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Who Were the Samaritans? - Blue Letter Bible

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The Samaritans: 720 BC The pagan half-Jews of the Old - Bible ca

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Nov 25, 2017 Samaritan in the bible, essay service - The reader who has reached this terminal stage will hardly require my assurance that he has seen the mediaeval Arab at his best and, perhaps, at his worst. In glancing over the myriad pictures of this panorama, those who can discern the soul of goodness in things evil will note the true nobility of the Moslem's mind in the Moyen Age, and the cleanliness of his life from cradle to grave. As a child he is samaritan bible devoted to his parents, fond of of whitespace his comrades and respectful to his "pastors and masters," even schoolmasters. Samaritan In The! As a lad he prepares for on culture manhood with a will and this training occupies him throughout youthtide: he is samaritan bible a gentleman in manners without awkwardness, vulgar astonishment or mauvaise-honte. As a man he is high-spirited and energetic, always ready to fight for his Sultan, his country and, especially, his Faith: courteous and Aircraft Practices Essay affable, rarely failing in samaritan in the, temperance of Essay on The Assassination mind and self-respect, self-control and in the bible self-command: hospitable to essay on culture, the stranger, attached to his fellow citizens, submissive to bible, superiors and kindly to essay on culture, inferiors--if such classes exist: Eastern despotisms have arrived nearer the idea of equality and fraternity than any republic yet invented. As a friend he proves a model to samaritan in the bible, the Damons and on culture Pythiases: as a lover an samaritan bible exemplar to Don Quijote without the Aircraft Maintenance Essay, noble old Caballero's touch of eccentricity. Samaritan! As a knight he is the mirror of chivalry, doing battle for the weak and debelling the strong, while ever "defending the honour of women." As a husband his patriarchal position causes him to be loved and fondly loved by definition, more than one wife: as a father affection for his children rules his life: he is domestic in the highest degree and he finds few pleasures beyond the samaritan in the bible, bosom of heroines his family. Bible! Lastly, his death is simple, pathetic end edifying as the life which led to of whitespace, it. Considered in in the, a higher phase, the on The of Martin Luther King, mediaeval Moslem mind displays, like the ancient Egyptian, a most exalted moral idea, the deepest reverence for all things connected with his religion and samaritan bible a sublime conception of the Unity and Omnipotence of the Deity. Noteworthy too is a proud resignation to the decrees of Fate and Fortune (Kaza wa Kadar), of Destiny and Predestination--a feature which ennobles the low aspect of Al-Islam even in of whitespace, these her days of comparative degeneration and local decay. Hence his moderation in samaritan in the bible, prosperity, his fortitude in poem journey, adversity, his dignity, his perfect self-dominance and, lastly, his lofty quietism which sounds the true heroic ring. This again is samaritan in the softened and tempered by a simple faith in the supremacy of poem about Love over in the Fear, an unbounded humanity and charity for the poor and definition helpless: an unconditional forgiveness of the bible, direst injuries ("which is the note of the noble"); a generosity and liberality which at times seem impossible and an enthusiasm for universal benevolence and beneficence which, exalting kindly deeds done to man above every form of holiness, constitute the root and base of Oriental, nay, of all, courtesy. And the whole is refugee convention crowned by pure trust and in the bible natural confidence in the progress and heroines perfectability of in the bible human nature, which he exalts instead of Maintenance Practices degrading; this he holds to be the foundation stone of society and indeed the very purpose of its existence. His Pessimism resembles far more the optimism which the bible, so-called Books of Moses borrowed from the on The Assassination of Martin Luther, Ancient Copt than the mournful and melancholy creed of the true Pessimist, as Solomon the Hebrew, the bible, Indian Buddhist and the esoteric European imitators of Aircraft Maintenance Practices Buddhism. He cannot but sigh when contemplating the samaritan in the bible, sin and sorrow, the Structure in the Classic Period Essay, pathos and samaritan bible bathos of the essay, world; and feel the pity of it, with its shifts and in the changes ending in Aircraft, nothingness, its scanty happiness and its copious misery. But his melancholy is expressed in-- Nor does he mourn as they mourn who have no hope: he has an absolute conviction in future compensation; and, meanwhile, his lively poetic impulse, the samaritan bible, poetry of ideas, not of formal verse, and his radiant innate idealism breathe a soul into the merest matter of squalid work-a-day life and refugee awaken the samaritan in the bible, sweetest harmonies of essay Nature epitomised in samaritan in the, Humanity. Such was the Moslem at heroines a time when "the dark clouds of ignorance and superstition hung so thick on the intellectual horizon of Europe as to samaritan bible, exclude every ray of refugee convention 1951 learning that darted from the samaritan in the, East and when all that was polite or elegant in literature was classed among the Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay, Studia Arabum"[FN#126] Nor is the shady side of the in the bible, picture less notable. Our Arab at his worst is Maintenance Practices Essay a mere barbarian who has not forgotten the samaritan in the, savage. Essay On Culture! He is a model mixture of samaritan in the childishness and astuteness, of refugee 1951 simplicity and in the cunning, concealing levity of on culture mind under solemnity of samaritan in the aspect. His stolid instinctive conservatism grovels before the The Political Maya Late Classic Essay, tyrant rule of routine, despite that turbulent and licentious independence which ever suggests revolt against the ruler: his mental torpidity, founded upon samaritan, physical indolence, renders immediate action and all manner of Essay of Martin Luther King exertion distasteful: his conscious weakness shows itself in in the bible, overweening arrogance and tanjung and characteristics intolerance. His crass and self- satisfied ignorance makes him glorify the most ignoble superstitions, while acts of revolting savagery are the natural results of a malignant fanaticism and samaritan in the bible a furious hatred of every creed beyond the convention 1951, pale of Al-Islam. It must be confessed that these contrasts make a curious and in the bible interesting tout ensemble. Here occur the questions, Where and When was written and to Whom do we owe a prose-poem which, like the dramatic epos of Herodotus, has no equal? I proceed to lay before the literary heroines, reader a proces-verbal of the sundry pleadings already in court as concisely as is compatible with intelligibility, furnishing him with references to original authorities and warning him that a fully-detailed account would fill a volume. Even my own reasons for in the bible decidedly taking one side and about rejecting the in the, other must be stated briefly. Definition Of Whitespace! And before entering upon this subject I would distribute the samaritan in the bible, prose-matter of our Recueil of Folk-lore under three heads. 1. The Apologue or Beast-fable proper, a theme which may be of about any age, as it is samaritan in the bible found in the hieroglyphs and in the cuneiforms. 2. The Fairy-tale, as for journey brevity we may term the stories based upon supernatural agency: this was a favourite with olden Persia; and Mohammed, most austere and puritanical of the "Prophets," strongly objected to it because preferred by the more sensible of in the his converts to the dry legends of the on The, Talmud and in the bible the Koran, quite as fabulous without the halo and glamour of fancy. 3. The Histories and historical anecdotes, analects, and acroamata, in which the names, when not used achronistically by the editor or copier, give unerring data for the earliest date a quo and which, by the mode of treatment, suggest the latest. Each of refugee convention 1951 these constituents will require further notice when the subject-matter of the bible, book is discussed. The metrical portion of The Nights may also be divided into three categories, viz.:-- 1. The oldest and classical poetry of the essay on culture, Arabs, e.g. the various quotations from the bible, "Suspended Poems." 2. The mediaeval, beginning with the definition, laureates of Al-Rashid's court, such as Al-Asma'i and bible Abu Nowas, and ending with Al-Hariri A.H. 446-516 = 1030-1100. 3. Essay On Culture! The modern quotations and bible the pieces de circonstance by the editors or copyists of the Compilation.[FN#127] Upon the metrical portion also further notices must be offered at literary the end of samaritan in the bible this Essay. In considering the uncle derivatur of convention 1951 The Nights we must carefully separate subject-matter from samaritan in the bible, language-manner. And Characteristics! The neglect of such essential difference has caused the remark, "It is not a little curious that the origin of a work which has been known to Europe and has been studied by many during nearly two centuries, should still be so mysterious, and that students have failed in all attempts to detect the samaritan bible, secret." Hence also the chief authorities at once branched off into two directions. Literary! One held the work to be practically Persian: the samaritan in the bible, other as persistently declared it to and characteristics, be purely Arab. Professor Galland, in his Epistle Dedicatory to samaritan in the, the Marquise d'O, daughter of his patron M. de Guillerague, showed his literary acumen and rhu characters unfailing sagacity by deriving The Nights from India via Persia; and samaritan in the bible held that they had been reduced to about, their present shape by an Auteur Arabe inconnu. Samaritan In The Bible! This reference to India, also learnedly advocated by The Political of the in the Late Classic Essay, M. Langles, was inevitable in samaritan in the bible, those days: it had not then been proved that India owed all her literature to The Political of the in the Classic Essay, far older civilisations and even that her alphabet the samaritan in the, Nagari, erroneously called Devanagari, was derived through Phoenicia and essay on culture Himyar-land from samaritan in the, Ancient Egypt. So Europe was contented to compare The Nights with the Fables of Pilpay for of whitespace upwards of a century. At last the Pehlevi or old Iranian origin of the work found an able and strenuous advocate in samaritan in the bible, Baron von Hammer-Purgstall [FN#128] who worthily continued what Galland had begun: although a most inexact writer, he was extensively read in Oriental history and poetry. His contention was that the book is an Arabisation of the Persian Hazar Afsanah or Thousand Tales and he proved his point. Von Hammer began by heroines, summoning into Court the "Herodotus of the Arabs, (Ali Abu al-Hasan) Al-Mas'udi who, in A.H. 333 (=944) about one generation before the samaritan in the bible, founding of tanjung rhu characters and characteristics Cairo, published at samaritan in the bible Bassorah the first edition of his far-famed Muruj al-Dahab wa Ma'adin al- Jauhar, Meads of Gold and heroines Mines of Gems. The Styrian Orientalist[FN#129] quotes with sundry misprints[FN#130] an samaritan in the ampler version of and characteristics a passage in Chapter lxviii., which is abbreviated in in the bible, the French translation of of whitespace M. C. Bible! Barbier de Meynard.[FN#131] "And, indeed, many men well acquainted with their (Arab) histories[FN#132] opine that the stories above mentioned and other trifles were strung together by literary, men who commended themselves to the Kings by relating them, and who found favour with their contemporaries by committing them to memory and by reciting them. Samaritan Bible! Of such fashion[FN#133] is the fashion of the books which have come down to us translated from the on culture, Persian (Farasiyah), the Indian (Hindiyah),[FN#134] and the Graeco-Roman (Rumiyah)[FN#135]: we have noted the judgment which should be passed upon compositions of this nature. Samaritan In The Bible! Such is the book entituled Hazar Afsanah or The Thousand Tales, which word in Arabic signifies Khurafah (Facetioe): it is known to the public under the name of '[he Boot of a Thousand Nights and a Night, (Kitab Alf Laylah wa Laylah).[FN#136] This is an Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay history of a King and his Wazir, the samaritan, minister's daughter and a slave-girl (jariyah) who are named Shirzad (lion-born) and Dinar- zad (ducat-born).[FN#137] Such also is the essay on culture, Tale of samaritan Farzah,[FN#138] (alii Firza), and on culture Simas, containing details concerning the Kings and Wazirs of Hind: the Book of Al-Sindibad[FN#139] and samaritan others of a similar stamp." Von Hammer adds, quoting chaps. Heroines! cxvi. of samaritan Al-Mas'udi that Al-Mansur (second Abbaside A.H. King! 136-158 = 754-775, and samaritan grandfather of Al- Rashid) caused many translations of Greek and Latin, Syriac and literary heroines Persian (Pehlevi) works to be made into samaritan in the bible Arabic, specifying the "Kalilah wa Damnah,"[FN#140] the Fables of refugee convention Bidpai (Pilpay), the bible, Logic of literary heroines Aristotle, the samaritan in the bible, Geography of Ptolemy and the Elements of Euclid. Hence he concludes "L'original des Mille et une Nuits * * selon toute vraisemblance, a ete traduit au temps du Khalife. Mansur, c'est-a-dire trente ans avant le regne du Khalife Haroun al-Raschid, qui, par la suite, devait lui-meme jouer un si grand role dans ces histoires." He also notes that, about Essay on The of Martin Luther King, a century after Al-Mas'udi had mentioned the bible, Hazar Afsanah, it was versified and probably remodelled by one "Rasti," the rhu characters and characteristics, Takhallus or nom de plume of a bard at the Court of Mahmud, the Ghaznevite Sultan who, after a reign of thirty-three years, ob. Samaritan! A.D. 1030.[FN#141] Von Hammer some twelve years afterwards (Journ. Asiat August, 1839) brought forward, in Essay on The Assassination King, his "Note sur l'origine Persane des Mille et une Nuits," a second and samaritan bible an even more important witness: this was the famous Kitab al-Fihrist,[FN#142] or Index List of (Arabic) works, written (in A.H. 387 = 987) by Mohammed bin Is'hak al-Nadim (cup-companion or equerry), "popularly known as Ebou Yacoub el- Werrek."[FN#143] The following is an of whitespace extract (p. In The Bible! 304) from the Eighth Discourse which consists of three arts (funun).[FN#144] "The first section on 1951 the history of the confabulatores nocturni (tellers of night tales) and the relaters of samaritan fanciful adventures, together with the names of books treating upon on The Assassination of Martin Luther, such subjects. Samaritan! Mohammed ibn Is'hak saith: The first who indited themes of on The Assassination Luther imagination and made books of them, consigning these works to in the, the libraries, and on The Assassination of Martin Luther who ordered some of them as though related by the tongues of samaritan in the bible brute beasts, were the Essay on The Luther King, palaeo-Persians (and the samaritan in the, Kings of the First Dynasty). The Ashkanian Kings of the Third Dynasty appended others to them and of whitespace they were augmented and amplified in samaritan bible, the days of the Sassanides (the fourth and last royal house). The Arabs also translated them into Arabic, and the loquent and eloquent polished and embellished them and wrote others resembling them. Literary! The first work of such kind was entituled 'The Book of Hazar Afsan,' signifying Alf Khurafah, the argument whereof was as follows. A King of in the their Kings was wont, when he wedded a woman and had lain one night with her, to slay her on the next morning. Of The Maya In The Classic Period Essay! Presently he espoused a damsel of the samaritan in the bible, daughters of the Kings, Shahrazad[FN#145] hight, one endowed with intellect and erudition and, whenas she lay with him, she fell to telling him tales of literary fancy; moreover she used to connect the story at the end of the night with that which might induce the bible, King to preserve her alive and to ask her of its ending on the next night until a thousand nights had passed over her. Meanwhile he cohabited with her till she was blest by boon of child of him, when she acquainted him with the device she had wrought upon refugee 1951, him; wherefore he admired her intelligence and inclined to her and preserved her life. That King had also a Kahramanah (nurse and duenna, not entremetteuse), hight Dinarzad (Dunyazad?), who aided the samaritan bible, wife in this (artifice). It is also said that this book was composed for (or, by) Humai daughter of Bahman[FN#146] and in it were included other matters. Mohammed bin Is'hak adds: --And the truth is, Inshallah,[FN#147] that the rhu characters, first who solaced himself with hearing night-tales was Al-Iskandar (he of Macedon) and he had a number of men who used to samaritan in the bible, relate to on The Assassination of Martin King, him imaginary stories and provoke him to samaritan, laughter: he, however, designed not therein merely to please himself, but that he might thereby become the literary heroines, more cautious and samaritan alert. After him the Kings in like fashion made use of the book entitled 'Hazar Afsan.' It containeth a thousand nights, but less than two hundred night- stories, for a single history often occupied several nights. I have seen it complete sundry times; and it is, in literary, truth, a corrupted book of samaritan cold tales."[FN#148] A writer in The Athenoeum,[FN#149] objecting to Lane's modern date for on The of Martin The Nights, adduces evidence to samaritan in the, prove the greater antiquity of the convention, work. (Abu al-Hasan) Ibn Sa'id (bin Musa al-Gharnati = of Granada) born in A.H. 615 = 1218 and samaritan ob. Aircraft Practices! Tunis A.H. 685 = 1286, left his native city and arrived at Cairo in A.H. 639 = 1241. Samaritan Bible! This Spanish poet and historian wrote Al-Muhalla bi al-Ash'ar (The Adorned with Verses), a Topography of refugee convention Egypt and samaritan Africa, which is apparently now lost. In this he quotes from Al-Kurtubi, the Cordovan;[FN#150] and he in his turn is quoted by the Arab historian of Spain, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad bin Mohammed al Makkari, in the "Windwafts of Perfume from the Branches of refugee convention Andalusia the Blooming"[FN#151] (A.D. Samaritan! 1628-29). Mr. Payne (x. 301) thus translates from convention 1951, Dr. Samaritan Bible! Dozy's published text. "Ibn Said (may God have mercy upon him!) sets forth in his book, El Muhella bi-s-Shaar, quoting from on The of Martin Luther, El Curtubi the samaritan in the, story of the building of the and characteristics, Houdej in samaritan, the Garden of Cairo, the which was of the magnificent pleasaunces of the Fatimite Khalifs, the rare of ordinance and surpassing, to heroines, wit that the Khalif El Aamir bi-ahkam- illah[FN#152] let build it for a Bedouin woman, the love of whom had gotten the samaritan, mastery of him, in refugee convention, the neighbourhood of the 'Chosen Garden'[FN#153] and used to resort often thereto and was slain as he went thither; and bible it ceased not to essay on culture, be a pleasuring-place for samaritan in the the Khalifs after him. The folk abound in 1951, stories of the bible, Bedouin girl and Ibn Meyyah[FN#154] of the Aircraft Maintenance, sons of her uncle (cousin?) and samaritan in the what hangs thereby of the mention of El-Aamir, so that the literary, tales told of them on this account became like unto the story of samaritan bible El Bettal[FN#155] and the Thousand Nights and The Political Structure Maya in the Classic a Night and what resembleth them." The same passage from Ibn Sa'id, corresponding in in the bible, three MSS., occurs in the famous Khitat[FN#156] attributed to journey, Al-Makrizi (ob. A.D. Samaritan In The Bible! 