destined to
WhatВґs Essay, repeat the past, what happens to those who pin their hopes to
examples, the retro-marketing of a phoney dream? ♦
[i] Bessell, R. and Schumann, D., Life After Death: Approaches to a Cultural and
Essay, Social History of
genre examples, Europe During the
Car Technology and American Essay 1940s and 50s, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 2-3.
[ii] Bessell and Schumann, Life After Death , p.
Genre? 7.
[iii] Metzl, J.M., Prozac on the Couch: Prescribing Gender in
work racism the Era of
examples, Wonder Drugs , North Carolina, Duke University Press, Durham, 2003, p. 73.
[iv] Mackay, Hugh, Generations: Baby Boomers, Their Parents and
non-normative, Their Children, Pan Macmillan, Melbourne, 1997, p. 61.
[v] Historic summit, commemoration by Asian-African leaders in Bandung, 26 April 2005, Wikinews.
[vi] Murphy, John, Imagining the
genre examples Fifties: Private Sentiment and Political Culture in
Car Technology of European and American Cars Menzies' Australia, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2000, pp. 151-52.
[vii] Vlahonasiou, Thelma 1983, Annual Citizenship Conventions 1950-1963, unpublished Master of Education thesis, University of
genre, Melbourne, p. 1.
[viii] Vlahonasiou, Annual Citizenship Conventions, p. 352.
[ix] Broome, Richard, Aboriginal Australians' Black Response to
Car Technology Essay, White Dominance 1788-1980, George Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1982, p. 174.
[x] Fringe Dwellers , 1959, p. 29.
[xi] National Archives of Australia, Canberra, A452 1957/2672.
[xii] National Archives of Australia, Canberra, A1838 557/2 Part 1; A1838 557/2 Part 4.
[xiv] Cited in Haebich, Anna, Broken Circles: Fragmenting Aboriginal Families 1800-2000 , Fremantle Arts Centre Press, Fremantle, 2000, pp.
Genre Examples? 436-37.
From Griffith Review Edition 15: Divided Nation © Copyright Griffith University & the author.<
