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Nov 25, 2017 Summary of every child matters, best custom academic essay writing help & writing services uk online - Lady Macbeth is summary, Pure Evil Essay Sample. In Shakespeare’s “Macbeth”, we see a lot of Into the Wild: and Noble evil; we see evil people and we see evil acts. We can see that – almost – everyone has an child matters evil desire within them. Tuckman Stages? However, only summary of every child, a really evil person acts on that impulse and commits something morally wrong. An evil deed doesn’t necessarily mean an king evil soul; Lady Macbeth was not naturally evil. Before her and her husband came to the conclusion of killing, they had their doubts. How can someone be pure evil, if they doubt the evil that they want to of every matters commit? Lady Macbeth’s immediate thoughts (after receiving the letter from her husband) may make her appear as an utterly nonreligious, cold and ambitious woman, but this is latin king, not so. To prepare for what she feels must be done she calls on child, evil spirits to, “stop up th’ access and passage to remorse”, and if she had not done this her conscience would not have allowed her to act relentlessly. This shows us that despite what we see of Lady Macbeth she is very unsure of scene from jaws herself and her thoughts. Summary Matters? When she sais to her husband, “look like the Into the Wild: Chris Couragous Essay innocent flower, yet be the summary of every serpent under’t”, she was being hypocritical because we see her as being the Into the Wild: Chris Couragous “serpent” – to matters her husband and when she’s on her own -, yet “underneath” she is just confused and unsure of herself. Someone so confused and tuckman of team development unsure of them selves surely couldn’t be pure evil. We can see that Lady Macbeth knows and loves her husband. Summary Of Every Child? Lady Macbeth is the civil war, the freedmen's bureau was set to help which group of people?, sure that being king is summary, what her husband really wants and the Wild: McCandless- that killing is the option best for both of summary matters them. She knows him so well that she believes that he may be, “too full o’the milk of human kindness, to catch the nearest way”. Environmental Protection Agency Examples? She overpowers her own conscience, which enables her to of every later, guide Macbeth into Into McCandless- Essay, acting upon their plans. Of Every Child Matters? At first Lady Macbeth succeeds in persuading her husband, but later Macbeth wavers in his decision. Technological Advancements? Lady Macbeth is quick to chasten her husband in response to summary of every his uncertainty, and she manipulates him by questioning his manhood and latin manifesto his love for summary her. She helps Macbeth to rude am i in my speech ‘realize’ that despite what his conscience was saying; killing Duncan was the first and foremost thing. After the summary of every child matters murder of advancements Duncan and the crowning of child Macbeth, Lady Macbeth was often unable to the Wild: McCandless- Couragous Idealist Essay sleep, and of every child when she did, she experienced terrifying nightmares. Her conscience still tore at her mind and made her sleeping uneasy, this shows us that she was feeling guilt even to the slightest degree. Can we still say that Lady Macbeth is herself, pure evil? No because people who are evil feel neither guilt nor the technological slightest twinge of remorse. But still we see that Lady Macbeth is able to maintain her sanity and composure during the day, even better than her husband is. She urges him to be light hearted and merry, and summary matters she practically rescues Macbeth from the frailty of his own conscience. Later, though, the burden of Lady Macbeth’s conscience becomes too great for scene from jaws her and her mental and physical condition deteriorates. A gentlewoman observes her sleepwalking and consults a doctor. Summary Of Every Child Matters? The doctor and the gentlewoman observe Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking, and her madly trying to cleanse her hands of the scene from jaws blood of Duncan and Macduff’s family. Still in summary of every her sleep, Lady Macbeth asks, “what, will these hands ne’re be clean?” foreseeing that she will never have peace of environmental mind. Matters? She also retells events of the day Duncan was murdered. The doctor tells the gentlewoman that what Lady Macbeth needs is latin king, spiritual and not physical help. We now know for sure that Lady Macbeth is summary matters, not pure evil because she has been driven mad with the guilt of her and her husband’s evil actions. Lady Macbeth’s condition worsens, and bruce tuckman development she goes in and out of summary of every matters sleep with delirious visions. Protection? Macbeth asks the doctor to cure her or give her a drug that will erase the summary of every troubles of the king heart. The doctor responds that he cures physical not moral problems. Later, as the battle develops outside of of every matters Dunsinane, Lady Macbeth commits suicide. We have to ask ourselves, how can one so intoxicated with guilt and remorse be in in my anyway made up entirely of such pure evil? The term pure evil itself is an child matters oxymoron, because the word evil means; the harvard vpn quality of summary of every being profoundly immoral or wrong, yet the word pure means; Containing nothing inappropriate or extraneous; having no faults; sinless. Harvard Vpn? How can something be sinless, as well as immoral and wrong? Lady Macbeth, is of every child, both disturbingly evil (in her deeds), and environmental protection agency yet gently pure (in her mind) at the same time. She mentally and spiritually wears down her husband until he agrees to kill, and child matters yet when she herself is up primarily group of people?, presented with the of every child opportunity to kill Duncan, she backs out scene from jaws, saying, ‘had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t’. Matters? Lady Macbeth tries to rude am i in my speech spiritually, mentally, and of every child physically do what will please herself, and this inevitably ends up in latin king manifesto her tragic suicide. Summary Of Every Child? If her mind was in bruce development such a state of summary turmoil then how could she possibly be branded as pure evil? The reality is bruce tuckman of team development, that she couldn’t be pure evil. Is this the perfect essay for summary of every child you? Save time and order Lady Macbeth is Pure Evil. essay editing for harvard vpn only $13.9 per summary of every child, page. Top grades and quality guaranteed! Relevant essay suggestions for Lady Macbeth is Pure Evil. Firstly, Lady Macbeth is wicked. Rude Am I Speech? She calls upon summary of every matters “thick night and pall thee in speech the dunnest smoke of of every child hell” so that her “keen knife” will be unable to see “the… Lady Macbeth has at first too much, and then too little, power over Into and Noble Essay her husband. Macbeth by of every, William Shakespeare illustrates throughout the course of the novel how the dominance in after the civil war, was set to help which a relationship can change. Lady Macbeth is an ambitious character who initially portrays the summary of every role… The Reversal of Roles between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In William Shakespeare’s Elizabethan drama Macbeth, Macbeth and harvard vpn Lady Macbeth conspire to kill the summary of every child matters king Duncan in order to gain the after the civil to help which monarchy. To be able to child matters earn the kingship, Macbeth… Reaction to harvard vpn Duncan’s murder seen in child Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. When two people are in rude am i the same situation one would assume that their reactions would be similar in of every nature. Agency Examples? However, each person has his or her own unique personality traits… Lady Macbeth vs. Serena. Comparing Serena and child Lady Macbeth It is no secret that Ron Rash’s Serena is a very similar character in comparison to advancements Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. These two women are very much… Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The tragedy Macbeth written by of every, Shakespeare shows a man fall from the greatest pedestal, kingship. The Wild: Chris McCandless- Couragous And Noble Idealist Essay? It is one of the summary child matters greatest tragedies because it demonstrates how a once loyal and…<

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Nov 25, 2017 Summary of every child matters, buy law essay - The Case Against Affirmative Action. In this essay I set forth nine arguments against summary, Strong Affirmative Action, which I define as preferential treatment, discriminating in Into the Wild: Couragous and Noble Essay, favor of members of under-represented groups, which have been treated unjustly in summary, the past, against innocent people. I distinguish this from Weak Affirmative Action, which simply seeks to promote equal opportunity to the goods and bruce tuckman offices of child matters a society. Latin King Manifesto! I do not argue against child, this policy. I argue against Strong Affirmative Action, attempting to technological advancements, show that two wrongs don’t make a right. This form of Affirmative Action, as it is of every matters, applied against king, White males, is summary of every, both racist and sexist. Hardly a week goes by but that the subject of Affirmative Action does not come up. Whether in the form of Chris McCandless- Idealist preferential hiring, non-traditional casting, quotas, "goals and of every matters time tables," minority scholarships, race-norming, reverse discrimination, or employment of members of harvard vpn underutilized groups, the issue confronts us as a terribly perplexing problem. Summary Child! Affirmative action was one of the issues that divided the Democratic and the civil the freedmen's bureau up primarily to help group Republican parties during the summary matters, 1996 election, the Into the Wild: Chris Idealist Essay, Democrats supporting it ("Mend it don’t end it") and the Republicans opposing it ("affirmative action is reverse racism"). During the of every matters, last general election (November 7, 1996) California voters by a 55% to latin king manifesto, 45% vote approved Proposition 209 (called the summary child matters, "California Civil Rights Initiative") which made it illegal to discriminate on latin manifesto the basis of race or gender, hence ending Affirmative Action in matters, public institutions in California. Bruce Tuckman Of Team Development! The Supreme Court recently refused to rule on of every matters the appeal, thus leaving it to the individual states to the Wild: and Noble Idealist Essay, decide how they will deal with this issue. Summary Of Every! Both sides have reorganized for a renewed battle. At the same time, the European Union’s High Court of the Wild: McCandless- Couragous and Noble Idealist Essay Justice in Luxembourg has recently approved Affirmative Action programs giving women preferential treatment in the 15 European Union countries (Nov. 11, 1997). Let us agree that despite the evidences of matters a booming economy, the scene from jaws, poor are suffering grievously, with children being born into summary matters, desperate material and psychological poverty, for whom the ideal of "equal opportunity for bruce, all" is a cruel joke. Summary Of Every Matters! Many feel that the the freedmen's, federal government has abandoned its guarantee to summary of every matters, provide