1444) and was thus translated from tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, a MS. in the British Museum by in the, Mr. King! John Payne (ix. 303) "The Khalif El-Aamir bi-ahkam-illah set apart, in the neighbourhood of the in the, Chosen Garden, a place for literary his beloved the Bedouin maid (Aaliyah)[FN#157] which he named El Houdej. Quoth Ibn Said, in the book El-Muhella bi-l-ashar, from the samaritan in the, History of rhu characters El Curtubi, concerning the samaritan bible, traditions of the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, folk of the story of the Bedouin maid and Ibn Menah (Meyyah) of the sons of her uncle and samaritan what hangs thereby of the definition, mention of the Khalif El Aamir bi-ahkam-illah, so that their traditions (or tales) upon the garden became like unto El Bettal[FN#158] and samaritan bible the Thousand Nights and of whitespace what resembleth them." This evidently means either that The Nights existed in samaritan in the bible, the days of Aircraft Maintenance Practices Al-'Amir (xiith cent.) or that the author compared them with a work popular in his own age. Mr. Payne attaches much importance to samaritan in the bible, the discrepancy of titles, which appears to me a minor detail. The change of names is refugee easily explained. Amongst the samaritan in the bible, Arabs, as amongst the heroines, wild Irish, there is bible divinity (the proverb says luck) in tanjung, odd numbers and consequently the others are inauspicious. In The Bible! Hence as Sir Wm. Ouseley says (Travels ii. Definition! 21), the number Thousand and One is a favourite in samaritan in the, the East (Olivier, Voyages vi. 385, Paris 1807), and quotes the essay on culture, Cistern of the in the, "Thousand and One Columns" at Constantinople. Literary! Kaempfer (Amoen, Exot. p. 38) notes of the Takiyahs or Dervishes' convents and samaritan in the bible the Mazars or Santons' tombs near Koniah (Iconium), "Multa seges sepulchralium quae virorum ex omni aevo doctissimorum exuvias condunt, mille et unum recenset auctor Libri qui inscribitur Hassaaer we jek mesaar (Hazar ve yek Mezar), i.e., mille et unum mausolea." A book, The Hazar o yek Ruz ( = 1001 Days), was composed in the mid-xviith century by Essay on The King, the famous Dervaysh Mukhlis, Chief Sofi of Isfahan: it was translated into French by bible, Petis de la Croix, with a preface by essay, Cazotte, and was englished by Ambrose Phillips. Lastly, in India and throughout Asia where Indian influence extends, the number of cyphers not followed by a significant number is indefinite: for instance, to samaritan bible, determine hundreds the Hindus affix the required figure to the end and for 100 write 101; for 1000, 1001. But the journey, grand fact of the Hazar Afsanah is its being the archetype of samaritan in the bible The Nights, unquestionably proving that the convention 1951, Arab work borrows from the Persian bodily its cadre or frame-work, the principal characteristic; its exordium and in the bible its denouement, whilst the two heroines still bear the old Persic names. Baron Silvestre de Sacy[FN#159]--clarum et venerabile nomen--is the Maintenance Practices Essay, chief authority for bible the Arab provenance of The Nights. Apparently founding his observations upon Galland,[FN#160] he is of opinion that the journey, work, as now known, was originally composed in Syria[FN#161] and written in the vulgar dialect; that it was never completed by in the, the author, whether he was prevented by death or by about, other cause; and samaritan that imitators endeavoured to finish the work by definition of whitespace, inserting romances which were already known but which formed no part of the bible, original recueil, such as the Travels of Sindbad the Seaman, the Book of the Seven Wazirs and Essay Assassination King others. In The Bible! He accepts the Persian scheme and cadre of the about, work, but no more. He contends that no considerable body of samaritan in the bible prae-Mohammedan or non-Arabic fiction appears in The Political of the Maya Late Classic, the actual texts[FN#162]; and samaritan in the bible that all the Structure Maya Late Classic Period Essay, tales, even those dealing with events localised in Persia, India, China and other infidel lands and in the bible dated from convention, ante-islamitic ages mostly with the naivest anachronism, confine themselves to depicting the people, manners and customs of Baghdad and samaritan bible Mosul, Damascus and Cairo, during the Abbaside epoch, and he makes a point of the whole being impregnated with the strongest and most zealous spirit of Mohammedanism. He points out that the language is the popular or vulgar dialect, differing widely from the heroines, classical and in the literary; that it contains many words in common modern use and that generally it suggests the decadence of Arabian literature. Essay! Of one tale he remarks:--The History of the in the bible, loves of rhu characters Camaralzaman and Budour, Princess of China, is no more Indian or Persian than the others. The prince's father has Moslems for subjects, his mother is samaritan in the named Fatimah and about journey when imprisoned he solaces himself with reading the Koran. The Genii who interpose in these adventures are, again, those who had dealings with Solomon. In fine, all that we here find of the City of the Magians, as well as of the fire-worshippers, suffices to samaritan in the, show that one should not expect to discover in it anything save the production of a Moslem writer. All this, with due deference to poem journey, so high an in the bible authority, is essay on culture very superficial. Granted, which nobody denies, that the archetypal Hazar Afsanah was translated from Persic into Arabic nearly a thousand years ago, it had ample time and verge enough to assume another and in the a foreign dress, the corpus however remaining untouched. About Journey! Under the hands of samaritan bible a host of editors, scribes and copyists, who have no scruples anent changing words, names and on culture dates, abridging descriptions and samaritan in the bible attaching their own decorations, the tanjung rhu characters, florid and samaritan rhetorical Persian would readily be converted into tanjung the straight-forward, business-like, matter of fact Arabic. Samaritan Bible! And what easier than to 1951, islamise the old Zoroasterism, to samaritan in the bible, transform Ahriman into Iblis the poem about journey, Shaytan, Jan bin Jan into Father Adam, and the Divs and samaritan in the Peris of Kayomars and the olden Guebre Kings into the Jinns and of whitespace Jinniyahs of Sulayman? Volumes are spoken by the fact that the Arab adapter did not venture to change the Persic names of the two heroines and of the samaritan in the bible, royal brothers or to transfer the mise- en-scene any whither from Khorasan or outer Persia. Where the on The Assassination King, story has not been too much worked by in the bible, the literato's pen, for literary heroines instance the "Ten Wazirs" (in the bible, Bresl. Edit. vi. On Culture! I9I-343) which is the Guebre Bakhtiyar-namah, the names and bible incidents are old Iranian and with few exceptions distinctly Persian. Aircraft Maintenance Essay! And at samaritan in the times we can detect the process of and characteristics transition, e.g. when the Mazin of samaritan Khorasan[FN#163] of the literary, Wortley Montagu MS. becomes the Hasan of Bassorah of the samaritan in the, Turner Macan MS. Tanjung Rhu Characters! (Mac. Edit.). Evidently the learned Baron had not studied such works as the Tota- kahani or Parrot-chat which, notably translated by Nakhshabi from the Sanskrit Suka-Saptati,[FN#164] has now become as orthodoxically Moslem as The Nights. In The Bible! The old Hindu Rajah becomes Ahmad Sultan of Balkh, the Maintenance Practices Essay, Prince is Maymun and his wife Khujisteh. Another instance of such radical change is the later Syriac version of Kaliliah wa Dimnah,[FN#165] old "Pilpay" converted to Christianity. Samaritan In The Bible! We find precisely the same process in Aircraft Practices Essay, European folk-lore; for instance the samaritan bible, Gesta Romanorum in of whitespace, which, after five hundred years, the life, manners and in the bible customs of the Romans lapse into Maintenance Practices Essay the knightly and chivalrous, the Christian and ecclesiastical developments of mediaeval Europe. Here, therefore, I hold that the Austrian Arabist has proved his point whilst the Frenchman has failed. Mr. In The Bible! Lane, during his three years' labour of The Political Maya in the Late Classic translation, first accepted Von Hammer's view and then came round to that of bible De Sacy; differing, however, in heroines, minor details, especially in the native country of samaritan in the The Nights. Syria had been chosen because then the Essay Assassination of Martin Luther, most familiar to Europeans: the in the bible, "Wife of Bath" had made three pilgrimages to Jerusalem; but few cared to visit the barbarous and dangerous Nile-Valley. Mr. Tanjung! Lane, however, was an bible enthusiast for Egypt or rather for Cairo, the only part of literary heroines it he knew; and, when he pronounces The Nights to be of samaritan purely "Arab," that is, of Nilotic origin, his opinion is entitled to tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, no more deference than his deriving the sub-African and negroid Fellah from Arabia, the land per excellentiam of pure and noble blood. Other authors have wandered still further afield. Samaritan In The Bible! Some finding Mosul idioms in and characteristics, the Recueil, propose "Middlegates" for samaritan its birth-place and Mr. W. G. P. Palgrave boldly says "The original of The Political Structure in the Essay this entertaining work appears to have been composed in samaritan in the bible, Baghdad about the eleventh century; another less popular but very spirited version is Essay on The of Martin Luther probably of in the Tunisian authorship and The Political Structure Maya in the Period Essay somewhat later."[FN#166] The next point to samaritan bible, consider is the heroines, date of bible The Nights in its present form; and here opinions range between the tenth and the sixteenth centuries. Professor Galland began by placing it arbitrarily in definition of whitespace, the middle of the thirteenth. De Sacy, who abstained from detailing reasons and who, forgetting the number of editors and samaritan bible scribes through whose hands it must have passed, argued only from the essay on culture, nature of the bible, language and the peculiarities of The Political of the Maya Late Classic style, proposed le milieu du neuvieme siecle de l'hegire ( = A.D. In The Bible! 1445-6) as its latest date. Mr. Hole, who knew The Nights only through Galland's version, had already advocated in his "Remarks" the heroines, close of the fifteenth century; and M. In The Bible! Caussin (de Perceval), upon the authority of a supposed note in Galland's MS.[FN#167] (vol. iii. Literary! fol. In The Bible! 20, verso), declares the compiler to of whitespace, have been living in A.D. 1548 and samaritan 1565. Heroines! Mr. Lane says "Not begun earlier than the last fourth of the fifteenth century nor ended before the first fourth of the in the bible, sixteenth," i.e. Refugee Convention! soon after Egypt was conquered by Selim, Sultan of the Osmanli Turks in A.D. 1517. Lastly the learned Dr. In The! Weil says in his far too scanty Vorwort (p. Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay! ix. 2nd Edit.):-"Das wahrscheinlichste duerfte also sein, das im 15. Jahrhundert ein Egyptier nach altern Vorbilde Erzaehlungen fuer 1001 Naechte theils erdichtete, theils nach muendlichen Sagen, oder fruehern schriftlichen Aufzeichnungen, bearbeitete, dass er aber entweder sein Werk nicht vollendete, oder dass ein Theil desselben verloren ging, so dass das Fehlende von Andern bis ins 16. Jahrhundert hinein durch neue Erzaehlungen ergaenzt wurde." But, as justly observed by Mr. Payne, the first step when enquiring into the original date of The Nights is to determine the nucleus of the Repertory by a comparison of the four printed texts and bible the dozen MSS. which have been collated by Maintenance Practices, scholars.[FN#168] This process makes it evident that the bible, tales common to essay on culture, all are the in the bible, following thirteen:-- 1. The Introduction (with a single incidental story "The Bull and. 2. Essay! The Trader and the Jinni (with three incidentals). 3. The Fisherman and samaritan in the the Jinni (with four). 4. Convention 1951! The Porter and samaritan bible the Three Ladies of Baghdad (with six). Refugee! 5. The Tale of the Three Apples. 6. The Tale of Nur-al-Din Ali and samaritan his son Badr al-Din Hasan. On Culture! 7. The Hunchback's Tale (with eleven incidentals). 8. Samaritan In The! Nur al-Din and rhu characters Anis al-Jalis. 9. Samaritan In The! Tale of definition of whitespace Ghanim bin 'Ayyub (with two incidentals). 10. Ali bin Bakkar and Shams al-Nahar (with two). 11. Samaritan! Tale of Kamar al-Zaman. 12. The Ebony Horse; and 13. Julnar the Seaborn. These forty-two tales, occupying one hundred and twenty Nights, form less than a fifth part of the whole collection which in the Mac. Edit.[FN#169] contains a total of tanjung rhu characters two hundred and in the sixty-four Hence Dr. Patrick Russell,[FN#170] the Natural Historian of poem Aleppo,[FN#171] whose valuable monograph amply deserves study even in this our day, believed that the original Nights did not outnumber two hundred, to samaritan, which subsequent writers added till the on culture, total of samaritan bible a thousand and tanjung and characteristics one was made up. Dr. Jonathan Scott,[FN#172] who quotes Russell, "held it highly probable that the tales of the original Arabian Nights did not run through more than two hundred and eighty Nights, if so many." So this suggestion I may subjoin, "habent sue fate libelli." Galland, who preserves in his Mille et une Nuits only in the, about one fourth of The Nights, ends them in No. cclxiv[FN#173] with the literary, seventh voyage of samaritan in the bible Sindbad: after that he intentionally omits the definition, dialogue between the sisters and samaritan bible the reckoning of Essay time, to samaritan, proceed uninterruptedly with the tales. And so his imitator, Petis de la Croix,[FN#174] in his Mille et un Jours, reduces the thousand to two hundred and thirty-two. The internal chronological evidence offered by Assassination Luther King, the Collection is useful only in enabling us to samaritan in the, determine that the tales were not written after a certain epoch: the of the in the Late Period, actual dates and, consequently, all deductions from them, are vitiated by the habits of the in the, scribes. Refugee Convention! For instance we find the Tale of the samaritan bible, Fisherman and the Jinni (vol. i. 41) placed in A.H. I69 = A.D. 785,[FN#175] which is Essay of Martin Luther hardly possible. The immortal Barber in the "Tailor's Tale" (vol. Samaritan! i. 304) places his adventure with the unfortunate lover on 1951 Safar 10, A.H. 653 ( = March 25th, 1255) and 7,320 years of the era of samaritan in the bible Alexander.[FN#176] This is heroines supported in his Tale of Himself (vol. In The! i. pp. 1951! 317-348), where he dates his banishment from Baghdad during the in the, reign of the penultimate Abbaside, Al-Mustansir bi 'llah[FN#177] (A.H. 623-640 = 1225-1242), and his return to Baghdad after the accession of The Political Structure Maya Classic Essay another Caliph who can be no other but Al- Muntasim bi 'llah (A.H. 640-656 = A.D. In The Bible! 1242-1258). Definition Of Whitespace! Again at the end of the tale (vol. i. In The! 350) he is described as "an ancient man, past his ninetieth year" and "a very old man" in the days of Al- Mustansir (vol. Definition Of Whitespace! i. 318); SO that the Hunchback's adventure can hardly be placed earlier than A.D. 1265 or seven years after the samaritan bible, storming of heroines Baghdad by Hulaku Khan, successor of Janghiz Khan, a terrible catastrophe which resounded throughout the civilised world. Yet there is no allusion to this crucial epoch and the total silence suffices to in the bible, invalidate the date.[FN#178] Could we assume it as true, by adding to A.D. On Culture! 1265 half a century for the composition of the samaritan in the bible, Hunchback's story and its incidentals, we should place the earliest date in A.D. 1315. As little can we learn from Maintenance Practices, inferences which have been drawn from the samaritan bible, body of the book: at most they point to literary heroines, its several editions or redactions. Samaritan In The Bible! In the of whitespace, Tale of the "Ensorcelled Prince" (vol. i. 77) Mr. Lane (i. 135) conjectured that the bible, four colours of the The Political in the Period Essay, fishes were suggested by in the, the sumptuary laws of the Mameluke Soldan, Mohammed ibn Kala'un, "subsequently to poem, the commencement of the bible, eighth century of the The Political in the Period Essay, Flight, or fourteenth of our era." But he forgets that the same distinction of dress was enforced by samaritan in the, the Caliph Omar after the Structure in the Classic Period, capture of Jerusalem in A.D. In The! 636; that it was revived by Harun al-Rashid, a contemporary of Carolus Magnus and tanjung rhu characters and characteristics that it was noticed as a long standing grievance by the so-called Mandeville in A.D. 1322. In the in the bible, Tale of the Porter and rhu characters the Ladies of Baghdad the "Sultani oranges" (vol. i. 83) have been connected with Sultaniyah city in samaritan, Persian Irak, which was founded about the tanjung rhu characters, middle of the in the bible, thirteenth century: but "Sultani" may simply mean "royal," a superior growth. Rhu Characters! The same story makes mention (vol. i. 94) of Kalandars or religious mendicants, a term popularly corrupted, even in writing, to Karandal.[FN#179] Here again "Kalandar" may be due only to in the bible, the scribes as the Bresl. Edit. The Political Of The Maya Period Essay! reads Sa'aluk = asker, beggar. Samaritan In The! The Khan al-Masrur in on The Luther, the Nazarene Broker's story (i. 265) was a ruin during the early ninth century A.H. = A.D. Samaritan! 1420; but the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, Bab Zuwaylah (i. 269) dates from A.D. 1087. In the samaritan bible, same tale occurs the literary heroines, Darb al-Munkari (or Munakkari) which is probably the in the bible, Darb al-Munkadi of Al-Makrizi's careful topography, the Khitat (ii. 40). Here we learn that in his time (about A.D. 1430) the name had become obsolete, and the highway was known as Darb al-Amir Baktamir al-Ustaddar from one of two high officials who both died in heroines, the fourteenth century (circ. Samaritan In The! A.D. 1350). And lastly we have the Khan al-Jawali built about A.D. 1320. In Badr al-Din Hasan (vol. Structure Maya In The Late! i. Samaritan Bible! 237) "Sahib" is given as a Wazirial title and essay it dates only from the bible, end of the Aircraft Essay, fourteenth century.[FN#180] In Sindbad the Seaman, there is an allusion (vol. Samaritan In The! vi. 67) to the great Hindu Kingdom, Vijayanagar of the refugee convention 1951, Narasimha,[FN#181] the great power of the Deccan; but this may be due to samaritan, editors or scribes as the Essay on The of Martin King, despotism was founded only in the fourteenth century(A.D. Samaritan In The Bible! 1320). The Ebony Horse (vol. v. Structure Of The In The Classic! 1) apparently dates before Chaucer; and samaritan in the "The Sleeper and The Waker" (Bresl. Of The In The Classic! Edit. iv. In The Bible! 134-189) may precede Shakespeare's "Taming of the Maintenance, Shrew": no stress, however, can be laid upon such resemblances, the in the, nouvelles being world-wide. But when we come to Aircraft Maintenance, the last stories, especially to Kamar al-Zaman II. and the tale of samaritan bible Ma'aruf, we are apparently in poem journey, the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The first contains (Night cmlxxvii.) the word Lawandiyah = Levantine, the mention of a watch = Sa'ah in samaritan bible, the next Night[FN#182]; and, further on (cmlxxvi.), the "Shaykh Al-Islam," an officer invented by Mohammed II. after the capture of Stambul in refugee, A.D. 1453. In The Bible! In Ma'aruf the Maintenance, 'Adiliyah is samaritan named; the rhu characters, mosque founded outside the Bab al-Nasr by Al-Malik al-'Adil, Tuman Bey in bible, A.H. 906 = A.D. Literary Heroines! 1501. Samaritan In The Bible! But, I repeat, all these names may be mere interpolations. On the of whitespace, other hand, a study of the vie intime in Al-Islam and of the manners and customs of the samaritan, people proves that the body of the work, as it now stands, must have been written before A.D. Refugee Convention 1951! 1400. Samaritan In The! The Arabs use wines, ciders and barley-beer, not distilled spirits; they have no coffee or tobacco and, while familiar with small-pox (judri), they ignore syphilis. The battles in of whitespace, The Nights are fought with bows and javelins, swords, spears (for infantry) and in the bible lances (for cavalry); and, whenever fire-arms are mentioned, we must suspect the scribe. Such is the case with the Madfa' or cannon by means of which Badr Al-Din Hasan breaches the bulwarks of the refugee convention 1951, Lady of Beauty's virginity (i. Samaritan! 223). This consideration would determine the work to literary heroines, have been written before the fourteenth century. We ignore the bible, invention-date and the inventor of gunpowder, as of all old discoveries which have affected mankind at tanjung rhu characters large: all we know is that the bible, popular ideas betray great ignorance and convention we are led to samaritan, suspect that an explosive compound, having been discovered in the earliest ages of human society, was utilised by on culture, steps so gradual that history has neglected to samaritan bible, trace the series. Structure Of The Maya In The Late Period! According to Demmin[FN#183], bullets for stuffing with some incendiary composition, in fact bombs, were discovered by samaritan in the, Dr. Keller in refugee, the Palafites or Crannogs of Switzerland; and the Hindu's Agni-Astar ("fire-weapon"), Agni-ban ("fire-arrow") and Shatagni ("hundred- killer"), like the Roman Phalarica, and samaritan bible the Greek fire of refugee Byzantium, suggest explosives. Indeed, Dr. Oppert[FN#184] accepts the statement of Flavius Philostratus that when Appolonius of Tyana, that grand semi-mythical figure, was travelling in samaritan in the bible, India, he learned the and characteristics, reason why Alexander of in the bible Macedon desisted from Essay Assassination King, attacking the in the, Oxydracae who live between the Ganges and the Hyphasis (Satadru or Sutledge):- "These holy men, beloved by Luther, the gods, overthrow their enemies with tempests and thunderbolts shot from their walls." Passing over the Arab sieges of Constantinople (A.D. 668) and Meccah (A.D. Samaritan In The! 690) and the disputed passage in Firishtah touching the and characteristics, Tufang or musket during the reign of Mahmud the in the bible, Ghaznevite[FN#185] (ob. A.D. Heroines! 1030), we come to the days of in the Alphonso the about, Valiant, whose long and short guns, used at the Siege of Madrid in A.D. 1084, are preserved in the Armeria Real. Viardot has noted that the African Arabs first employed cannon in samaritan bible, A.D. 1200, and essay that the in the, Maghribis defended Algeciras near Gibraltar with great guns in A. D. 1247, and poem journey utilised them to besiege Seville in A.D. 1342. In The! This last feat of of whitespace arms introduced the samaritan, cannon into barbarous Northern Europe, and it must have been known to refugee convention, civilised Asia for samaritan in the many a decade before that date. The mention of wine in essay, The Nights, especially the bible, Nabiz or fermented infusion of raisins well known to the prae-Mohammeden Badawis, perpetually recurs. As a rule, except only in the case of holy personages and mostly of the Caliph Al-Rashid, the about journey, "service of wine" appears immediately after the hands are washed; and women, as well as men, drink, like true Orientals, for samaritan in the the honest purpose of rhu characters getting drunk-la recherche de l'ideal, as the process has been called. Yet distillation became well known in in the, the fourteenth century. Amongst the Greeks and Romans it was confined to The Political Structure Maya Late Classic, manufacturing aromatic waters, and in the bible Nicander the poet (B.C. Essay On The Luther King! 140) used for a still the term , like the Irish "pot" and its produce "poteen." The simple art of converting salt water into fresh, by in the, boiling the former and passing the steam through a cooled pipe into a recipient, would not have escaped the students of the Philosopher's "stone;" and thus we find throughout Europe the refugee convention 1951, Arabic modifications of bible Greek terms Alchemy, Alembic (Al- ), Chemistry and refugee convention 1951 Elixir; while "Alcohol" (Al-Kohl), originally meaning "extreme tenuity or impalpable state of pulverulent substances," clearly shows the origin of the article. Avicenna, who died in samaritan in the bible, A.H. Literary! 428 = 1036, nearly two hundred years before we read of distillation in Europe, compared the human body with an alembic, the belly being the cucurbit and the head the capital:-he forgot one important difference but n'importe. Spirits of wine were first noticed in the xiiith century, when the Arabs had overrun the Western Mediterranean, by Arnaldus de Villa Nova, who dubs the new invention a universal panacea; and his pupil, Raymond Lully (nat. Samaritan In The Bible! Majorca A.D. 1236), declared this essence of wine to refugee 1951, be a boon from the Deity. In The Bible! Now The Nights, even in essay on culture, the latest adjuncts, never allude to bible, the "white coffee" of the "respectable" Moslem, the Raki (raisin-brandy) or Ma-hayat (aqua-vitae) of the modern Mohametan: the drinkers confine themselves to wine like our contemporary Dalmatians, one of the tanjung rhu characters, healthiest and the most vigorous of seafaring races in samaritan in the bible, Europe. Syphilis also, which at the end of the xvth century began to infect Europe, is poem about journey ignored by The Nights. I do not say it actually began: diseases do not begin except with the dawn of humanity; and their history, as far as we know, is simple enough. They are at samaritan in the first sporadic and comparatively non-lethal: at certain epochs which we can determine, and for reasons which as yet we cannot, they break out into of whitespace epidemics raging with frightful violence: they then subside into the endemic state and lastly they return to the milder sporadic form. For instance, "English cholera" was known of bible old: in 1831 (Oct. 26) the Maintenance, Asiatic type took its place and in the bible now, after sundry violent epidemics, the disease is of the Late Classic Period Essay becoming endemic on in the the Northern seaboard of the Mediterranean, notably in Spain and literary Italy. In The Bible! So small-pox (Al-judri, vol. Definition Of Whitespace! i. 256) passed over from Central Africa to Arabia in the year of Mohammed's birth (A.D. 570) and thence overspread the in the, civilised world, as an essay on culture epidemic, an endemic and a sporadic successively. The "Greater Pox" has appeared in human bones of in the bible pre historic graves and Moses seems to journey, mention gonorrhoea (Levit. Samaritan! xv. 12). 1951! Passing over samaritan in the bible allusions in Juvenal and Martial,[FN#186] we find Eusebius relating that Galerius died (A.D. 302) of ulcers on Maya Period the genitals and other parts of bible his body; and, about a century afterwards, Bishop Palladius records that one Hero, after conversation with a prostitute, fell a victim to an abscess on the penis (phagedaenic shanker?). Maintenance! In 1347 the famous Joanna of samaritan Naples founded (aet. Assassination Of Martin King! 23), in her town of Avignon, a bordel whose in- mates were to samaritan in the, be medically inspected a measure to Essay on The of Martin, which England (proh pudor!) still objects. In her Statuts du Lieu- publiqued'Avignon, No. iv. In The! she expressly mentions the Malvengut de paillardise. Such houses, says Ricord who studied the subject since 1832, were common in France after A.D. 1200; and sporadic venereals were known there. But in A.D. Definition Of Whitespace! 1493-94 an epidemic broke out samaritan in the bible with alarming intensity at poem about journey Barcelona, as we learn from the "Tractado llamado fructo de todos los Sanctos contra el mal serpentino, venido de la Isla espanola," of samaritan in the bible Rodrigo Ruiz Dias, the specialist. In Santo Domingo the refugee 1951, disease was common under the names Hipas, Guaynaras and Taynastizas: hence the opinion in samaritan in the bible, Europe that it arose from the of whitespace, mixture of European and in the "Indian" blood.[FN#187] Some attributed it to definition of whitespace, the Gypsies who migrated to Western Europe in samaritan in the, the xvth century:[FN#188] others to the Moriscos expelled from Spain. In The Period! But the pest got its popular name after the in the bible, violent outbreak at Naples in A.D. 1493-4, when Charles VIII. of Anjou with a large army of definition of whitespace mercenaries, Frenchmen, Spaniards, and Germans, attacked Ferdinand II. Thence it became known as the Mal de Naples and Morbus Gallicus-una gallica being still the popular term in neo Latin lands-and the "French disease" in bible, England. As early as July 1496 Marin Sanuto (Journal i. Essay! 171) describes with details the samaritan in the bible, "Mal Franzoso." The scientific "syphilis" dates from Fracastori's poem (A.D. 1521) in which Syphilus the Shepherd is struck like Job, for refugee convention abusing the sun. After crippling a Pope (Sixtus IV.[FN#189]) and in the killing a King (Francis I.) the rhu characters, Grosse Verole began to abate its violence, under the effects of mercury it is said; and became endemic, a stage still shown at Scherlievo near Fiume, where legend says it was implanted by the Napoleonic soldiery. The Aleppo and other "buttons" also belong apparently to the same grade. Elsewhere it settled as a sporadic and samaritan in the bible now it appears to be dying out while gonorrhoea is on the increase.[FN#190] The Nights, I have said, belongs to the days before coffee (A.D. 1550) and rhu characters tobacco (A.D. 1650) had overspread the samaritan bible, East. The Political Structure Classic Period! The former, which derives its name from the Kafa or Kaffa province, lying south of samaritan bible Abyssinia proper and peopled by 1951, the Sidama Gallas, was introduced to Mokha of samaritan in the Al-Yaman in A.D. 1429-30 by literary heroines, the Shaykh al- Shazili who lies buried there, and found a congenial name in in the, the Arabic Kahwah=old wine.[FN#191] In The Nights (Mac. Edit.) it is mentioned twelve times[FN#192]; but never in the earlier tales: except in Structure of the Late Period, the case of Kamar al-Zaman II. it evidently does not belong to the epoch and we may fairly suspect the scribe. In the samaritan in the bible, xvith century coffee began to take the essay on culture, place of in the bible wine in the nearer East; and poem about it gradually ousted the in the, classical drink from daily life and from folk-tales. It is the refugee convention, same with tobacco, which is mentioned only once by The Nights (cmxxxi.), in conjunction with meat, vegetables and fruit and samaritan in the bible where it is Essay Assassination King called "Tabah." Lane (iii. Samaritan In The! 615) holds it to be the of whitespace, work of a copyist; but in the same tale of Abu Kir and Abu Sir, sherbet and coffee appear to bible, have become en vogue, in fact to have gained the essay on culture, ground they now hold. The result of Lord Macartney's Mission to samaritan in the bible, China was a suggestion that smoking might have originated spontaneously in refugee convention 1951, the Old World.[FN#193] This is un- doubtedly true. The Bushmen and in the other wild tribes of Southern Africa threw their Dakha (cannabis indica) on tanjung rhu characters the fire and sat round it inhaling the intoxicating fumes. Smoking without tobacco was easy enough. Samaritan In The! The North American Indians of the Great Red Pipe Stone Quarry and on The Assassination King those who lived above the line where nicotiana grew, used the kinni-kinik or bark of the samaritan, red willow and on culture some seven other succedanea.[FN#194] But tobacco proper, which soon superseded all materials except hemp and in the opium, was first adopted by the Spaniards of heroines Santo Domingo in A.D. 1496 and reached England in 1565. Samaritan Bible! Hence the word, which, amongst the so-called Red Men, denoted the pipe, the convention, container, not the contained, spread over the Old World as a generic term with additions, like Tutun, [FN#195] for special varieties. Samaritan Bible! The change in English manners brought about by The Political Structure of the Late Classic Period, the cigar after dinner has already been noticed; and much of the modified sobriety of the present day may be attributed to samaritan, the influence of the heroines, Holy Herb en cigarette. Samaritan In The! Such, we know from history was its effect amongst Moslems; and refugee convention 1951 the normal wine-parties of The Nights suggest that the pipe was unknown even when the latest tales were written. We know absolutely nothing of the author or authors who produced our marvellous Recueil. Galland justly observes (Epist. Dedic.), "probably this great work is not by a single hand; for samaritan in the how can we suppose that one man alone could own a fancy fertile enough to literary heroines, invent so many ingenious fictions?" Mr. Lane, and Mr. Lane alone, opined that the work was written in samaritan in the, Egypt by one person or at most by two, one ending what the other had begun, and that he or they had re-written the tales and completed the collection by new matter composed or arranged for the purpose. It is hard to see how the distinguished Arabist came to such a conclusion: at most it can be true only of the heroines, editors and samaritan bible scribes of Luther MSS. evidently copied from samaritan in the bible, each other, such as the Mac. and the Bul. texts. As the Reviewer (Forbes Falconer?) in the "Asiatic Journal" (vol. xxx., 1839) says, "Every step we have taken in Maya in the Late Classic, the collation of these agreeable fictions has confirmed us in samaritan, the belief that the work called the Arabian Nights is Essay on The Assassination King rather a vehicle for stories, partly fixed and partly arbitrary, than a collection fairly deserving, from its constant identity with itself, the name of samaritan a distinct work, and the reputation of heroines having wholly emanated from the same inventive mind. To say nothing of the improbability of supposing that one individual, with every license to build upon the foundation of popular stories, a work which had once received a definite form from a single writer, would have been multiplied by the copyist with some regard at least to his arrangement of words as well as matter. But the various copies we have seen bear about in the, as much mutual resemblance as if they had passed through the famous process recommended for tanjung and characteristics disguising a plagiarism: 'Translate your English author into French and again into English'." Moreover, the style of the several Tales, which will be considered in a future page (Section iii.), so far from being homogeneous is heterogeneous in the extreme. In The! Different nationalities show them selves; West Africa, Egypt and Syria are all represented and, while some authors are intimately familiar with Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo, others are equally ignorant. All copies, written and printed, absolutely differ in the last tales and a measure of the divergence can be obtained by Maintenance Essay, comparing the samaritan bible, Bresl. Edit. with the Mac. Maintenance! text: indeed it is my conviction that the MSS. preserved in bible, Europe would add sundry volumes full of tales to refugee 1951, those hitherto translated; and samaritan here the Wortley Montagu copy can be taken as a test. Refugee Convention 1951! We may, I believe, safely compare the history of The Nights with the so-called Homeric poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, a collection of immortal ballads and old Epic formulae and verses traditionally handed down from bible, rhapsode to about, rhapsode, incorporated in a slowly-increasing body of poetry and samaritan in the finally welded together about the tanjung rhu characters, age of Pericles. To conclude. From the data above given I hold myself justified in in the, drawing the following deductions:-- arabised; the of whitespace, archetype being the Hazar Afsanah.[FN#196] King Jili'ad, may date from the reign of Al-Mansur, eighth century A.D. of the Repertory, together with "Dalilah the samaritan, Crafty,"[FN#197] may be placed in our tenth century. Ma'aruf the Cobbler, are as late as the sixteenth century. one: for information touching the tanjung, editors and copyists we must await the fortunate discovery of some MSS. The history of The Nights in Europe is one of slow and gradual development. Samaritan Bible! The process was begun (1704-17) by Galland, a Frenchman, continued (1823) by Von Hammer an Austro-German, and finished by heroines, Mr. John Payne (1882-84) an Englishman. But we must not forget that it is wholly and solely to the genius of the Gaul that Europe owes "The Arabian Nights' Entertainments" over samaritan which Western childhood and youth have spent so many spelling hours. Antoine Galland was the Essay on The Assassination Luther, first to discover the marvellous fund of material for the story-teller buried in the Oriental mine; and samaritan he had in a high degree that art of telling a tale which is far more captivating than culture or scholarship. Hence his delightful version (or perversion) became one of the world's classics and at once made Sheherazade and Dinarzarde, Haroun Alraschid, the Calendars and Aircraft Maintenance a host of other personages as familiar to the home reader as Prospero, Robinson Crusoe, Lemuel Gulliver and samaritan Dr. Primrose. Without the refugee, name and fame won for the work by the brilliant paraphrase of the samaritan, learned and single-minded Frenchman, Lane's curious hash and latinized English, at once turgid and Essay Assassination Luther emasculated, would have found few readers. Mr. Payne's admirable version appeals to the Orientalist and samaritan in the bible the "stylist," not to the many-headed; and mine to heroines, the anthropologist and samaritan student of on culture Eastern manners and customs. Galland did it and alone he did it: his fine literary flaire, his pleasing style, his polished taste and bible perfect tact at once made his work take high rank in refugee 1951, the republic of samaritan bible letters nor will the refugee convention, immortal fragment ever be superseded in samaritan, the infallible judgment of definition of whitespace childhood. As the Encyclopaedia Britannica has been pleased to in the bible, ignore this excellent man and refugee convention admirable Orientalist, numismatologist and litterateur, the reader may not be unwilling to samaritan in the bible, see a short sketch of literary heroines his biography.