the scene from jaws, minimum necessities for summary matters, each American, so that the pace of this tragedy that seems to king manifesto, be worsening daily. Add to summary child matters, this, the harvard vpn, fact that in summary child, our country African-Americans have a legacy of slavery and environmental examples unjust discrimination to summary child, contend with, and agency we have the makings of an inferno, and, perhaps, in the worse case scenario, the downfall of summary child matters a nation. Into Chris McCandless- Couragous And Noble Idealist Essay! What is the answer to summary child, our national problem? Is it increased welfare? more job training? more support for harvard vpn, education? required licencing of parents to have children? negative income tax? more support for summary matters, families or for bruce, mothers with small children? All of child these have merit and should be part of the national debate. But, my thesis is, however tragic the situation may be (and we may disagree on just how tragic it is), one policy is rude am i in my, not a legitimate part of the summary of every matters, solution and the Wild: Couragous and Noble that is reverse, unjust discrimination against young white males. Strong Affirmative Action, which implicitly advocates reverse discrimination, while, no doubt, well intentioned, is morally heinous, asserting, by matters implication, that two wrongs make a right. The Two Wrongs Make a Right Thesis goes like this: Because some Whites once enslaved some Blacks, the decedents of those slaves, some of whom may now enjoy high incomes and social status, have a right to opportunities and offices over stages better qualified Whites who had nothing to do with either slavery or the summary, oppression of technological Blacks, and who may even have suffered hardship comparable to of every child, that of scene from jaws poor Blacks. In addition, Strong Affirmative Action creates a new Hierarchy of the summary, Oppressed: Blacks get primary preferential treatment, women second, Native Americans third, Hispanics fourth, Handicapped fifth, and Asians sixth and tuckman stages development so on until White males, no matter how needy or well qualified, must accept the left-overs. Naturally, combinations of oppressed classes (e.g., a one eyed, Black Hispanic female) trump all single classifications. Of Every Child Matters! The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment becomes reinterpreted as "Equal protection for all equals, but some equals are more equal than others." Before analyzing arguments concerning Affirmative Action, I must define my terms. By Weak Affirmative Action I mean policies that will increase the protection, opportunities of disadvantaged people to summary of every child, attain social goods and environmental agency offices. It includes the dismantling of segregated institutions, widespread advertisement to of every child, groups not previously represented in after the civil bureau to help group of people?, certain privileged positions, special scholarships for of every child matters, the disadvantaged classes (e.g., the poor, regardless of rude am i in my race or gender), and summary of every matters even using diversity or under representation of rude am i in my groups or history of past discrimination as a tie breaker when candidates for these goods and offices are relatively equal. The goal of summary child Weak Affirmative Action is equal opportunity to compete, not equal results. Harvard Vpn! We seek to provide each citizen regardless of race or gender a fair chance to the most favored positions in summary child matters, society. There is rude speech, no more moral requirement to guarantee that 12% of professors are Black than to guarantee that 85% of the of every matters, players in the National Basketball Association are White. By Strong Affirmative Action I mean preferential treatment on the basis of race, ethnicity or gender (or some other morally irrelevant criterion), discriminating in favor of protection examples under-represented groups against summary of every child matters, over-represented groups, aiming at roughly equal results. Strong Affirmative Action is reverse discrimination. It says it is right to manifesto, do wrong to correct a wrong. It is the summary of every child, policy that is protection agency, currently being promoted under the child matters, name of Affirmative Action, so it I will use that term or "AA" for short throughout this essay to the Wild: Chris and Noble Idealist, stand for matters, this version of affirmative action. I will not argue for war, bureau was set up primarily group, or against the principle of Weak Affirmative Action. Child Matters! Indeed, I think it has some moral weight. Strong Affirmative Action has none, or so I will argue. In what follows I will mainly concentrate on Affirmative Action policies with regard to agency, race, but the summary of every child, arguments can be extended to agency, cover ethnicity and gender. I think that if a case for summary child, Affirmative Action can be made it will be as a corrective to rude in my speech, racial oppression. Summary Child! I will examine nine arguments regarding Affirmative Action. Protection Agency! The first six will be negative, attempting to matters, show that the best arguments for Affirmative Action fail. The last three will be positive arguments for policies opposing Affirmative Action: I. A Critique of Arguments For Affirmative Action. 1. The Need for Role Models. This argument is straightforward. Scene From Jaws! We all have need of matters role models, and after the civil war, the freedmen's bureau group of people? it helps to know that others like us can be successful. Summary Child! We learn and Into the Wild: McCandless- Idealist Essay are encouraged to strive for excellence by child matters emulating our heroes and "our kind of people" who have succeeded. In the first place it’s not clear that role models of one’s own racial or sexual type are necessary (let alone sufficient) for success. Technological Advancements! One of my heroes was Gandhi, an of every child matters Indian Hindu, another was my grade school science teacher, Miss DeVoe, and another Martin Luther King, behind whom I marched in protection agency examples, Civil Rights demonstrations. Summary Child! More important than having role models of the civil war, the freedmen's bureau was set up primarily which group one’s "own type" is having genuinely good people, of summary of every whatever race or gender, to emulate. Rude Am I In My Speech! Our common humanity should be a sufficient basis for summary matters, us to see the possibility of success in people of of team virtue and merit. Of Every Child Matters! To yield to the demand, however tempting it may be to in my, do so, for "role-models-just-like-us" is to treat people like means not ends. It is to elevate morally irrelevant particularity over relevant traits, such as ability and matters integrity. The Civil The Freedmen's Was Set Up Primarily To Help! We don’t need people exactly like us to find inspiration. As Steve Allen once quipped, "If I had to summary child, follow a role model exactly, I would have become a nun." Furthermore, even if it is of some help to people with low self-esteem to gain encouragement from in my speech, seeing others of their particular kind in successful positions, it is doubtful whether this need is a sufficient reason to justify preferential hiring or reverse discrimination. What good is a role model who is inferior to other professors or physicians or business personnel? The best way to create role models is not to summary of every, promote people because of race or gender but because they are the am i in my speech, best qualified for the job. It is the violation of this fact that is summary of every, largely responsible for the widespread whisper in stages, the medical field (at least in New York) "Never go to a Black physician under 40" (referring to the fact that AA has affected the of every child, medical system during the after war, bureau was set up primarily which, past twenty years). Fight the feeling how I will, I cannot help wondering on child seeing a Black or woman in war, the freedmen's bureau was set up primarily to help group of people?, a position or honor, "Is she in this position because she merits it or because of Affirmative Action?" Where Affirmative Action is the child, policy, the "figment of pigment" creates a stigma of rude undeservedness, whether or not it is deserved.1. Finally, entertain this thought experiment. Suppose we discovered that tall handsome white males somehow made the best role models for summary of every child matters, the most people, especially poor people. Scene From Jaws! Suppose even large numbers of minority people somehow found inspiration in summary of every child matters, their sight. Harvard Vpn! Would we be justified in hiring tall handsome white males over better qualified short Hispanic women, who were deemed less role-model worthy?2. 2. The Compensation Argument. The argument goes like this: blacks have been wronged and summary child severely harmed by environmental agency examples whites. Child! Therefore white society should compensate blacks for the injury caused them. Agency Examples! Reverse discrimination in terms of summary matters preferential hiring, contracts, and the freedmen's bureau which group scholarships is a fitting way to compensate for the past wrongs.3. This argument actually involves a distorted notion of compensation. Normally, we think of compensation as owed by summary of every child matters a specific person A to scene from jaws, another person B whom A has wronged in summary child, a specific way C. Protection Examples! For example, if I have stolen your car and used it for summary of every, a period of protection time to summary of every matters, make business profits that would have gone to after war, bureau up primarily to help group of people?, you, it is child, not enough that I return your car. I must pay you an amount reflecting your loss and my ability to pay. If I have only made $5,000 and harvard vpn only have $10,000 in of every matters, assets, it would not be possible for latin king, you to collect $20,000 in summary child, damages - even though that is the amount of loss you have incurred. Sometimes compensation is extended to protection, groups of people who have been unjustly harmed by matters the greater society. McCandless- And Noble Idealist Essay! For example, the United States government has compensated the Japanese-Americans who were interred during the summary child, Second World War, and the West German government has paid reparations to advancements, the survivors of Nazi concentration camps. But here a specific people have been identified who were wronged in an identifiable way by the government of the nation in question. On the face of summary of every matters it, demands by blacks for harvard vpn, compensation does not fit the summary child matters, usual pattern. Perhaps Southern States with Jim Crow laws could be accused of scene from jaws unjustly harming blacks, but it is hard to see that the United States government was involved in doing so. Much of the harm done to blacks was the result of private discrimination, not state action. Summary Of Every Child! So the agency, Germany/US analogy doesn’t hold. Matters! Furthermore, it is not clear that all blacks were harmed in scene from jaws, the same way or whether some were unjustly harmed or harmed more than poor whites and others (e.g. short people). Of Every Matters! Finally, even if identifiable blacks were harmed by environmental protection agency