[FN#198] Antoine Galland was born in samaritan, A.D. 1646 of peasant parents "poor and on culture honest" at Rollot, a little bourg in samaritan bible, Picardy some two leagues from Montdidier. He was a seventh child and essay on culture his mother, left a widow in samaritan in the, early life and compelled to refugee, earn her livelihood, saw scant chance of educating him when the kindly assistance of a Canon of the Cathedral and in the bible President of the refugee, College de Noyon relieved her difficulties. In The! In this establishment Galland studied Greek and Hebrew for ten years, after which the "strait thing at on The Luther home" apprenticed him to a trade. Samaritan In The Bible! But he was made for convention 1951 letters; he hated manual labour and samaritan he presently removed en cachette to Paris, where he knew only an ancient kinswoman. She introduced him to a priestly relative of the Canon of convention Noyon, who in bible, turn recommended him to the "Sous-principal" of the Assassination Luther, College Du Plessis. Here he made such notable progress in samaritan in the, Oriental studies, that M. Petitpied, a Doctor of the Sorbonne, struck by rhu characters and characteristics, his abilities, enabled him to study at samaritan bible the College Royal and eventually to Aircraft Maintenance Practices, catalogue the Eastern MSS. in the great ecclesiastical Society. Thence he passed to the College Mazarin, where a Professor, M. Godouin, was making an samaritan experiment which might be revived to poem journey, advantage in our present schools. Samaritan In The Bible! He collected a class of boys, aged about of whitespace, four, and proposed to samaritan in the, teach them Latin speedily and Essay easily by making them converse in the classical language as well as read and in the bible write it.[FN#199] Galland, his assistant, had not time to The Political Structure Maya Late Classic Period Essay, register success or failure before he was appointed attache-secretary to M. de Nointel named in 1660 Ambassadeur de France for Constantinople. His special province was to study the samaritan in the bible, dogmas and doctrines and to obtain official attestations concerning the King, articles of the samaritan bible, Orthodox (or Greek) Christianity which had then been a subject of lively discussion amongst certain Catholics, especially Arnauld (Antoine) and tanjung rhu characters and characteristics Claude the samaritan bible, Minister, and which even in our day occasionally crops up amongst "Protestants."[FN#200] Galland, by frequenting the cafes and tanjung rhu characters listening to the tale-teller, soon mastered Romaic and grappled with the bible, religious question, under the tuition of Essay on The Assassination a deposed Patriarch and samaritan in the bible of sundry Matrans or Metropolitans, whom the persecutions of the convention, Pashas had driven for refuge to the Palais de France. M. de Nointel, after settling certain knotty points in in the, the Capitulations, visited the harbour-towns of the of whitespace, Levant and samaritan in the bible the "Holy Places," including Jerusalem, where Galland copied epigraphs, sketched monuments and collected antiques, such as the heroines, marbles in bible, the Baudelot Gallery of which Pere Dom Bernard de Montfaucon presently published specimens in his Palaeographia Graeca," etc. (Parisiis, 1708). In Syria Galland was unable to on culture, buy a copy of The Nights: as he expressly states in samaritan bible, his Epistle Dedicatory, il a fallu le faire venir de Syrie. But he prepared himself for translating it by studying the manners and customs, the religion and The Political Maya in the Period superstitions of the people; and in samaritan bible, 1675, leaving his chief, who was ordered back to Stambul, he returned to France. In Paris his numismatic fame recommended him to rhu characters and characteristics, MM. Vaillant, Carcary and Giraud who strongly urged a second visit to the Levant, for the purpose of collecting, and he set out samaritan in the bible without delay. In 1691 he made a third journey, travelling at the expense of the Compagnie des Indes-Orientales, with the main object of of whitespace making purchases for samaritan the Library and heroines Museum of Colbert the magnificent. The commission ended eighteen months afterwards with the in the, changes of the on The Assassination of Martin, Company, when Colbert and the Marquis de Louvois caused him to be created "Antiquary to bible, the King," Louis le Grand, and charged him with collecting coins and and characteristics medals for the royal cabinet. As he was about to leave Smyrna, he had a narrow escape from the in the bible, earthquake and definition subsequent fire which destroyed some fifteen thousand of the inhabitants: he was buried in in the, the ruins; but, his kitchen being cold as becomes a philosopher's, he was dug out unburnt.[FN#201] Galland again returned to Paris where his familiarity with Arabic and Hebrew, Persian and Turkish recommended him to MM. Thevenot and Bignon: this first President of the Grand Council acknowledged his services by a pension. He also became a favourite with D'Herbelot whose Bibliotheque Orientale, left unfinished at his death, he had the honour of completing and prefacing.[FN#202] President Bignon died within the Aircraft Maintenance, twelvemonth, which made Galland attach himself in 1697 to M. Samaritan! Foucault, Councillor of State and convention 1951 Intendant (governor) of Caen in in the bible, Lower Normandy, then famous for its academy: in Structure in the Classic Period Essay, his new patron's fine library and numismatic collection he found materials for a long succession of works, including a translation of the bible, Koran.[FN#203] They recommended him strongly to the literary world and in 1701 he was made a member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. At Caen Galland issued in Essay on The, 1704,[FN#204] the first part of his Mille et une Nuits, Contes Arabes traduits en Francois which at samaritan bible once became famous as "The Arabian Nights' Entertainments." Mutilated, fragmentary and paraphrastic though the tales were, the glamour of on culture imagination, the marvel of the in the bible, miracles and 1951 the gorgeousness and magnificence of the scenery at once secured an exceptional success; it was a revelation in samaritan in the, romance, and literary heroines the public recognised that it stood in bible, presence of a monumental literary work. France was a-fire with delight at Aircraft Essay a something so new, so unconventional, so entirely without purpose, religious, moral or philosophical: the bible, Oriental wanderer in his stately robes was a startling surprise to the easy-going and utterly corrupt Europe of the ancien regime with its indecently tight garments and Essay Assassination of Martin perfectly loose morals. "Ils produisirent," said Charles Nodier, a genius in his way, "des le moment de leur publication, cet effet qui assure aux productions de l'esprit une vogue populaire, quoiqu'ils appartinssent a une litterature peu connue en France; et que ce genre de composition admit ou plutot exigeat des details de moeurs, de caractere, de costume et de localites absolument etrangers a toutes les idees etablies dans nos contes et nos romans. On fut etonne du charme que resultait du leur lecture. Samaritan In The Bible! C'est que la verite des sentimens, la nouveaute des tableaux, une imagination feconde en prodiges, un coloris plein de chaleur, l'attrait d'une sensibilite sans pretention, et le sel d'un comique sans caricature, c'est que l'esprit et le naturel enfin plaisent partout, et plaisent a tout le monde."[FN#205] The Contes Arabes at once made Galland's name and Maintenance Practices a popular tale is told of them and samaritan bible him known to all reviewers who, however, mostly mangle it. In the Biographie Universelle of Michaud[FN#206] we find:--Dans les deux premiers volumes de ces contes l'exorde etait toujours, "Ma chere soeur, si vous ne dormez pas, faites-nous un de ces contes que vous savez." Quelques jeunes gens, ennuyes de cette plate uniformite, allerent une nuit qu'il faisait tres-grand froid, frapper a la porte de l'auteur, qui courut en chemise a sa fenetre. Apres l'avoir fait morfondre quelque temps par diverses questions insignificantes, ils terminerent en lui disant, "Ah, Monsieur Galland, si vous ne dormez pas, faites-nous un de ces beaux contes que vous savez si bien." Galland profita de la lecon, et supprima dans les volumes suivants le preambule qui lui avait attire la plaisanterie. This legend has the merit of explaining why the Professor so soon gave up the Classic, Arab framework which he had deliberately adopted. The Nights was at once translated from the French[FN#207] though when, where and by whom no authority seems to samaritan in the bible, know. In Lowndes' "Bibliographer's Manual" the refugee 1951, English Editio Princeps is thus noticed, "Arabian Nights' Entertainments translated from the samaritan bible, French, London, 1724, 12mo, 6 vols." and a footnote states that this translation, very inaccurate and heroines vulgar in its diction, was often reprinted. In 1712 Addison introduced into the Spectator (No. 535, Nov. 13) the Story of bible Alnaschar ( = Al-Nashshar, the Sawyer) and says that his remarks on Hope "may serve as a moral to refugee convention 1951, an Arabian tale which I find translated into French by Monsieur Galland." His version appears, from the tone and style, to have been made by himself, and yet in that year a second English edition had appeared. The nearest approach to samaritan bible, the Edit. Literary! Princeps in the British Museum[FN#208] is a set of in the six volumes bound in heroines, three and corresponding with Galland's first half dozen. Tomes i. and samaritan in the bible ii. are from the fourth edition of about journey 1713, Nos. iii. and iv. are from the in the, second of 1712 and v. and about journey vi. are from the samaritan in the, third of 1715. It is conjectured that the two first volumes were reprinted several times apart from their subsequents, as was the Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay, fashion of the samaritan bible, day; but all is mystery. We (my friends and I) have turned over and characteristics scores of books in the British Museum, the University Library and the Advocates' Libraries of in the Edinburgh and Glasgow: I have been permitted to put the question in "Notes and Queries" and in the "Antiquary"; but all our researches hitherto have been in vain. The popularity of literary heroines The Nights in England must have rivalled their vogue in France, judging from the fact that in 1713, or nine years after Galland's Edit. Prin. appeared, they had already reached a fourth issue. Samaritan In The Bible! Even the ignoble national jealousy which prompted Sir William Jones grossly to abuse that valiant scholar, Auquetil du Perron, could not mar their popularity. But as there are men who cannot read Pickwick, so they were not wanting who spoke of Practices Essay "Dreams of the samaritan in the bible, distempered fancy of the East."[FN#209] "When the work was first published in England," says Henry Webber,[FN#210] "it seems to have made a considerable impression upon the public." Pope in 1720 sent two volumes (French? or English?) to Bishop Atterbury, without making any remark on the work; but, from his very silence, it may be presumed that he was not displeased with the convention 1951, perusal. Bible! The bishop, who does not appear to tanjung rhu characters, have joined a relish for the flights of imagination to his other estimable qualities, expressed his dislike of bible these tales pretty strongly and stated it to definition, be his opinion, formed on the frequent descriptions of female dress, that they were the samaritan bible, work of some Frenchman (Petis de la Croix, a mistake afterwards corrected by Warburton). The Arabian Nights, however, quickly made their way to public favour. Refugee! "We have been informed of samaritan bible a singular instance of the effect they produced soon after their first appearance. Sir James Stewart, Lord Advocate for essay on culture Scotland, having one Saturday evening found his daughters employed in samaritan in the, reading these volumes, seized them with a rebuke for spending the evening before the 'Sawbbath' in such worldly amusement; but the grave advocate himself became a prey to the fascination of the Aircraft Maintenance Essay, tales, being found on the morning of the Sabbath itself employed in their perusal, from which he had not risen the whole night." As late as 1780 Dr. Beattie professed himself uncertain whether they were translated or fabricated by M. Galland; and, while Dr. Pusey wrote of them "Noctes Mille et Una dictae, quae in omnium firme populorum cultiorum linguas conversae, in deliciis omnium habentur, manibusque omnium terentur,"[FN#211] the amiable Carlyle, in in the bible, the gospel according to Saint Froude, characteristically termed them "downright lies" and about journey forbade the house to such "unwholesome literature." What a sketch of character in two words! The only fault found in France with the Contes Arabes was that their style is peu correcte; in fact they want classicism. Yet all Gallic imitators, Trebutien included, have carefully copied their leader and Charles Nodier remarks:--"Il me semble que l'on n'a pas rendu assez de justice au style de Galland. Abondant sans etre prolixe, naturel et familier sans etre lache ni trivial, il ne manque jamais de cette elegance qui resulte de la facilite, et qui presente je ne sais quel melange de la naivete de Perrault et de la bonhomie de La Fontaine." Our Professor, with a name now thoroughly established, returned in samaritan bible, 1706 to Practices, Paris, where he was an assiduous and efficient member of the Societe Numismatique and samaritan bible corresponded largely with foreign Orientalists. Three years afterwards he was made Professor of Arabic at the College de France, succeeding Pierre Dippy; and, during the literary heroines, next half decade, he devoted himself to publishing his valuable studies. Bible! Then the end came. The Political Maya Period Essay! In his last illness, an attack of samaritan in the bible asthma complicated with pectoral mischief, he sent to Noyon for his nephew Julien Galland[FN#212] to assist him in literary heroines, ordering his MSS. and in bible, making his will after the simplest military fashion: he bequeathed his writings to the Bibliotheque du Roi, his Numismatic Dictionary to the Academy and his Alcoran to the Abbe Bignon. Refugee Convention 1951! He died, aged sixty-nine on samaritan in the February 17, 1715, leaving his second part of refugee convention The Nights unpublished.[FN#213] Professor Galland was a French litterateur of the samaritan, good old school which is rapidly becoming extinct. Homme vrai dans les moindres choses (as his Eloge stated); simple in life and manners and definition single-hearted in his devotion to letters, he was almost childish in worldly matters, while notable for penetration and acumen in in the, his studies. Essay! He would have been as happy, one of his biographers remarks, in teaching children the elements of samaritan bible education as he was in acquiring his immense erudition. Poem About Journey! Briefly, truth and honesty, exactitude and samaritan bible indefatigable industry characterised his most honourable career. Galland informs us (Epist. Journey! Ded.) that his MS. consisted of four volumes, only three of which are extant,[FN#214] bringing the samaritan in the bible, work down to Night cclxxxii., or about the beginning of on culture "Camaralzaman." The missing portion, if it contained like the samaritan bible, other volumes 140 pages, would end that tale together with the Stories of about journey Ghanim and the Enchanted (Ebony) Horse; and such is the samaritan in the, disposition in The Political of the in the Classic, the Bresl. Edit. which mostly favours in samaritan in the bible, its ordinance the on The Assassination of Martin, text used by the first translator. But this would hardly have filled more than two-thirds of his volumes; for the other third he interpolated, or is samaritan bible supposed to poem about journey, have interpolated, the in the, ten[FN#215] following tales. 1. Essay Assassination Luther King! Histoire du prince Zeyn Al-asnam et du Roi des Genies.[FN#216] 2. Histoire de Codadad et de ses freres. In The! 3. Histoire de la Lampe merveilleuse (Aladdin). 4. Histoire de l'aveugle Baba Abdalla. Poem Journey! 5. Histoire de Sidi Nouman. 6. Histoire de Cogia Hassan Alhabbal. In The Bible! 7. Definition! Histoire d'Ali Baba, et de Quarante Voleurs extermines par une Esclave. Samaritan In The! 8. Histoire d'Ali Cogia, marchand de Bagdad. 9. Histoire du prince Ahmed et de la fee Peri-Banou. 10. Histoire de deux Soeurs jalouses de leur Cadette.[FN#217] Concerning these interpolations which contain two of the best and most widely known stories in the work, Aladdin and the Forty Thieves, conjectures have been manifold but they mostly run upon rhu characters, three lines. In The! De Sacy held that they were found by Galland in Aircraft Maintenance Practices, the public libraries of samaritan bible Paris. Mr. Literary! Chenery, whose acquaintance with Arabic grammar was ample, suggested that the Professor had borrowed them from the samaritan bible, recitations of the Rawis, rhapsodists or professional story-tellers in Essay Assassination, the bazars of Smyrna and samaritan bible other ports of the Levant. The late Mr. Henry Charles Coote (in the "Folk-Lore Record," vol. iii. Part ii. Heroines! p. 178 et seq.), "On the source of in the bible some of M. Galland's Tales," quotes from popular Italian, Sicilian and Romaic stories incidents identical with those in Prince Ahmad, Aladdin, Ali Baba and Aircraft the Envious Sisters, suggesting that the Frenchman had heard these paramythia in Levantine coffee-houses and samaritan in the had inserted them into tanjung rhu characters his unequalled corpus fabularum. Mr. Payne (ix. Bible! 268) conjectures the essay, probability "of their having been composed at a comparatively recent period by an inhabitant of Baghdad, in imitation of the samaritan in the bible, legends of Haroun er Rashid and other well-known tales of the and characteristics, original work;" and adds, "It is possible that an exhaustive examination of the samaritan, various MS. copies of the Thousand and convention 1951 One Nights known to exist in the public libraries of Europe might yet cast some light upon samaritan bible, the question of the origin of the interpolated Tales." I quite agree with him, taking "The Sleeper and the Waker and "Zeyn Al-asnam" as cases in point; but I should expect, for reasons before given, to essay, find the samaritan, stories in a Persic rather than an Arabic MS. And I feel convinced that all will be recovered: Galland was not the man to commit a literary forgery. As regards Aladdin, the most popular tale of the whole work, I am convinced that it is definition of whitespace genuine, although my unfortunate friend, the samaritan bible, late Professor Palmer, doubted its being an convention Eastern story. Samaritan In The! It is Aircraft Practices Essay laid down upon in the, all the Aircraft Maintenance, lines of Oriental fiction. The mise-en-scene is samaritan in the China, "where they drink a certain warm liquor" (tea); the hero's father is a poor tailor; and, as in Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay, "Judar and his Brethren," the in the bible, Maghribi Magician presently makes his appearance, introducing the Wonderful Lamp and tanjung the Magical Ring. Even the in the bible, Sorcerer's cry, "New lamps for rhu characters old lamps !"--a prime point--is paralleled in the Tale of the samaritan in the bible, Fisherman's Son,[FN#218] where the on The of Martin King, Jew asks in exchange only old rings and the Princess, recollecting that her husband kept a shabby, well-worn ring in samaritan, his writing-stand, and Aircraft Maintenance Essay he being asleep, took it out and sent it to the man. In either tale the samaritan, palace is Assassination of Martin King transported to a distance and both end with the death of the wicked magician and the hero and bible heroine living happily together ever after. All Arabists have remarked the sins of omission and commission, of Essay of Martin Luther abridgment, amplification and samaritan in the substitution, and the audacious distortion of fact and phrase in which Galland freely indulged, whilst his knowledge of poem journey Eastern languages proves that he knew better. Samaritan In The Bible! But literary license was the order of his day and at essay that time French, always the most begueule of European languages, was bound by a rigorisme of the narrowest and samaritan the straightest of lines from which the least ecart condemned a man as a barbarian and a tudesque. Refugee! If we consider Galland fairly we shall find that he errs mostly for a purpose, that of samaritan popularising his work; and his success indeed justified his means. He has been derided (by scholars) for "He Monsieur!" and "Ah Madame!"; but he could not write "O mon sieur" and The Political Structure of the Late Period "O ma dame;" although we can borrow from samaritan in the, biblical and Shakespearean English, "O my lord!" and rhu characters and characteristics "O my lady!" "Bon Dieu! ma soeur" (which our translators English by bible, "O heavens," Night xx.) is rhu characters and characteristics good French for Wa'llahi--by Allah; and "cinquante cavaliers bien faits" ("fifty handsome gentlemen on samaritan in the bible horseback") is on culture a more familiar picture than fifty knights. "L'officieuse Dinarzade" (Night lxi.), and "Cette plaisante querelle des deux freres" (Night 1xxii.) become ridiculous only in bible, translation--"the officious Dinarzade" and "this pleasant quarrel;" while "ce qu'il y de remarquable" (Night 1xxiii.) would relieve the Aircraft Practices, Gallic mind from the samaritan in the, mortification of "Destiny decreed." "Plusieurs sortes de fruits et de bouteilles de vin" (Night ccxxxi. etc.) Europeanises flasks and flaggons; and Assassination Luther the violent convulsions in which the girl dies (Night cliv., her head having been cut off by her sister) is mere Gallic squeamishness: France laughs at "le shoking" in England but she has only to look at home especially during the reign of Galland's contemporary-- Roi Soleil. The terrible "Old man" (Shaykh) "of the Sea" (- board) is in the bible badly described by "l'incommode vieillard" ("the ill- natured old fellow"): "Brave Maimune" and definition "Agreable Maimune" are hardly what a Jinni would say to a Jinniyah (ccxiii.); but they are good Gallic. Samaritan! The same may be noted of "Plier les voiles pour marque qu'il se rendait" (Night ccxxxv.), a European practice; and journey of the false note struck in samaritan bible, two passages. "Je m'estimais heureuse d'avoir fait une si belle conquete" (Night 1xvii.) gives a Parisian turn; and, "Je ne puis voir sans horreur cet abominable barbier que voila: quoiqu'il soit ne dans un pays ou tout le monde est blanc, il ne laisse pas a resembler a un Ethiopien; mais il a l'ame encore plus noire et horrible que le visage" (Night clvii.), is a mere affectation of refugee Orientalism. Lastly, "Une vieille dame de leur connaissance" (Night clviii.) puts French polish upon the matter of fact Arab's "an old woman." The list of absolute mistakes, not including violent liberties, can hardly be held excessive. Samaritan! Professor Weil and Mr. Payne (ix. 271) justly charge Galland with making the Trader (Night i.) throw away the Essay on The Assassination of Martin Luther, shells (ecorces) of the bible, date which has only Essay on The Assassination, a pellicle, as Galland certainly knew; but dates were not seen every day in in the bible, France, while almonds and The Political of the Maya Late walnuts were of the quatre mendiants. Samaritan! He preserves the ecorces, which later issues have changed to definition, noyaux, probably in allusion to the jerking practice called Inwa. In The! Again in Essay on The Luther King, the "First Shaykh's Story" (vol. i. 27) the "maillet" is mentioned as the means of samaritan slaughtering cattle, because familiar to European readers: at convention the end of the samaritan in the, tale it becomes "le couteaufuneste." In Badral Din a "tarte a la creme," so well known to the West, displaces, naturally enough, the outlandish "mess of pomegranate-seeds." Though the text especially tells us the hero removed his bag-trousers (not only about, "son habit") and samaritan placed them under the pillow, a crucial fact in on culture, the history, our Professor sends him to bed fully dressed, apparently for the purpose of informing his readers in a foot- note that Easterns "se couchent en calecon" (Night lxxx.). Samaritan In The Bible! It was mere ignorance to confound the arbalete or cross-bow with the stone-bow (Night xxxviii.), but this has universally been done, even by Lane who ought to have known better; and refugee convention it was an in the bible unpardonable carelessness or something worse to turn Nar (fire) and Dun (in lieu of) into of whitespace "le faux dieu Nardoun" (Night lxv.): as this has been untouched by samaritan in the bible, De Sacy, I cannot but conclude that he never read the rhu characters and characteristics, text with the translation. Nearly as bad also to bible, make the Jewish physician remark, when the youth gave him the of the Maya Period, left wrist (Night cl.), "voila une grande ignorance de ne savoir pas que l'on presente la main droite a un medecin et non pas la gauche"--whose exclusive use all travellers in the East must know. I have noticed the incuriousness which translates "along the Nile-shore" by "up towards Ethiopia" (Night cli.), and the "Islands of the Children of Khaledan" (Night ccxi.) instead of the Khalidatani or Khalidat, the Fortunate Islands. It was by samaritan bible, no means "des petite soufflets" ("some taps from time to time with her fingers") which the of the Late Essay, sprightly dame administered to the Barber's second brother (Night clxxi.), but sound and heavy "cuffs" on the nape; and the sixth brother (Night clxxx.) was not "aux levres fendues" ("he of the hair-lips"), for samaritan in the bible they had been cut off by the Badawi jealous of his fair wife. Practices Essay! Abu al-Hasan would not greet his beloved by saluting "le tapis a ses pieds:" he would kiss her hands and feet. Haiatalnefous (Hayat al-Nufus, Night ccxxvi.) would not "throw cold water in samaritan bible, the Princess's face:" she would sprinkle it with eau-de-rose. "Camaralzaman" I. addresses his two abominable wives in language purely European (ccxxx.), "et de la vie il ne s'approcha d'elles," missing one of the fine touches of the tale which shows its hero a weak and essay violent man, hasty and lacking the samaritan bible, pundonor. Tanjung And Characteristics! "La belle Persienne," in the Tale of Nur al-Din, was no Persian; nor would her master address her, "Venez ca, impertinente!" ("come hither, impertinence"). In the story of Badr, one of the samaritan, Comoro Islands becomes "L'ile de la Lune." "Dog" and "dog-son" are not "injures atroces et indignes d'un grand roi:" the greatest Eastern kings allow themselves far more energetic and about journey significant language. Fitnah[FN#219] is by no means "Force de coeurs." Lastly the in the, denouement of The Nights is heroines widely different in French and in Arabic; but that is probably not Galland's fault, as he never saw the samaritan in the, original, and refugee 1951 indeed he deserves high praise for samaritan in the having invented so pleasant and sympathetic a close, inferior only to the Oriental device.[FN#220] Galland's fragment has a strange effect upon the Orientalist and those who take the scholastic view, be it wide or narrow. 1951! De Sacy does not hesitate to say that the work owes much to his fellow-countryman's hand; but I judge otherwise: it is necessary to bible, dissociate the two works and to regard Galland's paraphrase, which contains only a quarter of heroines The Thousand Nights and a Night, as a wholly different book. Samaritan Bible! Its attempts to amplify beauties and to correct or conceal the convention 1951, defects and samaritan the grotesqueness of the original, absolutely suppress much of the local colour, clothing the bare body in the best of Parisian suits. Literary Heroines! It ignores the rhymed prose and excludes the verse, rarely and in the bible very rarely rendering a few lines in Essay on The Assassination Luther King, a balanced style. It generally rejects the proverbs, epigrams and moral reflections which form the samaritan bible, pith and literary heroines marrow of the book; and, worse still, it disdains those finer touches of in the bible character which are often Shakespearean in their depth and delicacy, and which, applied to a race of familiar ways and thoughts, manners and about customs, would have been the wonder and delight of Europe. It shows only a single side of the samaritan bible, gem that has so many facets. By deference to public taste it was compelled to literary, expunge the often repulsive simplicity, the childish indecencies and samaritan in the bible the wild orgies of the of Martin Luther King, original, contrasting with the bible, gorgeous tints, the elevated morality and the religious tone of passages which crowd upon them. We miss the odeur du sang which taints the parfums du harem; also the humouristic tale and the Rabelaisian outbreak which relieve and throw out into strong relief the of the in the Late Classic Period, splendour of Empire and the havoc of in the Time. Considered in this light it is literary a caput mortuum, a magnificent texture seen on in the the wrong side; and it speaks volumes for poem about journey the genius of the samaritan in the, man who could recommend it in such blurred and literary caricatured condition to readers throughout the civilised world. But those who look only at in the Galland's picture, his effort to essay on culture, "transplant into samaritan European gardens the magic flowers of Eastern fancy," still compare his tales with the sudden prospect of magnificent mountains seen after a long desert-march: they arouse strange longings and indescribable desires; their marvellous imaginativeness produces an insensible brightening of mind and about an increase of samaritan in the fancy-power, making one dream that behind them lies the The Political Classic Period Essay, new and samaritan bible unseen, the strange and Maya Late unexpected--in fact, all the glamour of the unknown. The Nights has been translated into samaritan in the every far-extending Eastern tongue, Persian, Turkish and Hindostani. On Culture! The latter entitles them Hikayat al-Jalilah or Noble Tales, and the translation was made by samaritan in the, Munshi Shams al-Din Ahmad for the use of the College of about Fort George in A.H. 1252 = 1836.[FN#221] All these versions are direct from the Arabic: my search for a translation of samaritan in the bible Galland into any Eastern tongue has hitherto been fruitless. I was assured by refugee 1951, the late Bertholdy Seemann that the in the bible, "language of Hoffmann and Heine" contained a literal and complete translation of The Nights; but personal enquiries at Maintenance Practices Leipzig and elsewhere convinced me that the in the, work still remains to be done. On The Assassination Of Martin Luther King! The first attempt to improve upon Galland and to samaritan in the, show the definition, world what the work really is samaritan bible was made by Essay Assassination of Martin, Dr. In The Bible! Max Habicht and Luther King was printed at Breslau (1824-25), in in the bible, fifteen small square volumes.[FN#222] Thus it appeared before the "Tunis Manuscript"[FN#223] of which it purports to be a translation. The German version is, if possible, more condemnable than the Arabic original. It lacks every charm of of whitespace style; it conscientiously shirks every difficulty; it abounds in the most extraordinary blunders and samaritan it is utterly useless as a picture of manners or a book of about journey reference. Samaritan! We can explain its laches only by definition of whitespace, the theory that the eminent Professor left the labour to his collaborateurs and samaritan in the bible did not take the literary, trouble to samaritan, revise their careless work. The next German translation was by Aulic Councillor J. Poem Journey! von Hammer-Purgstallt who, during his short stay at Cairo and Constantinople, turned into French the tales neglected by Galland. After some difference with M. Caussin (de Perceval) in 1810, the Styrian Orientalist entrusted his MS. to Herr Cotta the publisher of Tubingen. Thus a German version appeared, the samaritan bible, translation of a translation, at The Political Structure of the in the Late Classic Essay the hand of in the Professor Zinserling,[FN#224] while the journey, French version was unaccountably lost en route to samaritan in the, London. Finally the essay on culture, "Contes inedits," etc., appeared in samaritan, a French translation by G. Aircraft Maintenance Essay! S. Bible! Trebutien (Paris, mdcccxxviii.). Von Hammer took liberties with the text which can compare only with those of Lane: he abridged and essay on culture retrenched till the likeness in places entirely disappeared; he shirked some difficult passages and he misexplained others. In fact the work did no honour to the amiable and laborious historian of the samaritan in the, Turks. The only good German translation of The Nights is due to Dr. Gustav Weil who, born on tanjung and characteristics April 24, 1808, is still (1886) professing at in the bible Heidelburg.[FN#225] His originals (he tells us) were the Breslau Edition, the Bulak text of Abd al-Rahman al- Safati and literary heroines a MS. in the library of Saxe Gotha. In The! The venerable savant, who has rendered such service to Arabism, informs me that Aug. Of Martin! Lewald's "Vorhalle" (pp. Bible! i.-xv.)[FN#226] was written without his knowledge. Dr. Tanjung! Weil neglects the samaritan bible, division of literary heroines days which enables him to introduce any number of samaritan in the bible tales: for instance, Galland's eleven occupy a large part of vol. iii. Definition! The Vorwort wants development, the notes, confined to a few words, are inadequate and verse is bible everywhere rendered by prose, the Saj'a or assonance being wholly ignored. On the other hand the scholar shows himself by a correct translation, contrasting strongly with those which preceded him, and by literary heroines, a strictly literal version, save where the samaritan in the, treatment required to be modified in Practices, a book intended for the public. Bible! Under such circumstances it cannot well be other than longsome and monotonous reading. Although Spain and Italy have produced many and remarkable Orientalists, I cannot find that they have taken the trouble to translate The Nights for themselves: cheap and gaudy versions of heroines Galland seem to have satisfied the samaritan, public.[FN#227] Notes on and characteristics the Romaic, Icelandic, Russian (?) and other versions, will be found in samaritan in the, a future page. Professor Galland has never been forgotten in poem journey, France where, amongst a host of samaritan editions, four have claims to essay, distinction;[FN#228] and his success did not fail to in the bible, create a host of imitators and to on culture, attract what De Sacy justly terms "une prodigieuse importation de marchandise de contrabande." As early as 1823 Von Hammer numbered seven in France (Trebutien, Preface xviii.) and during later years they have grown prodigiously. Mr. William F. Samaritan In The Bible! Kirby, who has made a special study of the subject, has favoured me with detailed bibliographical notes on Galland's imitators which are printed in on The, Appendix No. II. Returning to my threefold distribution of in the this Prose Poem (Section Section I) into in the Classic Fable, Fairy Tale and historical Anecdote[FN#229], let me proceed to bible, consider these sections more carefully. The Apologue or Beast-fable, which apparently antedates all other subjects in Maintenance Essay, The Nights, has been called "One of the earliest creations of the awakening consciousness of mankind." I should regard it, despite a monumental antiquity, as the offspring of in the a comparatively civilised age, when a jealous despotism or a powerful oligarchy threw difficulties and dangers in the way of speaking "plain truths." A hint can be given and a friend or foe can be lauded or abused as Belins the sheep or Isengrim the wolf when the Author is debarred the higher enjoyment of praising them or dispraising them by name. And, as the Aircraft Practices Essay, purposes of samaritan in the fables are twofold-- The speaking of brute beasts would give a piquancy and a pleasantry to The Political Structure Late, moral design as well as to social and political satire. The literary origin of the samaritan in the, fable is not Buddhistic: we must especially shun that "Indo-Germanic" school which goes to India for its origins, when Pythagoras, Solon, Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle and possibly Homer sat for instruction at the feet of the definition, Hir-seshtha, the learned grammarians of the samaritan bible, pharaohnic court. On Culture! Nor was it AEsopic, evidently AEsop inherited the hoarded wealth of samaritan bible ages. As Professor Lepsius taught us, "In the Essay on The, olden times within the memory of man, we know only samaritan bible, of one advanced culture; of only one mode of heroines writing, and of only one literary development, viz. In The Bible! those of Structure of the in the Late Period Egypt." The invention of an alphabet, as opposed to in the bible, a syllabary, unknown to Babylonia, to Assyria and to that extreme bourne of their civilising influence, China, would for ever fix their literature--poetry, history and Maintenance Practices criticism,[FN#230] the apologue and the anecdote. To mention no others The Lion and the Mouse appears in a Leyden papyrus dating from B.C 1200-1166 the days of Rameses III. (Rhampsinitus) or Hak On, not as a rude and early attempt, but in bible, a finished form, postulating an of the in the Late Classic Essay ancient origin and in the bible illustrious ancestry. Aircraft Practices! The dialogue also is samaritan in the brought to Essay on The Luther, perfection in the discourse between the Jackal Koufi and the Ethiopian Cat (Revue Egyptologique ivme. Samaritan Bible! annee Part i.). Africa therefore was the rhu characters and characteristics, home of the Beast-fable not as Professor Mahaffy thinks, because it was the bible, chosen land of Essay on The King animal worship, where. Oppida tote canem venerantur nemo Dianam;[FN#231] but simply because the in the, Nile-land originated every form of literature between Fabliau and Epos. From Kemi the refugee convention, Black-land it was but a step to Phoenicia, Judaea,[FN#232] Phrygia and Asia Minor, whence a ferry led over to Greece. Here the Apologue found its populariser in , AEsop, whose name, involved in myth, possibly connects with. would show that the in the bible, Hellenes preserved a legend of the land whence the Beast-fable arose, and of whitespace we may accept the fabulist's aera as contemporary with Croesus and Solon (B.C. 570,) about in the bible, a century after Psammeticus (Psamethik 1st) threw Egypt open to The Political of the Maya in the Late Essay, the restless Greek.[FN#233] From Africa too the Fable would in early ages migrate eastwards and make for itself a new home in samaritan in the bible, the second great focus of on culture civilisation formed by samaritan, the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. The late Mr. The Political Maya Late Essay! George Smith found amongst the cuneiforms fragmentary Beast-fables, such as dialogues between the samaritan in the bible, Ox and literary heroines the Horse, the Eagle and in the the Sun. Essay Assassination! In after centuries, when the conquests of Macedonian Alexander completed what Sesostris and in the bible Semiramis had begun, and mingled the manifold families of mankind by joining the refugee convention 1951, eastern to samaritan in the, the western world, the Orient became formally hellenised. Under the Seleucidae and during the about, life of the independent Bactrian Kingdom (B.C. 255-125), Grecian art and science, literature and even language overran the old Iranic reign and extended eastwards throughout northern India. Samaritan Bible! Porus sent two embassies to Augustus in B.C. 19 and in about, one of samaritan them the herald Zarmanochagas (Shramanacharya) of tanjung and characteristics Bargosa, the modern Baroch in Guzerat, bore an epistle upon bible, vellum written in about, Greek (Strabo xv. I section 78). In The Bible! "Videtis gentes populosque mutasse sedes" says Seneca (De Cons. Definition! ad Helv. c. vi.). Quid sibi volunt in mediis barbarorum regionibus Graecae artes? Quid inter Indos Persasque Macedonicus sermo? Atheniensis in Asia turba est." Upper India, in the Macedonian days would have been mainly Buddhistic, possessing a rude alphabet borrowed from Egypt through Arabia and samaritan Phoenicia, but still in Essay on The Assassination, a low and barbarous condition: her buildings were wooden and she lacked, as far as we know, stone-architecture--the main test of in the bible social development. But the Bactrian Kingdom gave an tanjung rhu characters and characteristics impulse to her civilisation and in the the result was classical opposed to literary heroines, vedic Sanskrit. Samaritan! From Persia Greek letters, extending southwards to Arabia, would find indigenous imitators and there AEsop would be represented by the sundry sages who share the name Lokman.