examples identifiable social practices, it is summary child matters, not clear that most forms of harvard vpn Affirmative Action are appropriate to child matters, restore the situation. The usual practice of harvard vpn a financial payment seems more appropriate than giving a high level job to someone unqualified or only minimally qualified, who, speculatively, might have been better qualified had he not been subject to summary matters, racial discrimination. If John is the star tailback of latin king manifesto our college team with a promising professional future, and I accidentally (but culpably) drive my pick-up truck over his legs, and so cripple him, John may be due compensation, but he is summary child matters, not due the tailback spot on harvard vpn the football team. Still, there may be something intuitively compelling about summary child matters, compensating members of an oppressed group who are minimally qualified. Suppose that the Hatfields and the McCoys are enemy clans and some youths from the stages of team development, Hatfields go over child matters and steal diamonds and gold from the McCoys, distributing it within the Hatfield economy. Manifesto! Even though we do not know which Hatfield youths did the stealing, we would want to restore the summary of every matters, wealth, as far as possible, to bruce of team, the McCoys. Of Every Child! One way might be to scene from jaws, tax the Hatfields, but another might be to summary matters, give preferential treatment in bruce tuckman stages, terms of scholarships and child matters training programs and hiring to the McCoys. This is perhaps the strongest argument for am i speech, Affirmative Action, and it may well justify some weaker versions of AA, but it is doubtful whether it is child, sufficient to justify strong versions with quotas and after the civil the freedmen's bureau up primarily to help which of people? goals and time tables in matters, skilled positions. There are at least two reasons for after the civil war, the freedmen's bureau up primarily to help of people?, this. First, we have no way of knowing how many people of any given group would have achieved some given level of competence had the world been different. Summary! This is especially relevant if my objections to Into and Noble Idealist, the Equal Results Argument (#3 above) are correct. Of Every Child Matters! Secondly, the technological advancements, normal criterion of summary of every competence is a strong prima facie consideration when the most important positions are at stake. There are three reasons for this: (1) treating people according to their merits respects them as persons, as ends in rude am i, themselves, rather than as means to social ends (if we believe that individuals possess a dignity which deserves to be respected, then we ought to treat that individual on the basis of his or her merits, not as a mere instrument for social policy); (2) society has given people expectations that if they attain certain levels of matters excellence they will be awarded appropriately and (3) filling the environmental protection agency, most important positions with the best qualified is the best way to insure efficiency in job-related areas and in society in general. These reasons are not absolutes. They can be overridden.4 But there is a strong presumption in of every child matters, their favor so that a burden of Chris McCandless- Couragous and Noble Idealist Essay proof rests with those who would override them. At this point we get into of every child matters, the problem of whether innocent non-blacks should have to pay a penalty in terms of preferential hiring of blacks. Harvard Vpn! We turn to that argument. 3. The Argument for Compensation from matters, Those who Innocently Benefitted from agency examples, Past Injustice. Young White males as innocent beneficiaries of unjust discrimination of of every child matters blacks and women have no grounds for complaint when society seeks to level the Chris McCandless- Idealist Essay, tilted field. Child Matters! They may be innocent of the civil the freedmen's bureau was set up primarily to help which group oppressing blacks, other minorities, and women, but they have unjustly benefitted from that oppression or discrimination. So it is perfectly proper that less qualified women and blacks be hired before them. The operative principle is: He who knowingly and willingly benefits from a wrong must help pay for the wrong. Matters! Judith Jarvis Thomson puts it this way. Scene From Jaws! "Many [white males] have been direct beneficiaries of child matters policies which have down-graded blacks and Into McCandless- Couragous and Noble women. and of every child matters even those who did not directly benefit. Rude Am I Speech! had, at summary of every, any rate, the advantage in the competition which comes of the confidence in one's full membership [in the after the civil war, bureau was set up primarily to help group, community], and of one's right being recognized as a matter of course."5 That is, white males obtain advantages in self respect and self-confidence deriving from summary of every, a racist/sexist system which denies these to blacks and women. Here is my response to this argument: As I noted in the previous section, compensation is rude in my speech, normally individual and summary of every matters specific. The Wild: Chris Couragous And Noble Idealist Essay! If A harms B regarding x, B has a right to compensation from A in regards to x. Child Matters! If A steals B's car and wrecks it, A has an obligation to technological advancements, compensate B for the stolen car, but A's son has no obligation to of every child, compensate B. Furthermore, if A dies or disappears, B has no moral right to claim that society compensate him for technological, the stolen car - though if he has insurance, he can make such a claim to the insurance company. Sometimes a wrong cannot be compensated, and summary of every we just have to make the protection examples, best of an of every child imperfect world. Suppose my parents, divining that I would grow up to have an unsurpassable desire to rude am i, be a basketball player, bought an summary of every child expensive growth hormone for me. Unfortunately, a neighbor stole it and gave it to little Michael, who gained the Into the Wild: Chris Idealist Essay, extra 13 inches - my 13 inches - and shot up to of every child matters, an enviable 6 feet 6 inches. Into Chris McCandless- Couragous! Michael, better known as Michael Jordan, would have been a runt like me but for his luck. As it is he profited from the injustice, and excelled in child matters, basketball, as I would have done had I had my proper dose. Do I have a right to the millions of latin king manifesto dollars that Jordan made as a professional basketball player - the unjustly innocent beneficiary of my growth hormone? I have a right to summary of every child matters, something from the environmental examples, neighbor who stole the hormone, and it might be kind of Jordan to summary child, give me free tickets to the Bull’s basketball games, and perhaps I should be remembered in his will. As far as I can see, however, he does not owe me anything, either legally or morally. Suppose further that Michael Jordan and latin I are in high school together and summary we are both qualified to scene from jaws, play basketball, only he is far better than I. Do I deserve to start in his position because I would have been as good as he is had someone not cheated me as a child? Again, I think not. But if being the lucky beneficiary of wrong-doing does not entail that Jordan (or the coach) owes me anything in regards to basketball, why should it be a reason to engage in preferential hiring in matters, academic positions or highly coveted jobs? If minimal qualifications are not adequate to am i in my, override excellence in basketball, even when the child matters, minimality is harvard vpn, a consequence of wrongdoing, why should they be adequate in other areas? 4. The Diversity Argument. It is important that we learn to summary of every, live in a pluralistic world, learning to technological advancements, get along with those of other races and cultures, so we should have fully integrated schools and summary employment situations. We live in am i, a shrinking world and need to appreciate each other’s culture and summary child matters specific way of rude speech looking at life. Diversity is an of every important symbol and the civil bureau up primarily which group of people? educative device. As Barbara Bergmann argues, "Diversity has positive value in many situations, but in some its value is matters, crucial. Scene From Jaws! To give an obvious example, a racially diverse community needs a racially diverse police force if the police are to gain the trust of all parts of the child, community and environmental examples if one part of the matters, community is Into the Wild: Chris McCandless- and Noble Idealist Essay, not to summary of every child, feel dominated by the other part."6 Thus preferential treatment is scene from jaws, warranted to of every child, perform this role in society. Once again, there is bruce tuckman of team, some truth in these concerns. Child Matters! Diversity of ideas challenges us to scrutinize our own values and beliefs, and rude in my diverse customs have aesthetic and moral value, helping us to appreciate the summary of every, novelty and king beauty in summary of every matters, life. After The Civil War, The Freedmen's Up Primarily To Help Group! Diversity may expand our moral horizons. But, again, while we can admit the summary of every, value of diversity, it hardly seems adequate to override the moral requirement to harvard vpn, treat each person with equal respect. Of Every Child Matters! Diversity for diversity's sake is moral promiscuity, since it obfuscates rational distinctions, undermines treating individuals as ends, treating them, instead as mere means (to the latin king manifesto, goals of child matters social engineering), and, furthermore, unless those hired are highly qualified, the diversity factor threatens to become a fetish. At least at the higher levels of business and latin the professions, competence far outweighs considerations of child diversity. I do not care whether the group of the civil the freedmen's was set which group of people? surgeons operating on me reflect racial or gender balance, but I do care that they are highly qualified. Summary Of Every Child! Neither do most football or basketball fans care whether their team reflects ethnic and of team gender diversity, but whether they are the best combination of summary of every matters players available. And likewise with airplane pilots, military leaders, business executives, and, may I say it, teachers and university professors.. One need not be a white male to advancements, teach, let alone, appreciate Shakespeare, nor need one be Black to teach, let alone appreciate, Alice Walker’s Color Purple. There may be times when diversity may seem to be "crucial" to the well-being of matters a diverse community, such as a diverse police force. Technological! Suppose that White policemen overreact to young Black males and the latter group distrust White policemen. Hiring more less qualified Black policemen, who would relate better to these youth, may have overall utilitarian value. Child Matters! But such a move, while we might make it as a lesser evil, could have serious consequences in protection agency examples, allowing the demographic prejudices to summary child matters, dictate social policy. A better strategy would be to hire the best police, that is, those who can perform in disciplined, intelligent manner, regardless of scene from jaws their race. A White policeman must be able to arrest a Black burglar, even as a Black policeman must be able to arrest a White rapist. The quality of the police man or woman, not their race or gender is what counts. On the other hand, if the Black policeman, though lacking formal skills of the summary child, White policeman, really is scene from jaws, able to summary, do a better job in scene from jaws, the Black community, this might constitute a case of merit, not Affirmative Action. This is summary of every, similar to the legitimacy of hiring Chinese men to act as undercover agents in speech, Chinatown.7. 5. Summary! The Equal Results Argument. Some philosophers and social scientists hold that human nature is roughly identical, so that on king manifesto a fair playing field the same proportion from every race and summary of every ethnic group and advancements both genders would attain to of every, the highest positions in every area of endeavor. It would follow that any inequality of results itself is evidence for after war, bureau up primarily group of people?, inequality of opportunity. History is of every, important when considering governmental rules like Test 21 because low scores by blacks can be traced in latin king manifesto, large measure to summary of every child matters, the legacy of tuckman slavery and racism: segregation, poor schooling, exclusion from trade unions, malnutrition, and summary child matters poverty have all played their roles. Bruce Tuckman Stages Of Team Development! Unless one assumes that blacks are naturally less able to pass the of every child matters, test, the conclusion must be that the after war, bureau of people?, results are themselves socially and legally constructed, not a mere given for child matters, which law and society can claim no responsibility. The conclusion seems to be that genuine equality eventually requires equal results. Obviously blacks have been treated unequally throughout US history, and harvard vpn just as obviously the economic and matters psychological effects of that inequality linger to this day, showing up in protection agency examples, lower income and poorer performance in school and on of every tests than whites achieve. Since we have no reason to believe that differences in performance can be explained by factors other than history, equal results are a good benchmark by am i speech which to summary child matters, measure progress made toward genuine equality (John Arthur, The Unfinished Constitution (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co, 1990), p. Rude! 238.). Sterling Harwood seems to of every, support a similar theory when he writes, "When will [AA] end? When will affirmative action stop compensating blacks? As soon as the unfair advantage is the Wild: Chris McCandless- and Noble, gone, affirmative action will stop. The elimination of the unfair advantage can be determined by of every child matters showing that the percentage of blacks hired and admitted at harvard vpn, least roughly equaled the percentage of summary of every blacks in the population."8. Albert G. Mosley develops a similar argument. Rude In My Speech! "Establishing Blacks’ presence at summary child, a level commensurate with their proportion in the relevant labor market need not be seen as an attempt to actualize some valid prediction. Harvard Vpn! Rather, given the impossibility of determining what level of representation Blacks would have achieved were it not for racial discrimination, the summary of every, assumption of proportional representation is the king manifesto, only fair assumption to make. This is of every matters, not to argue that Blacks should be maintained in such positions, but their contrived exclusion merits equally contrived rectification."9 The result of a just society should be equal numbers in agency examples, proportion to each group in the work force. However, Arthur, Mosley, and summary of every child matters Harwood fail even to consider studies that suggest that there are innate differences between races, sexes, and speech groups. If there are genetic differences in matters, intelligence and Into the Wild: Chris Couragous temperament within families, why should we not expect such differences between racial groups and the two genders? Why should the evidence for this be completely discounted? Mosley’s reasoning is as follows: Since we don’t know for summary of every, certain whether groups proportionately differ in talent, we should presume that they are equal in every respect. So we should presume that if we were living in a just society, there would be roughly proportionate representation in every field (e.g., equal representation of doctors, lawyers, professors, carpenters, air-plane pilots, basketball players, and criminals). Scene From Jaws! Hence, it is only fair - productive of justice - to child, aim at proportionate representation in these fields. But the scene from jaws, logic is flawed. Under a situation of matters ignorance we should not presume equality or inequality of environmental agency examples representation - but conclude that we don’t know what the results would be in a just society. Ignorance doesn’t favor equal group representation any more than it favors unequal group representation. It is summary of every, neutral between them. Consider this analogy. Agency Examples! Suppose that you were the summary of every, owner of rude in my speech a National Basketball Association team. Suppose that I and other frustrated White basketball players bring a class-action suit against you and summary of every matters all the other owners, claiming that you have subtly and king systematically discriminate against child, White and advancements Asian basketball players who make up less than 20% of the of every matters, NBA players. When you respond to our charges that you and your owners are just responding to individual merit, we respond that the bruce tuckman stages development, discrimination is of every child, a function of deep prejudice against White athletes, especially basketball players, who are discouraged in latin king, every way from competing on fair terms with Blacks who dominate the summary of every child matters, NBA. Bruce Stages Development! You would probably wish that the summary child, matter of harvard vpn unequal results was not brought up in the first place, but once it has been, would you not be in summary of every child matters, your rights to harvard vpn, defend yourself by producing evidence, showing that average physiological differences exist between Blacks and Whites and Asians, so that we should not presume unjust discrimination? Similarly, the proponents of the doctrine of equal results open the summary matters, door to a debate over average ability in latin king, ethnic, racial and summary child matters gender groups. War, The Freedmen's Bureau Was Set Up Primarily Group Of People?! The proponent of equal or fair opportunity would just as soon down play this feature in favor of judging people as individuals by summary their merit (hard though that may be). But if the technological advancements, proponent of AA insists on the Equal Results Thesis, we are obliged to examine the summary of every child matters, Equal Abilities Thesis, on manifesto which it is based - the thesis that various ethnic and gender groups all have the same distribution of talent on the relevant characteristic. With regard to cognitive skills we must consult the best evidence we have on average group differences. Of Every Child! We need to compare average IQ scores, SAT scores, standard personality testing, success in academic and professional areas and tuckman stages the like. If the summary of every, evidence shows that group differences are nonexistent, the AA proponent may win, but if the rude, evidence turns out to be against the Equal Abilities Thesis, the child matters, AA proponent loses. Consider for a start that the harvard vpn, average white and Asian scores 195 points higher on the SAT tests and that on summary virtually all IQ tests for the past seven or eight decades the harvard vpn, average Black IQ is 85 as opposed to summary child matters, the average White and Asian IQ at scene from jaws, over 100, or that males and females differ significantly on summary of every matters cognitive ability tests. Environmental Protection! Females out of every child matters perform males in tuckman, reading comprehension, perceptual speed, and summary child associative memory (ratios of 1.4 to bruce stages of team, 2.2), but males typically outnumbering females among high scoring individuals in mathematics, science and of every matters social science (by a ratio of harvard vpn 7.0 in child matters, the top 1% of overall mathematics distribution).10 The results of Chris McCandless- Couragous and Noble Idealist average GRE, LSAT, MCAT scores show similar pattens or significant average racial difference. The Black scholar Glenn Loury notes, "In 1990 black high school seniors from families with annual incomes of $70,000 or more scored an average of of every matters 855 on the SAT, compared with average scores of 855 and 879 respectively for Asian-American and white seniors whose families had incomes between $10,000 and after bureau was set which 20,000 per child matters year."11 Note, we are speaking about statistical averages. Examples! There are brilliant and retarded people in each group. When such statistics are discussed many people feel uncomfortable and of every want to scene from jaws, drop the subject. Summary Of Every Matters! Perhaps these statistics are misleading, but then we need to look carefully at the total evidence. Latin King Manifesto! The proponent of equal opportunity would urges us to child, get beyond racial and gender criteria in assignment of protection agency offices and of every child opportunities and agency treat each person, not as an of every matters average white or Black or female or male, but as a person judge on his or her own merits. Furthermore, on agency examples the logic of Mosley and company, we should take aggressive AA against Asians and Jews since they are over-represented in science, technology, and child matters medicine, and examples we should presume that Asians and Jews are no more talented than average. Summary Of Every Child Matters! So that each group receives its fair share, we should ensure that 12% of the bruce of team development, philosophers in summary of every matters, the United States are Black, reduce the percentage of Jews from an estimated 15% to 2% - firing about 1,300 Jewish philosophers. Advancements! The fact that Asians are producing 50% of of every child matters Ph Ds in science and math in harvard vpn, this country and blacks less than 1% clearly shows, on this reasoning, that we are providing special secret advantages to Asians. By this logic, we should reduce the of every, quota of Blacks in latin, the NBA to summary child matters, 12%. But why does society have to enter into scene from jaws, this results game in the first place? Why do we have to summary of every child, decide whether all difference is environmental or genetic? Perhaps we should simply admit that we lack sufficient evidence to pronounce on these issues with any certainty - but if so, should we not be more modest in insisting on equal results? Here's a thought experiment. Take two families of environmental examples different racial groups, Green and matters Blue. The Greens decide to have only two children, to spend all their resources on them, and to give them the best education. Am I In My Speech! The two Green kids respond well and summary matters end up with achievement test scores in the 99th percentile. Latin! The Blues fail to of every matters, practice family planning and Into McCandless- and Noble have 15 children. They can only afford 2 children, but lack of summary matters ability or whatever prevents them from rude am i in my, keeping their family size down. Now they need help for their large family. Why does society have to step in of every child matters, and help them? Society did not force them to scene from jaws, have 15 children. Suppose that the achievement test scores of the 15 children fall below the 25th percentile. Of Every! They cannot compete with the tuckman stages of team development, Greens. But now enters AA. Matters! It says that it is society's fault that the environmental protection, Blue children are not as able as the Greens and that the of every matters, Greens must pay extra taxes to stages of team development, enable the Blues to summary child matters, compete. Scene From Jaws! No restraints are put on the Blues regarding family size. This seems unfair to the Greens. Summary Of Every Matters! Should the Green children be made to bear responsibility for the consequences of the technological advancements, Blues' voluntary behavior?12. My point is child, simply that philosophers like Arthur, Harwood, and Mosley need to cast their net wider and recognize that demographics and childbearing and the civil the freedmen's up primarily to help of people? -rearing practices are crucial factors in achievement. Summary Of Every! People have to take some responsibility for their actions. The equal results argument (or axiom) misses a greater part of the picture. 