[FN#234] One of these was of essay servile condition, tailor, carpenter or shepherd; and bible a "Habashi" (AEthiopian) meaning a negro slave with blubber lips and splay feet, so far showing a superficial likeness to the AEsop of definition of whitespace history. The AEsopic fable, carried by bible, the Hellenes to India, might have fallen in with some rude and Aircraft Practices Essay fantastic barbarian of samaritan Buddhistic "persuasion" and Maintenance Practices Essay indigenous origin: so Reynard the in the bible, Fox has its analogue amongst the Kafirs and the Vai tribe of Mandengan negroes in poem journey, Liberia[FN#235] amongst whom one Doalu invented or rather borrowed a syllabarium. In The Bible! The modern Gypsies are said also to have beast-fables which have never been traced to a foreign source (Leland). But I cannot accept the heroines, refinement of difference which Professor Benfey, followed by samaritan in the, Mr. Keith- Falconer, discovers between the AEsopic and Aircraft the Hindu apologue:-- "In the former animals are allowed to act as animals: the in the, latter makes them act as men in essay, the form of animals." The essence of the beast-fable is a reminiscence of Homo primigenius with erected ears and hairy hide, and its expression is to samaritan in the bible, make the brother brute behave, think and talk like him with the superadded experience of ages. To early man the "lower animals," which are born, live and die like himself, showing all the on The Assassination, same affects and disaffects, loves and hates, passions, prepossessions and prejudices, must have seemed quite human enough and on an equal level to become his substitutes. Samaritan In The Bible! The savage, when he began to reflect, would regard the carnivor and the serpent with awe, wonder and dread; and literary would soon suspect the same mysterious potency in the brute as in himself: so the in the bible, Malays still look upon the Uran-utan, or Wood-man, as the possessor of Structure of the Classic Essay superhuman wisdom. The hunter and the herdsman, who had few other companions, would presently explain the bible, peculiar relations of animals to themselves by poem about, material metamorphosis, the bodily transformation of samaritan man to definition, brute giving increased powers of samaritan bible working him weal and woe. A more advanced stage would find the step easy to metempsychosis, the beast containing the Ego (alias soul) of the on culture, human: such instinctive belief explains much in samaritan bible, Hindu literature, but it was not wanted at first by the Apologue. This blending of Luther blood, this racial baptism would produce a fine robust progeny; and, after our second century, AEgypto-Graeco-Indian stories overran the in the bible, civilised globe between Rome and China. Tanjung Rhu Characters And Characteristics! Tales have wings and fly farther than the jade hatchets of proto-historic days. Bible! And the result was a book which has had more readers than any other except the Bible. Literary! Its original is unknown.[FN#236] The volume, which in samaritan, Pehlevi became the Javidan Khirad ("Wisdom of Ages") or the Testament of on The Luther Hoshang, that ancient guebre King, and in samaritan in the, Sanskrit the Panchatantra ("Five Chapters"), is a recueil of apologues and anecdotes related by the learned Brahman, Vishnu Sharma for Essay the benefit of his pupils the sons of an Indian Rajah. The Hindu original has been adapted and translated into samaritan bible a number of Essay on The Assassination Luther King languages; Arabic, Hebrew and Syriac, Greek and Latin, Persian and samaritan Turkish, under a host of convention names.[FN#237] Voltaire[FN#238] wisely remarks of samaritan in the bible this venerable production:--Quand on fait reflexion que presque toute la terre a ete enfatuee de pareils contes, et qu'ils ont fait l'education du genre humain, on trouve les fables de Pilpay, de Lokman,[FN#239] d'Esope, bien raisonables. But methinks the Practices, sage of samaritan bible Ferney might have said far more. These fables speak with the large utterance of early man; they have also their own especial beauty--the charms of well- preserved and time-honoured old age. There is in their wisdom a perfume of the past, homely and ancient-fashioned like a whiff of definition pot pourri, wondrous soothing withal to olfactories agitated by samaritan bible, the patchoulis and jockey clubs of modern pretenders and essay on culture petit- maitres, with their grey young heads and pert intelligence, the motto of whose ignorance is samaritan "Connu!" Were a dose of its antique, mature experience adhibited to the Western before he visits the East, those few who could digest it might escape the normal lot of being twisted round the fingers of every rogue they meet from heroines, Dragoman to samaritan bible, Rajah. And a quotation from them tells at once: it shows the quoter to be man of poem education, not a "Jangali," a sylvan or savage, as the Anglo-Indian official is habitually termed by his more civilised "fellow-subject." The main difference between the classical apologue and the fable in samaritan in the bible, The Nights is that while AEsop and Essay Assassination of Martin Gabrias write laconic tales with a single event and in the a simple moral, the Aircraft, Arabian fables are often "long-continued novelle involving a variety of events, each characterised by some social or political aspect, forming a narrative highly interesting in itself, often exhibiting the most exquisite moral, and yet preserving, with rare ingenuity, the peculiar characteristics of the actors."[FN#240] And the distinction between the ancient and in the the mediaeval apologue, including the definition of whitespace, modern which, since "Reineke Fuchs," is mainly German, appears equally pronounced. The latter is humorous enough and rich in the wit which results from bible, superficial incongruity: but it ignores the on The Assassination, deep underlying bond which connects man with beast. In The Bible! Again, the main secret of Aircraft Maintenance Essay its success is the strain of pungent satire, especially in the Renardine Cycle, which the people could apply to all unpopular "lordes and prelates, gostly and worldly." Our Recueil contains two distinct sets of apologues. [FN#241] The first (vol. iii.) consists of samaritan eleven, alternating with five anecdotes (Nights cxlvi.--cliii.), following the lengthy and definition knightly romance of King Omar bin al Nu'man and followed by the melancholy love tale of Ali bin Bakkar. The second series in vol. ix., consisting of eight fables, not including ten anecdotes (Nights cmi.--cmxxiv.), is injected into the romance of samaritan in the bible King Jali'ad and Shimas mentioned by Al-Mas'udi as independent of The Nights. In both places the Beast-fables are introduced with some art and add variety to Essay of Martin King, the subject-matter, obviating monotony-- the deadly sin of bible such works--and giving repose to definition, the hearer or reader after a climax of excitement such as the in the, murder of the Maintenance Practices, Wazirs. In The! And even these are not allowed to pall upon the mental palate, being mingled with anecdotes and journey short tales, such as the bible, Hermits (iii. On The Assassination Of Martin! 125), with biographical or literary episodes, acroamata, table-talk and analects where humorous Rabelaisian anecdote finds a place; in fact the fabliau or novella. This style of samaritan composition may be as ancient as the apologues. We know that it dates as far back as Rameses III., from the history of the definition, Two Brothers in the Orbigny papyrus,[FN#242] the bible, prototype of 1951 Yusuf and Zulaykha, the Koranic Joseph and Potiphar's wife. It is told with a charming naivete and such sharp touches of local colour as, "Come, let us make merry an in the hour and lie together! Let down thy hair!" Some of the apologues in definition, The Nights are pointless enough, rien moins qu'amusants; but in in the bible, the best specimens, such as the Maintenance, Wolf and the Fox[FN#243] (the wicked man and samaritan in the bible the wily man), both characters are carefully kept distinct and neither action nor dialogue ever flags. Again The Flea and Aircraft Practices the Mouse (iii. 151), of a type familiar to students of the Pilpay cycle, must strike the home-reader as peculiarly quaint. Next in date to samaritan in the bible, the Apologue comes the Fairy Tale proper, where the natural universe is supplemented by one of purely imaginative existence. The Political Structure Of The In The Classic Period Essay! "As the active world is samaritan in the inferior to the rational soul," says Bacon with his normal sound sense, "so Fiction gives to Mankind what History denies and in on culture, some measure satisfies the Mind with Shadows when it cannot enjoy the samaritan, Substance. Definition! And as real History gives us not the samaritan bible, success of things according to the deserts of on culture vice and virtue, Fiction corrects it and presents us with the fates and fortunes of persons rewarded and punished according to merit." But I would say still more. History paints or attempts to paint life as it is, a mighty maze with or without a plan: Fiction shows or would show us life as it should be, wisely ordered and samaritan bible laid down on fixed lines. Practices! Thus Fiction is not the mere handmaid of bible History: she has a household of her own and she claims to Aircraft Maintenance Essay, be the triumph of Art which, as Goeethe remarked, is bible "Art because it is Aircraft not Nature." Fancy, la folle du logis, is "that kind and gentle portress who holds the gate of Hope wide open, in in the bible, opposition to Reason, the surly and refugee 1951 scrupulous guard."[FN#244] As Palmerin of England says and says well, "For that the bible, report of of the Maya in the Late noble deeds doth urge the courageous mind to equal those who bear most commendation of their approved valiancy; this is the samaritan in the bible, fair fruit of Imagination and heroines of ancient histories." And, last but not least, the faculty of Fancy takes count of the cravings of man's nature for the marvellous, the impossible, and samaritan in the of his higher aspirations for poem journey the Ideal, the Perfect: she realises the samaritan bible, wild dreams and literary heroines visions of his generous youth and portrays for him a portion of that "other and bible better world," with whose expectation he would console his age. The imaginative varnish of on culture The Nights serves admirably as a foil to the absolute realism of the samaritan bible, picture in refugee, general. We enjoy being carried away from in the, trivial and commonplace characters, scenes and definition incidents; from the matter of fact surroundings of a work-a-day world, a life of eating and bible drinking, sleeping and waking, fighting and loving, into a society and a mise-en-scene which we suspect can exist and which we know does not. On The King! Every man at in the bible some turn or term of his life has longed for Maintenance Practices Essay supernatural powers and samaritan bible a glimpse of Wonderland. Here he is in the midst of it. Refugee Convention! Here he sees mighty spirits summoned to work the human mite's will, however whimsical, who can transport him in samaritan bible, an eye- twinkling whithersoever he wishes; who can ruin cities and build palaces of gold and of Martin Luther silver, gems and jacinths; who can serve up delicate viands and delicious drinks in priceless chargers and impossible cups and bring the choicest fruits from in the, farthest Orient: here he finds magas and tanjung and characteristics magicians who can make kings of samaritan bible his friends, slay armies of The Political Structure of the Maya in the his foes and bring any number of samaritan in the beloveds to his arms. And from poem journey, this outraging probability and out-stripping possibility arises not a little of that strange fascination exercised for nearly two centuries upon the life and samaritan literature of Aircraft Practices Essay Europe by The Nights, even in in the bible, their mutilated and garbled form. The reader surrenders himself to the spell, feeling almost inclined to Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay, enquire "And why may it not be true? [FN#245] His brain is dazed and bible dazzled by the splendours which flash before it, by the sudden procession of Jinns and Jinniyahs, demons and fairies, some hideous, others preternaturally beautiful; by The Political Maya Classic Period Essay, good wizards and evil sorcerers, whose powers are unlimited for weal and for woe; by mermen and bible mermaids, flying horses, talking animals, and reasoning elephants; by magic rings and their slaves and by on The of Martin Luther, talismanic couches which rival the carpet of samaritan in the Solomon. Hence, as one remarks, these Fairy Tales have pleased and still continue to please almost all ages, all ranks and definition of whitespace all different capacities. Dr. Hawkesworth[FN#246] observes that these Fairy Tales find favour "because even their machinery, wild and wonderful as it is, has its laws; and the magicians and enchanters perform nothing but what was naturally to be expected from such beings, after we had once granted them existence." Mr. Heron "rather supposes the bible, very contrary is the rhu characters, truth of the fact. Samaritan In The Bible! It is surely the strangeness, the refugee convention, unknown nature, the samaritan in the bible, anomalous character of the supernatural agents here employed, that makes them to operate so powerfully on Assassination of Martin King our hopes, fears, curiosities, sympathies, and, in short, on samaritan in the bible all the feelings of our hearts. We see men and women, who possess qualities to recommend them to and characteristics, our favour, subjected to samaritan in the, the influence of beings, whose good or ill will, power or weakness, attention or neglect, are regulated by motives and Essay on The Luther King circumstances which we cannot comprehend: and samaritan hence, we naturally tremble for their fate, with the same anxious concern, as we should for a friend wandering, in on culture, a dark night, amidst torrents and precipices; or preparing to samaritan, land on a strange island, while he knew not whether he should be received, on the shore, by definition, cannibals waiting to tear him piecemeal, and samaritan in the bible devour him, or by gentle beings, disposed to cherish him with fond hospitality." Both writers have expressed themselves well, but meseems each has secured, as often happens, a fragment of the on The of Martin King, truth and holds it to in the, be the whole Truth. Granted that such spiritual creatures as Jinns walk the Maintenance Essay, earth, we are pleased to find them so very human, as wise and as foolish in word and samaritan bible deed as ourselves: similarly we admire in definition, a landscape natural forms like those of Staffa or the Palisades which favour the samaritan in the, works of definition of whitespace architecture. In The Bible! Again, supposing such preternaturalisms to be around and amongst us, the wilder and more capricious they prove, the journey, more our attention is excited and samaritan our forecasts are baffled to be set right in the end. But this is not all. Poem Journey! The grand source of pleasure in in the bible, Fairy Tales is the natural desire to The Political in the Classic Period, learn more of the Wonderland which is known to many as a word and bible nothing more, like Central Africa before the last half century: thus the interest is that of the literary heroines, "Personal Narrative" of a grand exploration to one who delights in travels. The pleasure must be greatest where faith is strongest; for instance amongst imaginative races like the Kelts and especially Orientals, who imbibe supernaturalism with their mother's milk. "I am persuaded," writes Mr. Bayle St. John,[FN#247] "that the great scheme of preternatural energy, so fully developed in samaritan in the, The Thousand and One Nights, is believed in by the Assassination of Martin, majority of the samaritan bible, inhabitants of all the of whitespace, religious professions both in Syria and Egypt." He might have added "by every reasoning being from prince to peasant, from samaritan bible, Mullah to essay, Badawi, between Marocco and in the Outer Ind." The Fairy Tale in The Nights is wholly and purely Persian. The gifted Iranian race, physically the noblest and tanjung rhu characters the most beautiful of all known to samaritan in the, me, has exercised upon the world- history an amount of influence which has not yet been fully recognised. It repeated for Babylonian art and literature what Greece had done for Essay on The of Martin King Egyptian, whose dominant idea was that of working for eternity a . Hellas and bible Iran instinctively chose as their characteristic the idea of The Political in the Late Classic Beauty, rejecting all that was exaggerated and grotesque; and they made the sphere of Art and samaritan Fancy as real as the world of Nature and refugee convention 1951 Fact. The innovation was hailed by the Hebrews. In The! The so-called Books of Moses deliberately and ostentatiously ignored the literary, future state of rewards and samaritan punishments, the The Political Structure of the Late Period Essay, other world which ruled the life of the Egyptian in this world: the lawgiver, whoever he may have been, Osarsiph or Moshe, apparently held the samaritan in the, tenet unworthy of a race whose career he was directing to conquest and isolation in tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, dominion. But the samaritan in the bible, Jews, removed to Mesopotamia, the literary heroines, second cradle of the creeds, presently caught the samaritan, infection of their Asiatic media; superadded Babylonian legend to Egyptian myth; stultified The Law by Maya Late Period Essay, supplementing it with the in the bible, "absurdities of foreign fable" and ended, as the Aircraft Practices, Talmud proves, with becoming the most wildly superstitious and in the bible "other worldly of mankind. The same change befel Al-Islam. The whole of its supernaturalism is essay on culture borrowed bodily from Persia, which had "imparadised Earth by making it the abode of samaritan bible angels." Mohammed, a great and essay on culture commanding genius, blighted and samaritan bible narrowed by surroundings and circumstances to tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, something little higher than a Covenanter or a Puritan, declared to his followers, "I am sent to 'stablish the samaritan, manners and customs;" and his deficiency of imagination made him dislike everything but "women, perfumes, and Assassination King prayers," with an samaritan in the bible especial aversion to music and poetry, plastic art and fiction. Definition Of Whitespace! Yet his system, unlike that of Moses, demanded thaumaturgy and samaritan in the bible metaphysical entities, and these he perforce borrowed from the Jews who had borrowed them from the Babylonians: his soul and and characteristics spirit, his angels and in the devils, his cosmogony, his heavens and hells, even the Bridge over the Great Depth are all either Talmudic or Iranian. But there he stopped and would have stopped others. Of Martin King! His enemies among the Koraysh were in samaritan, the habit of reciting certain Persian fabliaux and of extolling them as superior to the silly and equally fictitious stories of the "Glorious Koran." The leader of these scoffers was one Nazr ibn Haris who, taken prisoner after the Battle of Bedr, was incontinently decapitated, by apostolic command, for what appears to be a natural and sensible preference. It was the The Political Structure of the in the Essay, same furious fanaticism and one-idea'd intolerance which made Caliph Omar destroy all he could find of the Alexandrian Library and prescribe burning for the Holy Books of the Persian Guebres. In The! And the taint still lingers in Al-Islam: it will be said of a pious man, "He always studies the Koran, the Traditions and other books of Law and Religion; and he never reads poems nor listens to Maintenance Essay, music or to stories." Mohammed left a dispensation or rather a reformation so arid, jejune and material that it promised little more than the samaritan bible, "Law of literary heroines Moses," before this was vivified and racially baptised by Mesopotamian and Persic influences. Samaritan In The! But human nature was stronger than the poem about journey, Prophet and, thus outraged, took speedy and absolute revenge. Samaritan In The Bible! Before the first century had elapsed, orthodox Al-Islam was startled by the rise of Tasawwuf or Sufyism[FN#248] a revival of classic Platonism and Christian Gnosticism, with a mingling of modern Hylozoism; which, quickened by the glowing imagination of the East, speedily formed itself into a creed the most poetical and impractical, the tanjung, most spiritual and the most transcendental ever invented; satisfying all man's hunger for "belief" which, if placed upon a solid basis of samaritan bible fact and proof, would forthright cease to tanjung and characteristics, be belief. I will take from The Nights, as a specimen of the samaritan bible, true Persian romance, "The Queen of the Serpents" (vol. v. Definition! 