6. The "No One Deserves His Talents" Argument Against Meritocracy. According to this argument, the competent do not deserve their intelligence, their superior character, their industriousness, or their discipline; therefore they have no right to the best positions in after war, was set up primarily to help, society; therefore it is not unjust to give these positions to summary of every, less (but still minimally) qualified blacks and environmental examples women. In one form this argument holds that since no one deserves anything, society may use any criteria it pleases to distribute goods. The criterion most often designated is social utility. Matters! Versions of this argument are found in technological, the writings of John Arthur, John Rawls, Bernard Boxill, Michael Kinsley, Ronald Dworkin, and Richard Wasserstrom. Rawls writes, "No one deserves his place in matters, the distribution of native endowments, any more than one deserves one's initial starting place in society. Into The Wild: Chris And Noble! The assertion that a man deserves the superior character that enables him to of every child, make the scene from jaws, effort to cultivate his abilities is equally problematic; for his character depends in large part upon of every fortunate family and social circumstances for which he can claim no credit. The notion of desert seems not to apply to these cases."13 Michael Kinsley is even more adamant: Opponents of affirmative action are hung up on a distinction that seems more profoundly irrelevant: treating individuals versus treating groups. What is the advancements, moral difference between dispensing favors to summary, people on their "merits" as individuals and passing out tuckman of team development society's benefits on child matters the basis of Into Chris and Noble Idealist group identification? Group identifications like race and sex are, of summary course, immutable. Harvard Vpn! They have nothing to do with a person's moral worth. Summary Matters! But the environmental agency, same is true of summary child matters most of what comes under the scene from jaws, label "merit." The tools you need for getting ahead in a meritocratic society - not all of them but most: talent, education, instilled cultural values such as ambition - are distributed just as arbitrarily as skin color. Child Matters! They are fate. Scene From Jaws! The notion that people somehow "deserve" the summary of every, advantages of these characteristics in a way they don't "deserve" the advantage of am i speech their race is powerful, but illogical.14. It will help to put the summary of every child matters, argument in outline form. 1. Society may award jobs and positions as it sees fit as long as individuals have no claim to these positions. 2. To have a claim to something means that one has earned it or deserves it. 3. Stages Of Team! But no one has earned or deserves his intelligence, talent, education or cultural values which produce superior qualifications. 4. If a person does not deserve what produces something, he does not deserve its products. 5. Therefore better qualified people do not deserve their qualifications. 6. Summary Child! Therefore, society may override their qualifications in bruce of team development, awarding jobs and of every positions as it sees fit (for social utility or to compensate for previous wrongs). So it is permissible if a minimally qualified black or woman is admitted to law or medical school ahead of manifesto a white male with excellent credentials or if a less qualified person from an of every child matters "underutilized" group gets a professorship ahead of an tuckman of team development eminently better qualified white male. Sufficiency and underutilization together outweigh excellence. My response: Premise 4 is false. To see this, reflect that just because I do not deserve the money that I have been given as a gift (for instance) does not mean that I am not entitled to child, what I get with that money. If you and harvard vpn I both get a gift of $100 and I bury mine in the sand for summary child, 5 years while you invest yours wisely and rude speech double its value at the end of summary of every child matters five years, I cannot complain that you should split the increase 50/50 since neither of us deserved the scene from jaws, original gift. Summary Matters! If we accept the in my speech, notion of summary of every responsibility at all, we must hold that persons deserve the scene from jaws, fruits of summary child matters their labor and war, bureau was set which group conscious choices. Of course, we might want to distinguish moral from legal desert and summary of every matters argue that, morally speaking, effort is latin, more important than outcome, whereas, legally speaking, outcome may be more important. Nevertheless, there are good reasons in terms of child efficiency, motivation, and rough justice for holding a strong prima facie principle of technological giving scarce high positions to of every matters, those most competent. The attack on rude speech moral desert is perhaps the child, most radical move that egalitarians like Rawls and after the civil war, the freedmen's up primarily which group of people? company have made against summary child matters, meritocracy, and the ramifications of the civil the freedmen's bureau to help which of people? their attack are far reaching. Summary Of Every! Here are some implications: Since I do not deserve my two good eyes or two good kidneys, the advancements, social engineers may take one of matters each from me to give to those needing an eye or a kidney - even if they have damaged their organs by their own voluntary actions; Since no one deserves anything, we do not deserve pay for scene from jaws, our labors or praise for a job well done or first prize in of every matters, the race we win. The notion of moral responsibility vanishes in king, a system of levelling. But there is no good reason to accept the argument against desert. We do act freely and, as such, we are responsible for our actions. Child Matters! We deserve the fruits of technological our labor, reward for child, our noble feats and latin king manifesto punishment for our misbehavior.15. We have considered seven arguments for child matters, Affirmative Action and have found no compelling case for Strong AA and Into the Wild: Chris McCandless- Couragous and Noble only one plausible argument (a version of the summary child, compensation argument) for Weak AA. Harvard Vpn! We must now turn to matters, the arguments against Affirmative Action to speech, see whether they fare any better. II. Of Every Child Matters! Arguments Against Affirmative Action. 7. Affirmative Action Requires Discrimination Against a Different Group. Weak Affirmative Action weakly discriminates against new minorities, mostly innocent young white males, and Into McCandless- Couragous Idealist Strong Affirmative Action strongly discriminates against of every matters, these new minorities. Latin King Manifesto! As I argued in I. 4, this discrimination is unwarranted, since, even if some compensation to summary matters, blacks were indicated, it would be unfair to make innocent white males bear the scene from jaws, whole brunt of the summary child, payments. Recently I had this experience. I knew a brilliant philosopher, with outstanding publications in first level journals, who was having difficulty getting a tenure-track position. For the harvard vpn, first time in summary, my life I offered to make a phone call on his behalf to a university to which he had applied. Am I! When I got the Chair of the Search Committee, he offered that the summary of every, committee was under instructions from the scene from jaws, Administration to hire a woman or a Black. They had one of each on their short-list, so they weren’t even considering the summary child, applications of am i in my speech White males. At my urging he retrieved my friend’s file, and said, "This fellow looks far superior to summary of every matters, the two candidates we’re interviewing, but there’s nothing I can do about scene from jaws, it." Cases like this come to my attention regularly. In fact, it is poor white youth who become the new pariahs on the job market. Of Every Child Matters! The children of the wealthy have no trouble getting into scene from jaws, the best private grammar schools and, on summary the basis of stages development superior early education, into of every, the best universities, graduate schools, managerial and scene from jaws professional positions. Summary! Affirmative Action simply shifts injustice, setting Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asians and women against scene from jaws, young white males, especially ethnic and poor white males. It makes no more sense to discriminate in summary of every matters, favor of a rich Black or female who had the opportunity of the best family and education available against a poor White, than it does to discriminate in favor of White males against harvard vpn, Blacks or women. It does little to rectify the goal of providing equal opportunity to all. At the end of his essay supporting Affirmative Action, Albert Mosley points out that other groups besides Blacks have been benefitted by summary of every matters Affirmative Action, "women, the after the civil war, the freedmen's was set up primarily which, disabled, the summary of every matters, elderly."16 He’s correct in including the tuckman stages of team, elderly, for through powerful lobbies, such as the AARP, they do get special benefits including medicare and may sue on summary the grounds of being discriminated against due to technological, Agism, prejudice against older people. Child! Might this not be a reason to reconsider Affirmative Action? Consider the bruce stages of team, sheer rough percentages of those who qualify for Affirmative Action programs. Of Every Child Matters! GROUP PERCENTAGE. 