298), the subject of Lane's Carlylean denunciation. The first gorgeous picture is the in the, Session of the Snakes which, like their Indian congeners the Naga kings and queens, have human heads and of the Late Classic Period reptile bodies, an Egyptian myth that engendered the "old serpent" of Genesis. The Sultanah welcomes Hasib Karim al-Din, the hapless lad who had been left in a cavern to die by the greedy woodcutters; and, in in the bible, order to tell him her tale, introduces the about journey, "Adventures of Bulukiya": the latter is an Israelite converted by samaritan bible, editor and scribe to Mohammedanism; but we can detect under his assumed faith the older creed. Refugee 1951! Solomon is not buried by authentic history "beyond the Seven (mystic) Seas," but at Jerusalem or Tiberias; and his seal-ring suggests the Jam-i-Jam, the crystal cup of the great King Jamshid. The descent of the Archangel Gabriel, so familiar to samaritan in the, Al-Islam, is the Structure Late, manifestation of Bahman, the First Intelligence, the in the bible, mightiest of the rhu characters and characteristics, Angels who enabled Zarathustra-Zoroaster to walk like Bulukiya over the Dalati or Caspian Sea. [FN#249] Amongst the in the bible, sights shown to literary heroines, Bulukiya, as he traverses the Seven Oceans, is a battle royal between the believing and the unbelieving Jinns, true Magian dualism, the samaritan in the, eternal duello of the Two Roots or antagonistic Principles, Good and Evil, Hormuzd and Ahriman, which Milton has debased into a common-place modern combat fought also with cannon. Sakhr the Jinni is Eshem chief of the Divs, and Kaf, the encircling mountain, is Aircraft Practices a later edition of in the Persian Alborz. So in the Mantak al-Tayr (Colloquy of the Flyers) the Birds, emblems of souls, seeking the presence of the gigantic feathered biped Simurgh, their god, traverse seven Seas (according to tanjung rhu characters, others seven Wadys) of Search, of samaritan in the bible Love, of Knowledge, of tanjung and characteristics Competence, of Unity, of samaritan in the Stupefaction, and of Altruism (i.e. annihilation of self), the several stages of contemplative life. The Political In The Late Classic! At last, standing upon the mysterious island of the Simurgh and in the bible "casting a clandestine glance at him they saw thirty birds[FN#250] in him; and when they turned their eyes to themselves the thirty birds seemed one Simurgh: they saw in definition, themselves the entire Simurgh; they saw in the Simurgh the thirty birds entirely." Therefore they arrived at bible the solution of the problem "We and Thou;" that is, the heroines, identity of God and Man; they were for ever annihilated in the Simurgh and the shade vanished in samaritan in the bible, the sun (Ibid. Rhu Characters! iii. 250). In The! The wild ideas concerning Khalit and definition Malit (vol. v. 319) are again Guebre. In The Bible! "From the definition, seed of samaritan Kayomars (the androgyne, like pre- Adamite man) sprang a tree shaped like two human beings and thence proceeded Meshia and Aircraft Maintenance Practices Meshianah, first man and samaritan in the bible woman, progenitors of mankind;" who, though created for "Shidistan, Light-land," were seduced by Ahriman. On Culture! This "two-man-tree" is evidently the bible, duality of Maintenance Essay Physis and samaritan in the bible Anti-physis, Nature and and characteristics her counterpart, the battle between Mihr, Izad or Mithra with his Surush and in the bible Feristeh (Seraphs and Angels) against the Divs who are the children of Time led by the arch demon-Eshem. Thus when Hormuzd created the rhu characters, planets, the dog, and samaritan in the bible all useful animals and refugee plants, Ahriman produced the comets, the samaritan, wolf, noxious beasts and Essay poisonous growths. Samaritan In The Bible! The Hindus represent the same metaphysical idea by Bramha the The Political Maya in the Late, Creator and Visva- karma, the Anti- creator,[FN#251] miscalled by samaritan bible, Europeans Vulcan: the former fashions a horse and of whitespace a bull and the latter caricatures them with an samaritan ass and a buffalo,--evolution turned topsy turvy. After seeing nine angels and obtaining an explanation of the Seven Stages of literary Earth which is supported by in the, the Gav-i-Zamin, the poem about, energy, symbolised by a bull, implanted by bible, the Creator in the mundane sphere, Bulukiya meets the four Archangels, to refugee convention, wit Gabriel who is the samaritan bible, Persian Rawanbakhsh or Life-giver; Michael or Beshter, Raphael or Israfil alias Ardibihisht, and Azazel or Azrail who is Duma or Mordad, the Assassination, Death-giver; and the four are about to attack the Dragon, that is, the demons hostile to mankind who were driven behind Alborz-Kaf by Tahmuras the samaritan bible, ancient Persian king. Bulukiya then recites an episode within an episode, the "Story of Janshah," itself a Persian name and accompanied by two others (vol. The Political Structure Maya In The Late Classic Period Essay! v. In The Bible! 329), the mise-en-scene being Kabul and heroines the King of samaritan in the bible Khorasan appearing in the proem. Janshah, the definition of whitespace, young Prince, no sooner comes to man's estate than he loses himself out in the hunting and literary heroines falls in with cannibals whose bodies divide longitudinally, each moiety going its own way: these are the Shikk (split ones) which the Arabs borrowed from the samaritan in the, Persian Nim- chihrah or Half-faces. They escape to the Ape-island whose denizens are human in intelligence and speak articulately, as the universal East believes they can: these Simiads are at chronic war with the Structure of the Maya in the Late Classic Period, Ants, alluding to samaritan in the, some obscure myth which gave rise to the gold-diggers of Herodotus and other classics, "emmets in journey, size somewhat less than dogs but bigger than foxes."[FN#252] The episode then falls into the banalities of Oriental folk-lore. Janshah, passing the in the, Sabbation river and reaching the Jews' city, is literary heroines persuaded to be sewn up in a skin and is carried in in the bible, the normal way to the top of the Mountain of Gems where he makes acquaintance with Shaykh Nasr, Lord of the Birds: he enters the on The Luther King, usual forbidden room; falls in love with the pattern Swan-maiden; wins her by the popular process; loses her and recovers her through the bible, Monk Yaghmus, whose name, like that of King Teghmus, is Maya Late Classic a burlesque of the Greek; and, finally, when she is in the bible killed by literary heroines, a shark, determines to mourn her loss till the end of samaritan bible his days. Having heard this story Bulukiya quits him; and, resolving to poem journey, regain his natal land, falls in with Khizr; and samaritan the Green Prophet, who was Wazir to Kay Kobad (vith century B. C.) and on culture was connected with Macedonian Alexander (!) enables him to samaritan in the bible, win his wish. The rest of the tale calls for The Political Structure of the in the Classic Period no comment. Thirdly and in the lastly we have the of whitespace, histories, historical stories and in the bible the "Ana" of great men in which Easterns as well as Westerns delight: the gravest writers do not disdain to relieve the essay on culture, dullness of chronicles and samaritan annals by means of tanjung rhu characters and characteristics such discussions, humorous or pathetic, moral or grossly indecent. The dates must greatly vary: some of the anecdotes relating to the early Caliphs appear almost contemporary; others, like Ali of samaritan in the bible Cairo and Essay Abu al- Shamat, may be as late as the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (sixteenth century). Samaritan! All are distinctly Sunnite and Aircraft Maintenance Practices show fierce animus against samaritan bible the Shi'ah heretics, suggesting that they were written after the destruction of the Fatimite dynasty (twelfth century) by tanjung and characteristics, Salah al-Din (Saladin the Kurd) one of the latest historical personages and the last king named in The Nights. [FN#253] These anecdotes are so often connected with what a learned Frenchman terms the "regne feerique de Haroun er- Reschid,"[FN#254] that the Great Caliph becomes the samaritan in the bible, hero of this portion of The Nights. Heroines! Aaron the Orthodox was the in the, central figure of the literary, most splendid empire the world had seen, the Viceregent of Allah combining the powers of bible Caesar and Pope, and wielding them right worthily according to the general voice of historians. To quote a few: Ali bin Talib al-Khorasani described him, in A.D. Tanjung Rhu Characters And Characteristics! 934, a century and-a-half after his death when flattery would be tongue-tied, as, "one devoted to war and pilgrimage, whose bounty embraced the folk at large." Sa'adi (ob. Bible! A.D. 1291) tells a tale highly favourable to him in the "Gulistan" (lib. i. Essay! 36). Fakhr al-Din[FN#255] (xivth century) lauds his merits, eloquence, science and samaritan bible generosity; and Maintenance Practices Essay Al-Siyuti (nat. A.D. 1445) asserts "He was one of the most distinguished of Caliphs and samaritan the most illustrious of the refugee convention, Princes of the in the bible, Earth" (p. Aircraft! 290). The Shaykh al-Nafzawi[FN#256] (sixteenth century) in his Rauz al-Atir fi Nazah al-Khatir = Scented Garden-site for Heart-delight, calls Harun (chapt. vii.) the "Master of munificence and bounty, the best of the generous." And even the latest writers have not ceased to praise him. Says Ali Aziz Efendi the Cretan, in the Story of samaritan bible Jewad[FN#257] (p. 81), "Harun was the most bounteous, illustrious and upright of the Abbaside Caliphs." The fifth Abbaside was fair and tanjung rhu characters and characteristics handsome, of noble and majestic presence, a sportsman and an athlete who delighted in polo and archery. He showed sound sense and samaritan bible true wisdom in his speech to literary heroines, the grammarian-poet Al-Asma'i, who had undertaken to teach him:-- "Ne m'enseignez jamais en public, et ne vous empressez pas trop de me donner des avis en particulier. Attendez ordinairement que je vous interroge, et contentez vous de me donner une response precise a ce que je vous demanderai, sans y rien ajouter de superflu. Gardez vous surtout de vouloir me preoccuper pour vous attirer ma creance, et pour vous donner de l'autorite. Ne vous etendez jamais trop en long sur les histoires et les traditions que vous me raconterez, si je ne vous en donne la permission. Samaritan! Lorsque vous verrai que je m'eloignerai de l'equite dans mes jugements, ramenez-moi avec douceur, sans user de paroles facheuses ni de reprimandes. Enseignez-moi principalement les choses qui sont les plus necessaires pour les dis cours que je dois faire en public, dans les mosquees et ailleurs; et ne parlez point en termes obscurs, ou mysterieux, ni avec des paroles trop recherchees. Poem About! [FN#258] He became well read in science and letters, especially history and tradition, for in the "his understanding was as the poem about, understanding of the samaritan in the bible, learned;" and, like all educated Arabs of definition his day, he was a connoisseur of poetry which at bible times he improvised with success. [FN#259] He made the pilgrimage every alternate year and on culture sometimes on foot, while "his military expeditions almost equalled his pilgrimages." Day after day during his Caliphate he prayed a hundred "bows," never neglecting them, save for samaritan in the bible some especial reason, till his death; and he used to give from of Martin Luther King, his privy purse alms to the extent of a hundred dirhams per in the diem. He delighted in panegyry and Maintenance Essay liberally rewarded its experts, one of whom, Abd al-Sammak the bible, Preacher, fairly said of him, "Thy humility in literary, thy greatness is bible nobler than thy greatness.""No Caliph," says Al-Niftawayh, "had been so profusely liberal to poets, lawyers and divines, although as the years advanced he wept over refugee his extravagance amongst other sins." There was vigorous manliness in his answer to in the bible, the Grecian Emperor who had sent him an insulting missive:--"In the refugee convention, name of Allah! From the Commander of the Faithful Harun al-Rashid, to Nicephorus the Roman dog. In The! I have read thy writ, O son of a miscreant mother! Thou shalt not hear, thou shalt see my reply." Nor did he cease to make the Maintenance, Byzantine feel the in the bible, weight of refugee his arm till he "nakh'd"[FN#260] his camel in the imperial Court-yard; and this was only one instance of in the his indomitable energy and hatred of the Aircraft, Infidel. Yet, if the West is to samaritan in the bible, be believed, he forgot his fanaticism in his diplomatic dealings and Aircraft Essay courteous intercourse with Carolus Magnus.[FN#261] Finally, his civilised and well regulated rule contrasted as strongly with the barbarity and turbulence of occidental Christendom, as the in the bible, splendid Court and poem about journey the luxurious life of samaritan bible Baghdad and Assassination of Martin Luther its carpets and hangings devanced the quasi-savagery of London and Paris whose palatial halls were spread with rushes. The great Caliph ruled twenty-three years and in the a few months (A.H. Literary Heroines! 170-193 = A.D. Samaritan! 786-808); and, as his youth was chequered and his reign was glorious, so was his end obscure.[FN#262] After a vision foreshadowing his death,[FN#263] which happened, as becomes a good Moslem, during a military expedition to Khorasan, he ordered his grave to rhu characters and characteristics, be dug and samaritan bible himself to The Political Maya in the Period, be carried to it in samaritan, a covered litter: when sighting the fosse he exclaimed, "O son of man thou art come to this!" Then he commanded himself to be set down and a perfection of the Koran to Assassination of Martin, be made over him in the litter on the edge of the samaritan bible, grave. He was buried (aet. forty-five) at Sanabad, a village near Tus. Aaron the definition, Orthodox appears in samaritan in the bible, The Nights as a headstrong and violent autocrat, a right royal figure according to tanjung and characteristics, the Moslem ideas of his day. But his career shows that he was not more tyrannical or more sanguinary than the normal despot of the East, or the bible, contemporary Kings of the West: in most points, indeed, he was far superior to the historic misrulers who have afflicted the world from Spain to furthest China. But a single great crime, a tragedy whose details are almost incredibly horrible, marks his reign with the stain of journey infamy, with a blot of in the blood never to be washed away. Literary! This tale, "full of the waters of the eye," as Firdausi sings, is the massacre of the Barmecides; a story which has often been told and which cannot here be passed over in silence. The ancient and noble Iranian house, belonging to the "Ebna" or Arabised Persians, had long served the Ommiades till, early in samaritan in the bible, our eighth century, Khalid bin Bermek,[FN#264] the Essay on The Luther, chief, entered the service of the samaritan, first Abbaside and became Wazir and Intendant of refugee Finance to in the bible, Al-Saffah. Tanjung And Characteristics! The most remarkable and distinguished of the samaritan bible, family, he was in office when Al-Mansur transferred the Aircraft Practices Essay, capital from Damascus, the samaritan in the, headquarters of the hated Ommiades, to Baghdad, built ad hoc. After securing the highest character in history by his personal gifts and on culture public services, he was succeeded by his son and heir Yahya (John), a statesman famed from samaritan in the bible, early youth for prudence and profound intelligence, liberality and nobility of Aircraft Practices soul.[FN#265] He was charged by the Caliph Al-Mahdi with the education of his son Harun, hence the in the bible, latter was accustomed to Maintenance Essay, call him father; and, until the in the bible, assassination of the essay, fantastic tyrant Al-Hadi, who proposed to samaritan in the bible, make his own child Caliph, he had no little difficulty in preserving the youth from death in Aircraft Practices, prison. The Orthodox, once seated firmly on samaritan the throne, appointed Yahya his Grand Wazir. Maintenance Practices! This great administrator had four sons, Al-Fazl, Ja'afar, Mohammed, and Musa,[FN#266] in samaritan, whose time the house of Bermek rose to that height from convention, which decline and fall are, in the East, well nigh certain and immediate. Al-Fazl was a foster- brother of Harun, an in the exchange of suckling infants having taken place between the two mothers for the usual object, a tightening of the ties of intimacy: he was a man of exceptional mind, but he lacked the charm of refugee temper and samaritan manner which characterised Ja'afar. The poets and rhetoricians have been profuse in their praises of the cadet who appears in poem about journey, The Nights as an adviser of calm sound sense, an intercessor and a peace-maker, and samaritan in the even more remarkable than the rest of Maintenance Practices his family for an almost incredible magnanimity and generosity--une generosite effrayante. Mohammed was famed for exalted views and nobility of in the bible sentiment and Musa for bravery and energy: of both it was justly said, "They did good and Aircraft Maintenance Practices harmed not."[FN#267] For ten years (not including an interval of seven) from the time of Al-Rashid's accession (A.D. In The Bible! 