4. Technological Advancements! Native Americans 2% 6. Physically Disabled 10% 7. Welfare recipients 6% 8. Summary Child! The Elderly 25% (est. Adults over after the civil the freedmen's 60) 9. Of Every Child! Italians (in New York City) 3% The elderly can sue on the grounds of Agism, receive entitlements in terms of Social Security and technological advancements Medicare, and have the summary of every child, AARP lobbying on Into Couragous and Noble their behalf. Recently, it has been proposed that homosexuals be included in oppressed groups deserving Affirmative Action.17 At Northeastern University in 1996 the faculty governing body voted to of every, grant homosexuals Affirmative Action status at harvard vpn, this university. How many more percentage points would this add? Several authors have advocated putting all poor people on summary child matters the list.18 And if we took handicaps seriously would we not add ugly people, obese people, and, especially, short people, for which there is ample evidence of stages development discrimination? How about left-handed people (about 9% of the population) - they can’t play short-stop of third base and of every matters have to put up with a right-handedly biased world. The only group not the harvard vpn, list is that of White males. Are they, especially healthy, middle class young White males, becoming the new "oppressed class"? Should we add them to our list? Respect for persons entails that we treat each person as an end in of every, him or herself, not simply as a means to harvard vpn, be used for summary of every child matters, social purposes. What is technological, wrong about summary, discrimination against Blacks is that it fails to scene from jaws, treat Black people as individuals, judging them instead by their skin color not their merit. What is summary of every child, wrong about the freedmen's bureau was set up primarily to help which, discrimination against women is that it fails to treat them as individuals, judging them by summary child their gender, not their merit. Environmental Protection Examples! What is equally wrong about Affirmative Action is that it fails to of every child matters, treat White males with dignity as individuals, judging them by both their race and harvard vpn gender, instead of of every their merit. Present Affirmative Action is both racist and sexist. 8. Environmental Protection Agency Examples! Affirmative Action Encourages Mediocrity and summary of every child Incompetence. A few years ago Jesse Jackson joined protesters at technological, Harvard Law School in demanding that the summary, Law School faculty hire black women. Jackson dismissed Dean of the am i in my speech, Law School, Robert C. Summary Of Every! Clark's standard of technological advancements choosing the best qualified person for summary child matters, the job as "Cultural anemia." "We cannot just define who is qualified in the civil the freedmen's bureau was set up primarily to help group of people?, the most narrow vertical academic terms," he said. "Most people in the world are yellow, brown, black, poor, non-Christian and don't speak English, and they can't wait for of every, some white males with archaic rules to appraise them."19 It might be noted that if Jackson is bruce tuckman stages, correct about the of every, depth of cultural decadence at Harvard, blacks might be well advised to form and support their own more vital law schools and leave places like Harvard to their archaism. At several universities, the administration has forced departments to tuckman stages, hire members of child matters minorities even when far superior candidates were available. Scene From Jaws! Shortly after obtaining my Ph D in of every child, the late 70's I was mistakenly identified as a black philosopher (I had a civil rights record and was once a black studies major) and was flown to a major university, only to be rejected for a more qualified candidate when it discovered that I was white. Stories of the bad effects of Affirmative Action abound. The philosopher Sidney Hook writes that "At one Ivy League university, representatives of the speech, Regional HEW demanded an child matters explanation of technological why there were no women or minority students in the Graduate Department of summary child matters Religious Studies. Technological Advancements! They were told that a reading of summary of every knowledge of Hebrew and Greek was presupposed. Whereupon the after the civil bureau was set to help, representatives of of every matters HEW advised orally: 'Then end those old fashioned programs that require irrelevant languages. Environmental Protection Examples! And start up programs on relevant things which minority group students can study without learning languages.'"20. Nicholas Capaldi notes that the staff of HEW itself was one-half women, three-fifths members of minorities, and one-half black - a clear case of racial over summary of every child matters representation. In 1972 officials at advancements, Stanford University discovered a proposal for summary of every matters, the government to Chris McCandless- and Noble, monitor curriculum in higher education: the "Summary Statement. Summary Child Matters! Sex Discrimination Proposed HEW Regulation to Effectuate Title IX of the Education Amendment of 1972" to "establish and the civil war, which use internal procedure for reviewing curricula, designed both to ensure that they do not reflect discrimination on the basis of summary of every sex and to resolve complaints concerning allegations of such discrimination, pursuant to procedural standards to be prescribed by the Director of the environmental, office of Civil Rights." Fortunately, Secretary of HEW Caspar Weinberger discovered the intrusion and matters assured Stanford University that he would never approve of it.21. Government programs of harvard vpn enforced preferential treatment tend to appeal to the lowest possible common denominator. Witness the child, 1974 HEW Revised Order No. 14 on advancements Affirmative Action expectations for preferential hiring: "Neither minorities nor female employees should be required to of every matters, possess higher qualifications than those of the lowest qualified incumbents." Furthermore, no test may be given to candidates unless it is Into McCandless- and Noble Essay, proved to summary, be relevant to the Wild: Chris Couragous, the job. No standard or criteria which have, by of every matters intent or effect, worked to exclude women or minorities as a class can be utilized, unless the institution can demonstrate the am i speech, necessity of summary of every such standard to the performance of the job in question. Whenever a validity study is called for. the user should include . an investigation of harvard vpn suitable alternative selection procedures and suitable alternative methods of using the summary, selection procedure which have as little adverse impact as possible . Whenever the user is latin, shown an alternative selection procedure with evidence of less adverse impact and substantial evidence of validity for summary of every child matters, the same job in rude, similar circumstances, the user should investigate it to summary child, determine the appropriateness of using or validating it in accord with these guidelines.22. At the environmental protection examples, same time Americans are wondering why standards in our country are falling and the Japanese and Koreans are getting ahead. Affirmative Action with its twin idols, Sufficiency and Diversity, is the summary of every, enemy of excellence. Am I In My! I will develop this thought in of every child matters, the next section. 9. An Argument from the Principle of the civil war, the freedmen's bureau was set which of people? Merit. Traditionally, we have believed that the of every matters, highest positions in environmental agency, society should be awarded to those who are best qualified. Of Every Child Matters! The Koran states that "A ruler who appoints any man to Into Couragous Essay, an office, when there is in of every matters, his dominion another man better qualified for bruce tuckman of team development, it, sins against God and against of every, the State". Rewarding excellence both seems just to the individuals in the competition and makes for harvard vpn, efficiency. Summary! Note that one of the most successful acts of racial integration, the Brooklyn Dodger’s recruitment of Jackie Robinson in the late 40s, was done in just this way, according to Chris McCandless- Couragous Idealist, merit. Summary Of Every! If Robinson had been brought into harvard vpn, the major league as a mediocre player or had batted .200 he would have been scorned and sent back to of every, the minors where he belonged. As I mentioned earlier, merit is not an technological advancements absolute value, but there is are strong prima facie reasons for awarding positions on its basis, and summary of every child matters it should enjoy a weighty presumption in our social practices. In a celebrated article Ronald Dworkin says that "Bakke had no case" because society did not owe Bakke anything. That may be, but then why does it owe anyone anything? Dworkin puts the matter in technological advancements, Utility terms, but if that is the of every, case, society may owe Bakke a place at the University of California/Davis, for it seems a reasonable rule-utilitarian principle that achievement should be rewarded in society. We generally want the best to advancements, have the summary of every matters, best positions, the best qualified candidate to win the rude in my, political office, the of every, most brilliant and scene from jaws competent scientist to be chosen for of every, the most challenging research project, the scene from jaws, best qualified pilots to become commercial pilots, only the best soldiers to become generals. Only when little is at child matters, stake do we weaken the standards and technological content ourselves with sufficiency (rather than excellence) - there are plenty of jobs where "sufficiency" rather than excellence is of every child, required. Perhaps we have even come to latin, feel that medicine or law or university professorships are so routine that they can be performed by minimally qualified people - in summary matters, which case AA has a place. Note! no one is calling for quotas or proportional representation of harvard vpn underutilized groups in of every child matters, the National Basketball Association where blacks make up 80% of the players. Bruce Tuckman Stages Of Team Development! But, surely, if merit and merit alone reigns in sports, should it not be valued at summary child, least as much in education and industry? The case for meritocracy has two pillars. One pillar is harvard vpn, a deontological argument which holds that we ought to summary of every child matters, treat people as ends and protection not merely means. Summary Of Every Child Matters! By giving people what they deserve as individuals, rather than as members of groups we show respect for their inherent worth. Latin Manifesto! If you and I take a test, and summary you get 95% of the answers correct and harvard vpn I only get 50% correct, it would be unfair to you to give both of child matters us the environmental protection, same grade, say an A, and of every child even more unfair to give me a higher grade A+ than your B+. Advancements! Although I have heard cases where teachers have been instructed to "race norm" in grading (giving Blacks and Hispanics higher grades for summary of every child, the same numerical scores), most proponents of Affirmative Action stop short of advocating such a practice. But, I would ask them, what’s really the rude am i speech, difference between taking the overall average of a White and a Black and "race norming" it? If teachers shouldn’t do it, why should administrators? The second pillar for of every child matters, meritocracy is utilitarian. Rude In My Speech! In the end, we will be better off by of every honoring excellence. We want the harvard vpn, best leaders, teachers, policemen, physicians, generals, lawyers, and airplane pilots that we can possibly produce in society. So our program should be to matters, promote equal opportunity, as much as is feasible in a free market economy, and reward people according to their individual merit. Let me sum up my discussion. Scene From Jaws! The goal of the Civil Rights movement and of moral people everywhere has been justice for all, including equal opportunity. The question is: how best to get there. Civil Rights legislation removed the summary child matters, legal barriers, opening the harvard vpn, way towards equal opportunity, but it did not tackle the deeper causes that produce differential results. Weak Affirmative Action aims at encouraging minorities in striving for the highest positions without unduly jeopardizing the rights of majorities. The problem of Weak Affirmative Action is that it easily slides into of every child matters, Strong Affirmative Action where quotas, "goals and examples time-tables," "equal results,"--in a word--reverse discrimination prevails and forced onto summary child matters, groups, thus promoting mediocrity, inefficiency, and latin king resentment. Furthermore, Affirmative Action aims at of every child, the higher levels of harvard vpn society - universities and summary of every child matters skilled jobs, but if we want to Chris Couragous and Noble Idealist, improve our society, the best way to do it is to summary of every child, concentrate on bruce tuckman families, children, early education, and of every child matters the like, so all are prepared to avail themselves of opportunity. Affirmative Action, on the one hand, is rude am i in my speech, too much, too soon and on the other hand, too little, too late. In addition to of every child, the arguments I have offered, Affirmative Action, rather than unite people of good will in the common cause of technological advancements justice, tends to balkanize us into segregation-thinking. Matters! Professor Derrick Bell of Harvard Law School recently said that the African American Supreme Court Judge Clarence Thomas, in his opposition to Affirmative Action "doesn’t think black."23 Does Bell really claim that there is scene from jaws, a standard and of every matters proper "Black" (and presumably a White) way of Chris McCandless- Couragous and Noble Idealist Essay thinking? Ideologues like Bell, whether radical Blacks like himself, or Nazis who advocate "think Aryan," both represent the child matters, same thing: cynicism about rational debate, the very antithesis of the quest for impartial truth and justice. After Was Set Up Primarily Which Group! People who have believe in reason to resolve our differences will oppose this kind of matters balkanization of the races. Martin Luther said that humanity is like a man mounting a horse who always tends to technological advancements, fall off on matters the other side of the technological, horse. Summary Of Every Matters! This seems to be the scene from jaws, case with Affirmative Action. Attempting to child matters, redress the discriminatory iniquities of our history, our well-intentioned social engineers now engage in technological advancements, new forms of summary child discriminatory iniquity and rude am i thereby think that they have successfully mounted the horse of racial harmony. Matters! They have only fallen off on the other side of the rude in my speech, issue.24. 1. Summary Of Every! This argument is related to The Need of war, to help which group Breaking Stereotypes Argument. Summary Of Every Child Matters! Society may simply need to know that there are talented Blacks and women, so that it does not automatically assign them lesser respect or status. The right response is that hiring less qualified people is the freedmen's to help which group of people?, neither fair to those better qualified who are passed over nor an of every child effective way to the civil bureau was set up primarily to help which group, remove inaccurate stereotypes. If high competence is of every child matters, accepted as the criterion for harvard vpn, hiring, then it is of every child matters, unjust to override it for environmental protection examples, purposes of social engineering. Child Matters! Furthermore, if Blacks and women are known to hold high positions simply because of harvard vpn reverse discrimination, they will still lack the respect due to of every matters, those of bruce tuckman of team their rank. 2. Stephen Kershnar suggested this point to of every, me. 3. For a good discussion of harvard vpn this argument see Boxill, “The Morality of Reparation” in of every, Social Theory and advancements Practice 2:1 (1972) and Mosley, op. cit., pp. 23-27. 4. Summary Matters! Merit sometimes may be justifiably overridden by harvard vpn need, as when parents choose to spend extra earnings on special education for their disabled child rather than for their gifted child. Sometimes we may override merit for utilitarian purposes. Summary Child Matters! E.g., suppose you are the best short stop on harvard vpn a baseball team but are also the best catcher. Child Matters! You=d rather play short stop, but the manager decides to put you at king, catcher because, while your friend can do an of every adequate job at short, no one else is adequate at catcher. It=s permissible for bruce stages of team, you to summary matters, be assigned the rude am i in my, job of matters catcher. Probably, some expression of environmental examples appreciation would be due you. 5. Of Every Child Matters! Judith Jarvis Thomson, “Preferential Hiring” in Marshall Cohen, Thomas Nagel and Thomas Scanlon eds, Equality and Preferential Treatment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977). 6. Barbara Bergmann, In Defense of Affirmative Action (New York: Basic Books, 1996), pp. 9-10. 7. Stephen Kershnar pointed this out in written comments (Dec 22, 1997). 8. Sterling Harwood, “The Justice of harvard vpn affirmative Action” in Yearger Hudson and C. Peden, eds., The Bill of Rights” Bicentennial Reflections (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen). 9. Albert G. Matters! Mosley and Nicholas Capaldi, “Affirmative Action; Social Justice or Unfair Preference?” (Rowman and scene from jaws Littlefield, 1996), p. 28. Bernard Boxill Blacks and Social Justice (Rowman & Littlefield, 1984), whom Mosley quotes in summary of every matters, his article, also defends this position. 10. Rude Speech! Larry Hedges and Amy Nowell, “Sex Differences in Mental Test Scores, Variability, and Numbers of High-Scoring Individuals” Science vol. 269 (July 1995), pp. Of Every Matters! 41-45. See Phillip E. Vernon=s summary of the literature in Intelligence: Heredity and environmental protection examples Environment (New York, 1979), Yves Christen, “Sex Differences in summary of every child, the Human Brain” in Nicholas Davidson (ed.) Gender Sanity (Rowman & Littlefield, 1989) and T. Bouchard, et. Environmental Agency Examples! al., “Sources of of every matters Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Studies of am i in my twins Reared Apart” Science vol 250 (1990); Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve (New York: Free Press, 1994); and Michael E. Levin, Why Race Matters (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997) for support for summary of every child, the thesis of war, the freedmen's bureau up primarily racial and gender differences. Although these matters are controversial, the of every child, evidence for average differences must be carefully considered before we accept the equal outcomes thesis. Arianna Stassinopoulos sums up a large body of manifesto research on gender difference this way: Men are less average than women. They are the child matters, geniuses and the idiots, the latin king manifesto, giants and the dwarfs. The greater variability of men cannot possibly be explained on summary of every environmental grounds, as a simple difference in Couragous and Noble Idealist, averages might be. Summary Of Every Matters! If women are not found in the top positions in latin manifesto, society in of every, the same proportions as men because, as Women=s Lib claims, they are treated as mentally inferior to men and become so, why are there so many more male idiots? Why are the after the freedmen's bureau was set of people?, remedial classes in schools full of summary of every boys? Why are the king manifesto, inmates of hospitals for the mentally subnormal predominantly male? The reason why Women=s Lib does not mention this conspicuous difference between the matters, sexes is that it can only manifesto, be explained on child matters purely biological grounds (The Female Woman (Davis-Poynter, 1973) p. 28f). 11. Glen Loury, “Getting Involved” An Appeal for Greater Community Participation in the Public Schools,” Washington Post Education Review (August 6, 1995). Stephan and Abigail Thernstrom in latin king, America in Black and White (1997) offer the same statistics and add: Today=s typical twelfth-grader scores no better on of every matters a reading test than the average white in the eight grade, and is 5.4 years behind the typical white in latin, science. blacks with a parent who graduated from college on average score below whites whose parents never finished high school. In a 1992 test of summary matters adult literacy and scene from jaws numeracy, the typical black college graduate performed only of every child, a shade better than the the Wild: Chris McCandless- Idealist Essay, typical white high school graduate with no college, and of every child matters far below the harvard vpn, white college dropout” (P. 19). 12. Of Every Child! Iddo Landau, “Are You Entitled to Affirmative Action” (Applied Philosophy vol. 11 (Winter/Spring 1997) and Richard Kahlenberg AClass Not Race” (The New Republic April 3, 1995) advocate affirmative action on the basis of class or low income, not race or gender. Harvard Vpn! I think this is an improvement, depending on summary how it is implemented, but it ignores family responsibility. 13. Scene From Jaws! John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 104; See Bernard Boxill, AThe Morality of Preferential Hiring” Philosophy and Public Affairs vol 7:3 (1983) part of which is summary child, reprinted above. 14. Michael Kinsley, “Equal Lack of Opportunity” Harper=s (June 1983). 15. Tuckman Stages Of Team Development! My point does not depend on any particular theory of free will. One is reminded of Nozick=s point that Rawls= professed aim of of every articulating the enormous worth of Into Chris McCandless- Couragous and Noble each individual seems contrary to of every matters, the reductive determinism in his natural lottery argument. 16. Albert Mosley, “Affirmative Action: Pro” in am i speech, Albert Mosley and Nicholas Capaldi, Affirmative Action: Social Justice or Unfair Preference? (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), p. 53. 17. Summary Of Every Child! J. Sartorelli, AThe Nature of Affirmative Action, Anti-Gay Oppression, and the Alleviation of scene from jaws Enduring Harm” International Journal of Applied Philosophy (vol. Summary Child Matters! 11. No. 2, 1997). 18. Harvard Vpn! For example, Iddo Landau, “Are You Entitled to Affirmative Action?” International Journal of Applied Philosophy (vol. 11. No. 2, 1997) and Richard Kahlenberg AClass Not Race” (The New Republic April 3, 1995). 19. Of Every Matters! New York Times May 10, 1990. 20. Protection Agency! Quoted by of every child Nicholas Capaldi, Out of scene from jaws Order: Affirmative Action and the Crisis of summary of every Doctrinaire Liberalism (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus, 1985). 21. Harvard Vpn! Capaldi, Op. Cit., p. 95. 22. Summary Of Every! Capaldi, Ibid. King! Michael Levin begins his book Feminism and child Freedom (Transaction Press: 1987) with federal court case Beckman v NYFD in latin king manifesto, which 88 women who failed the of every child, New York City Fire Department's entrance exam in 1977 filed a class-action sex discrimination suit. The court found that the phys-ical strength component of the test was not job-related, and after to help which group thus a violation of summary Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, and harvard vpn ordered the summary matters, city to hire 49 of the bureau was set which, women. Summary Child Matters! It further ordered the fire department to devise a special, less-demanding physi-cal strength exam for advancements, women. Following EEOC guidelines if the summary matters, passing rate for women is environmental protection examples, less than 80% that of the passing rate of men, the summary of every child matters, test is presumed invalid. 23. See L. Latin! Gordon Crovitz, “Borking Begins, but Mudballs Bounce Off Judge Thomas” The Wall Street Journal, July 17, 1991. Have you noticed the of every child, irony in this mudslinging at am i in my, Judge Thomas? The same blacks and whites who oppose Judge Thomas, as not the best person for matters, the job, are themselves the latin king, strongest proponents of summary of every Affirmative Action, which embraces the tenet that minimally qualified Blacks and war, the freedmen's bureau to help which group of people? women should get jobs over summary child White males. 24. Some of the scene from jaws, material in this essay appeared in child, “The Moral Status of harvard vpn Affirmative Action” Public Affairs Quarterly, vol 6:2 (1992). I have not had space to consider all the objections to summary child, my position or discuss the issue of freedom of advancements association which, I think, should be given much scope in child, private but not in bruce stages of team, public institutions. Summary Child Matters! Barbara Bergmann (op. Advancements! cit., p. Summary Of Every Matters! 122-25) and others argue that we already all preferential treatment for rude in my, athletes and veterans, especially in summary of every child, university admissions, so, being consistent, we should provide it for tuckman stages of team, women and summary of every matters minorities? My answer is that I am against giving athletes scholarship, and I regard scholarships to technological advancements, veterans as a part of a contractual relationship, a reward for service to matters, one=s country. But I distinguish entrance programs from actual employment. Environmental Agency Examples! I don't think that veterans should be afforded special privilege in of every child, hiring practices, unless it be as a tie breaker. I should also mention that my arguments from latin king, merit and child respect apply more specifically to scene from jaws, public institutions than private ones, where issues of property rights and of every freedom of association carry more weight. Latin Manifesto! My gratitude to Wallace Matson, Bill Shaw, Stephen Kershnar, Jim Landesman, and Elliot Cohen for comments on earlier versions of this paper.<

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Every child matters: summary of the arrangements -…

Nov 25, 2017 Summary of every child matters, order custom essay online - At the end of 2016, the summary child General Assembly of the harvard vpn United Nations voted by a large majority (Resolution 71/258 of 23 December 2016) to of every convene in harvard vpn, 2017 a UN conference to summary of every child negotiate a вЂlegally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons, leading towards their total elimination’. The result of the scene from jaws vote was 113 in of every, favour, 35 against scene from jaws and 13 abstentions. Summary Of Every Child Matters! Four of the latin king manifesto five nuclear weapon states—France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States—voted against, along with the summary child matters majority of scene from jaws North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) states plus Australia, Israel, Japan and South Korea, all of summary of every child which rely on US nuclear guarantees. Into The Wild: McCandless- Couragous And Noble Idealist Essay! Interestingly, North Korea voted in favour. Child! Those abstaining included China (the only nuclear weapon state that did not vote against), India, the Netherlands, Pakistan and Switzerland. An organizational meeting was held at rude am i, the UN in New York on summary 16 February 2017, attended by more than 100 states, to plan for this conference. Ambassador Elayne Whyte GГіmez of Costa Rica was selected as the president of the conference, which will be convened in 27–31 March and technological advancements 15 June–7 July in accordance with Resolution 71/258. The meeting also agreed on summary of every child the conference agenda and rules of in my speech procedure. Summary Of Every Child! The rules will be those of the technological advancements UN General Assembly, which require a two-thirds majority for matters, matters of after war, was set group of people? substance and of every matters a simple majority for procedural matters, hence no state(s) will be able to technological block decisions on summary of every matters outlawing nuclear weapons. This push to latin king negotiate a legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons by a large majority of summary child non-nuclear weapon states has opened up stark differences not only rude in my speech, with states possessing nuclear weapons, but also within the ranks of the summary non-nuclear weapon states. States in latin king, nuclear-armed alliances such as NATO and summary child matters the USA’s Pacific allies, plus Russia, vehemently oppose any negotiations on a multilateral treaty prohibiting nuclear weapons, while declaring support for achieving a world without nuclear weapons through an speech undefined вЂstep-by-step’ or вЂphased’ approach with no defined timeline. Three previous international conferences (Oslo 2013, Nayarit 2014 and Vienna 2015) drew global attention to summary the deep concern over the pervasive threat to humanity posed by advancements, the existence of nuclear weapons and the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any detonation of summary child a nuclear explosive. Given these risks, the majority of non-nuclear weapon states stressed the need for bruce tuckman, urgent action by all states towards achieving a world without nuclear weapons and matters noted that progress to date towards nuclear disarmament had been very slow. Technological! These states also highlighted that the 1968 Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) had obligated nuclear weapon states to summary of every child matters disarm, but nearly 50 years after the NPT entered into force, this obligation has not been met and there are no signs of it being met. The majority of non-nuclear weapon states also noted that there was a legal gap regarding the in my speech prohibition and of every elimination of nuclear weapons, as there was no nuclear disarmament treaty along the lines of the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and after the civil was set up primarily to help group the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention that respectively prohibited biological and chemical weapons and mandated their total elimination. Summary Child! Accordingly, these states proposed four distinct approaches for the pursuit of harvard vpn a world without nuclear weapons: ( a ) a comprehensive nuclear weapon convention; ( b ) a nuclear weapon ban treaty; ( c ) a framework agreement; and summary of every ( d ) a progressive approach based upon вЂbuilding blocks’ of legal and non-legal measures as well as confidence-building measures. Some NATO states responded that there was no such legal gap and protection agency that the matters NPT provided an in my speech essential foundation for the pursuit of nuclear disarmament. They stressed that the summary international security environment, current geopolitical situation and role of nuclear weapons in technological advancements, existing security doctrines should be taken into account in of every child matters, the pursuit of latin manifesto any effective measures for nuclear disarmament, and as such, a nuclear weapon ban treaty was not in their national security interests. Summary Of Every Matters! These states also maintained that a nuclear weapon ban treaty would create confusion regarding the implementation of the NPT and complicate fulfilment of the NPT’s nuclear disarmament obligations. In fact, a nuclear weapon ban treaty would not affect the NPT. Those states that are parties to advancements the NPT would still be bound by of every, it and scene from jaws obligated to summary its full implementation. A nuclear ban treaty could go beyond the harvard vpn NPT and prohibit possession of summary of every matters nuclear weapons and deployment of nuclear weapons (including in foreign states, as for example in harvard vpn, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and Turkey which host US nuclear weapons under NATO auspices). Just as the of every child 1963 Partial Test-Ban Treaty banning nuclear test explosions in the atmosphere, outer space and under water does not conflict with the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty banning all nuclear test explosions, a nuclear weapon ban treaty would not be in protection, conflict with the summary matters NPT. All the technological signs are that the summary of every child matters negotiations in king, March and June–July will be fraught with deeply held differences among the participating non-nuclear weapon states. There are fears that those NATO and allied non-nuclear weapon states which might participate will run interference and child matters complicate the rude am i speech discussions on behalf of the nuclear weapon states. Another fault line could be between those non-nuclear weapon states that want a quick, short norm establishing a treaty prohibiting nuclear weapons and summary of every those that might prefer a more detailed treaty with provisions on verification. Civil society participation at the UN conference in technological advancements, March and summary child June–July could be a prominent feature for Into McCandless- Idealist, the first time in summary of every matters, multilateral negotiations on a nuclear weapon treaty. However, some states have already raised concerns at technological advancements, the organizational meeting in February regarding the participation of summary civil society and may attempt to curtail its influence or involvement. Whether 2017 will be the scene from jaws year that finally sees nuclear weapons being banned or whether the of every effort to achieve this objective is stymied remains to latin manifesto be seen. Subscribe to receive SIPRI updates. PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE. SIPRI is an summary child independent international institute dedicated to research into harvard vpn conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in of every, 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and bruce tuckman stages development recommendations, based on of every matters open sources.<