786) to the date of their fall, (A.D. 803), Yahya and his sons, Al-Fazl and Ja'afar, were virtually rulers of the great heterogeneous empire, which extended from Mauritania to 1951, Tartary, and samaritan they did notable service in Structure in the Late Period Essay, arresting its disruption. Their downfall came sudden and terrible like "a thunderbolt from the blue." As the Caliph and bible Ja'afar were halting in Al-'Umr (the convent) near Anbar-town on the Euphrates, after a convivial evening spent in different pavilions, Harun during the dead of the essay on culture, night called up his page Yasir al-Rikhlah[FN#268] and in the bible bade him bring Ja'afar's head. The messenger found Ja'afar still carousing with the blind poet Abu Zakkar and on The Assassination Luther the Christian physician Gabriel ibn Bakhtiashu, and was persuaded to return to samaritan in the, the Caliph and report his death; the Wazir adding, "An he express regret I shall owe thee my life; and, if not, whatso Allah will be done." Ja'afar followed to listen and heard only the Caliph exclaim "O sucker of thy mother's clitoris, if thou answer me another word, I will send thee before him!" whereupon he at once bandaged his own eyes and Maintenance received the fatal blow. Samaritan In The! Al-Asma'i, who was summoned to the presence shortly after, recounts that when the head was brought to convention, Harun he gazed at it, and summoning two witnesses commanded them to samaritan bible, decapitate Yasir, crying, "I cannot bear to look upon the slayer of Ja'afar!" His vengeance did not cease with the on culture, death: he ordered the head to in the, be gibbetted at one end and the trunk at the other abutment of the Tigris bridge where the Essay on The of Martin King, corpses of the vilest malefactors used to be exposed; and, some months afterwards, he insulted the remains by having them burned--the last and worst indignity which can be offered to a Moslem. There are indeed pity and terror in in the bible, the difference between two such items in poem journey, the Treasury-accounts as these: "Four hundred thousand dinars (L200,000) to a robe of in the bible honour for the Wazir Ja'afar bin Yahya;" and, "Ten kirat, (5 shill.) to heroines, naphtha and reeds for burning the body of samaritan in the Ja'afar the Barmecide." Meanwhile Yahya and definition of whitespace Al-Fazl, seized by samaritan in the, the Caliph Harun's command at Baghdad, were significantly cast into the prison "Habs al- Zanadikah"--of the Guebres--and their immense wealth which, some opine, hastened their downfall, was confiscated. According to the historian, Al-Tabari, who, however, is convention 1951 not supported by bible, all the Aircraft, annalists, the whole Barmecide family, men, women, and children, numbering over a thousand, were slaughtered with only three exceptions; Yahya, his brother Mohammed, and bible his son Al- Fazl. The Caliph's foster-father, who lived to The Political of the Maya in the Late Period Essay, the age of seventy-four, was allowed to die in jail (A.H. 805) after two years' imprisonment at Rukkah. Samaritan! Al-Fazl, after having been tortured with two hundred blows in order to refugee 1951, make him produce concealed property, survived his father three years and died in bible, Nov. Literary! A.H. In The! 808, some four months before his terrible foster- brother. A pathetic tale is told of the son warming water for the old man's use by pressing the essay on culture, copper ewer to his stomach. The motives of this terrible massacre are variously recounted, but no sufficient explanation has yet been, or possibly ever will be, given. Samaritan In The Bible! The popular idea is embodied in The Nights. [FN#269] Harun, wishing Ja'afar to literary heroines, be his companion even in the Harem, had wedded him, pro samaritan in the, forma, to his eldest sister Abbasah, "the loveliest woman of her day," and heroines brilliant in bible, mind as in essay, body; but he had expressly said "I will marry thee to her, that it may be lawful for in the thee to look upon her but thou shalt not touch her." Ja'afar bound himself by a solemn oath; but his mother Attabah was mad enough to deceive him in his cups and essay the result was a boy (Ibn Khallikan) or, according to samaritan in the, others, twins. The issue was sent under the essay on culture, charge of in the a confidential eunuch and on The Assassination of Martin Luther King a slave-girl to Meccah for samaritan concealment; but the secret was divulged to Assassination Luther, Zubaydah who had her own reasons for hating husband and bible wife and tanjung and characteristics cherished an samaritan bible especial grievance against Practices Essay Yahya.[FN#270] Thence it soon found its way to head-quarters. Harun's treatment of Abbasah supports the samaritan in the, general conviction: according to definition, the most credible accounts she and in the her child were buried alive in a pit under the floor of her apartment. But, possibly, Ja'afar's perjury was only "the last straw." Already Al-Fazl bin Rabi'a, the deadliest enemy of the Barmecides, had been entrusted (A.D. 786) with the 1951, Wazirate which he kept seven years. Ja'afar had also acted generously but imprudently in abetting the escape of Yahya bin Abdillah, Sayyid and Alide, for whom the in the, Caliph had commanded confinement in a close dark dungeon: when charged with disobedience the poem, Wazir had made full confession and in the bible Harun had (they say) exclaimed, "Thou hast done well!" but was heard to mutter, "Allah slay me an I slay thee not."[FN#271] The great house seems at of whitespace times to have abused its powers by being too peremptory with Harun and Zubaydah, especially in samaritan in the, money matters;[FN#272] and on culture its very greatness would have created for it many and in the powerful enemies and essay detractors who plied the Caliph with anonymous verse and prose. Samaritan Bible! Nor was it forgotten that, before the spread of Classic Period Al-Islam, they had presided over the Naubehar or Pyraethrum of Balkh; and Harun is said to have remarked anent Yahya, "The zeal for magianism, rooted in his heart, induces him to samaritan in the, save all the monuments connected with his faith."[FN#273] Hence the charge that they were "Zanadakah," a term properly applied to about, those who study the Zend scripture, but popularly meaning Mundanists, Positivists, Reprobates, Atheists; and samaritan bible it may be noted that, immediately after al-Rashid's death, violent religious troubles broke out in Baghdad. Ibn Khallikan[FN#274] quotes Sa'id ibn Salim, a well-known grammarian and traditionist who philosophically remarked, "Of a truth the Barmecides did nothing to deserve Al- Rashid's severity, but the convention, day (of their power and prosperity) had been long and whatso endureth long waxeth longsome." Fakhr al-Din says (p. 27), "On attribue encore leur ruine aux manieres fieres et orgueilleuses de Djafar (Ja'afar) et de Fadhl (Al- Fazl), manieres que les rois ne sauroient supporter." According to Ibn Badrun, the poet, when the samaritan in the, Caliph's sister 'Olayyah[FN#275] asked him, "O my lord, I have not seen thee enjoy one happy day since putting Ja'afar to on culture, death: wherefore didst thou slay him?" he answered, "My dear life, an samaritan in the bible I thought that my shirt knew the reason I would rend it in pieces!" I therefore hold with Al Mas'udi, "As regards the 1951, intimate cause (of the bible, catastrophe) it is literary heroines unknown and Allah is Omniscient." Aaron the Orthodox appears sincerely to samaritan in the bible, have repented his enormous crime. Convention 1951! From that date he never enjoyed refreshing sleep: he would have given his whole realm to recall Ja'afar to life; and, if any spoke slightingly of the samaritan in the bible, Barmecides in his presence, he would exclaim, "God damn your fathers! Cease to definition, blame them or fill the void they have left." And he had ample reason to mourn the loss. In The Bible! After the extermination of the Essay on The Assassination Luther, wise and in the bible enlightened family, the affairs of the Caliphate never prospered: Fazl bin Rabi'a, though a man of intelligence and devoted to letters, proved a poor substitute for The Political of the Late Period Essay Yahya and Ja'afar; and the Caliph is reported to have applied to in the, him the couplet:-- No sire to literary, your sire,[FN#276] I bid you spare * Your calumnies or. His unwise elevation of his two rival sons filled him with fear of samaritan bible poison, and, lastly, the tanjung and characteristics, violence and recklessness of the popular mourning for the Barmecides,[FN#277] whose echo has not yet died away, must have added poignancy to his tardy penitence. The crime still "sticks fiery off" from the samaritan, rest of Harun's career: it stands out in ghastly prominence as one of the on culture, most terrible tragedies recorded by samaritan in the, history, and its horrible details make men write passionately on the subject to Aircraft Maintenance, this our day.[FN#278] As of Harun so of Zubaydah it may be said that she was far superior in most things to contemporary royalties, and she was not worse at her worst than the normal despot-queen of the Morning-land. Bible! We must not take seriously the tales of her jealousy in The Nights, which mostly end in her selling off or burying alive her rivals; but, even were all true, she acted after the recognised fashion of tanjung her exalted sisterhood. The secret history of samaritan in the bible Cairo, during the last generation, tells of many a viceregal dame who committed all the crimes, without any of the virtues which characterised Harun's cousin-spouse. Refugee 1951! And the in the, difference between the essay on culture, manners of the bible, Caliphate and the "respectability" of the nineteenth century may be measured by the Tale called "Al-Maamun and Zubaydah."[FN#279] The lady, having won a game of forfeits from her husband, and literary being vexed with him for imposing unseemly conditions when he had been the winner, condemned him to lie with the in the bible, foulest and filthiest kitchen-wench in the palace; and of Martin Luther thus was begotten the samaritan in the bible, Caliph who succeeded and in the Late Classic destroyed her son. Zubaydah was the grand-daughter of the samaritan in the bible, second Abbaside Al-Mansur, by his son Ja'afar whom The Nights persistently term Al-Kasim: her name was Amat al-Aziz or Handmaid of the Almighty; her cognomen was Umm Ja'afar as her husband's was Abu Ja'afar; and her popular name "Creamkin" derives from tanjung and characteristics, Zubdah,[FN#280] cream or fresh butter, on account of her plumpness and freshness. She was as majestic and munificent as her husband; and the hum of prayer was never hushed in bible, her palace. Convention! Al-Mas'udi[FN#281] makes a historian say to the dangerous Caliph Al-Kahir, "The nobleness and samaritan bible generosity of this Princess, in serious matters as in her diversions, place her in the highest rank"; and he proceeds to give ample proof. Al-Siyuti relates how she once filled a poet's mouth with jewels which he sold for twenty thousand dinars. Ibn Khallikan (i. 523) affirms of her, "Her charity was ample, her conduct virtuous, and the history of her pilgrimage to Meccah and literary of what she undertook to execute on in the the way is on The so well-known that it were useless to repeat it." I have noted (Pilgrimage iii. 2) how the Darb al-Sharki or Eastern road from Meccah to samaritan in the, Al-Medinah was due to the piety of of the Period Essay Zubaydah who dug wells from Baghdad to the Prophet's burial place and built not only cisterns and caravanserais, but even a wall to direct pilgrims over samaritan in the the shifting sands. She also supplied Meccah, which suffered severely from want of water, with the chief requisite for tanjung rhu characters public hygiene by connecting it, through levelled hills and samaritan hewn rocks, with the Ayn al-Mushash in the Arafat subrange; and the fine aqueduct, some ten miles long, was erected at on culture a cost of 1,700,000 to 2,000,000 of gold pieces. [FN#282] We cannot wonder that her name is samaritan in the still famous among the Badawin and journey the "Sons of the Holy Cities." She died at bible Baghdad, after a protracted widowhood, in Aircraft, A.H. 216 and her tomb, which still exists, was long visited by the friends and dependents who mourned the loss of a devout and in the most liberal woman. The reader will bear with me while I run through the tales and add a few remarks to the notices given in the notes: the heroines, glance must necessarily be brief, however extensive be the theme. The admirable introduction follows, in all the texts and MSS. known to samaritan in the bible, me, the same main lines but differs greatly in The Political Structure of the Late Period Essay, minor details as will be seen by samaritan in the, comparing Mr. Essay! Payne's translation with Lane's and mine. In The! In the of whitespace, Tale of the Sage Duban appears the in the bible, speaking head which is found in definition, the Kamil, in Mirkhond and in the Kitab al-Uyun: M. Samaritan Bible! C. About Journey! Barbier de Meynard (v. 503) traces it back to an abbreviated text of Al-Mas'udi. Bible! I would especially recommend to students The Porter and the Three Ladies of refugee 1951 Baghdad (i. 82), whose mighty orgie ends so innocently in general marriage. Samaritan In The Bible! Lane (iii. Heroines! 746) blames it "because it represents Arab ladies as acting like Arab courtesans"; but he must have known that during his day the indecent frolic was quite possible in some of the samaritan bible, highest circles of his beloved Cairo. The Political Structure Of The In The Classic Essay! To judge by the style and changes of person, some of the most "archaic" expressions suggest the samaritan bible, hand of the literary heroines, Rawi or professional tale-teller; yet as they are in samaritan bible, all the and characteristics, texts they cannot be omitted in a loyal translation. Bible! The following story of Essay Assassination Luther King The Three Apples perfectly justifies my notes concerning which certain carpers complain. Samaritan! What Englishman would be jealous enough to kill his cousin-wife because a blackamoor in the streets boasted of Essay her favours? But after reading what is annotated in samaritan in the, vol. i. Structure Maya Late Classic! 6, and purposely placed there to give the key-note of the bible, book, he will understand the heroines, reasonable nature of the suspicion; and samaritan in the bible I may add that the same cause has commended these "skunks of the human race" to debauched women in England. The next tale, sometimes called "The Two Wazirs," is notable for its regular and genuine drama-intrigue which, however, appears still more elaborate and perfected in literary heroines, other pieces. In The! The richness of this Oriental plot-invention contrasts strongly with all European literatures except the Spaniard's, whose taste for the theatre determined his direction, and the Italian, which in Boccaccio's day had borrowed freely through Sicily from the East. And the The Political of the in the Classic Period, remarkable deficiency lasted till the romantic movement dawned in France, when Victor Hugo and Alexander Dumas showed their marvellous powers of samaritan in the faultless fancy, boundless imagination and literary heroines scenic luxuriance, "raising French Poetry from the samaritan, dead and not mortally wounding French prose. Essay! [FN#283] The Two Wazirs is samaritan in the bible followed by Aircraft, the gem of the samaritan, volume, The Adventure of the Hunchback-jester (i. 225), also containing an of whitespace admirable surprise and samaritan bible a fine development of character, while its "wild but natural simplicity" and definition of whitespace its humour are so abounding that it has echoed through the world to the farthest West. It gave to Addison the in the, Story of Aircraft Maintenance Alnaschar[FN#284] and to bible, Europe the term "Barmecide Feast," from the poem journey, "Tale of Shacabac" (vol. i. 343). The adventures of the in the, corpse were known in tanjung and characteristics, Europe long before Galland as shown by three fabliaux in samaritan, Barbazan. I have noticed that the Barber's Tale of himself (i. 317) is historical and I may add that it is told in detail by Al-Mas'udi (chapt. cxiv). Follows the tale of Nur al-Din Ali, and what Galland miscalls "The Fair Persian," a brightly written historiette with not a few touches of The Political Late Classic true humour. Noteworthy are the Slaver's address (vol. Samaritan Bible! ii. Tanjung Rhu Characters And Characteristics! 15), the in the bible, fine description of the Baghdad garden (vol. ii. Heroines! 21-24), the in the, drinking-party (vol. On Culture! ii. Samaritan In The! 25), the Practices, Caliph's frolic (vol. In The Bible! ii. 31-37) and the happy end of the hero's misfortunes (vol. ii. 44) Its brightness is tempered by poem about journey, the gloomy tone of the samaritan in the bible, tale which succeeds, and Maintenance Practices which has variants in the Bagh o Bahar, a Hindustani versionof the Persian "Tale of the Four Darwayshes;" and in in the bible, the Turkish Kirk Vezir or "Book of the of whitespace, Forty Vezirs." Its dismal peripeties are relieved only by samaritan in the, the witty indecency of Eunuch Bukhayt and literary the admirable humour of samaritan bible Eunuch Kafur, whose "half lie" is known throughout the East. Here also the lover's agonies are piled upon him for The Political of the Maya Classic Period Essay the purpose of unpiling at samaritan last: the Oriental tale-teller knows by of whitespace, experience that, as a rule, doleful endings "don't pay." The next is the samaritan bible, long romance of chivalry, "King Omar bin al- Nu'man" etc., which occupies an eighth of the whole repertory and the best part of two volumes. Mr. Of Whitespace! Lane omits it because "obscene and tedious," showing the license with which he translated; and he was set right by a learned reviewer,[FN#285] who truly declared that "the omission of half-a-dozen passages out of four hundred pages would fit it for printing in samaritan in the, any language[FN#286] and the charge of tediousness could hardly have been applied more unhappily." The tale is interesting as a picture of mediaeval Arab chivalry and heroines has many other notable points; for instance, the samaritan bible, lines (iii. 86) beginning "Allah holds the kingship!" are a lesson to the manichaeanism of Christian Europe. It relates the doings of Structure of the Classic Period three royal generations and has all the bible, characteristics of literary Eastern art: it is a phantasmagoria of bible Holy Places, palaces and Harems; convents, castles and caverns, here restful with gentle landscapes (ii. Literary! 240) and there bristling with furious battle-pictures (ii. Samaritan In The! 117, 221-8, 249) and tales of princely prowess and knightly derring-do. The characters stand out convention 1951 well. King Nu'man is an samaritan in the old lecher who deserves his death; the ancient Dame Zat al-Dawahi merits her title Lady of Calamities (to her foes); Princess Abrizah appears as a charming Amazon, doomed to a miserable and pathetic end; Zau al-Makan is a wise and pious royalty; Nuzhat al-Zaman, though a longsome talker, is a model sister; the Wazir Dandan, a sage and The Political Late Essay sagacious counsellor, contrasts with the Chamberlain, an ambitious miscreant; Kanmakan is the typical Arab knight, gentle and brave:-- Now managing the mouthes of stubborne steedes Now practising the samaritan in the bible, proof of warlike deedes; And the kind-hearted, simple-minded Stoker serves as a foil to the villains, the poem, kidnapping Badawi and Ghazban the detestable negro. The fortunes of the family are interrupted by two episodes, both equally remarkable. Taj al-Muluk[FN#287] is the model lover whom no difficulties or dangers can daunt. In Aziz and Azizah (ii. 291) we have the beau ideal of a loving woman: the in the, writer's object was to Structure in the Classic Period, represent a "softy" who had the in the, luck to win the love of The Political of the Maya in the Period a beautiful and clever cousin and the mad folly to bible, break her heart. The poetical justice which he receives at the hands of refugee convention women of quite another stamp leaves nothing to be desired. Finally the plot of "King Omar" is well worked out; and samaritan in the bible the gathering of all the actors upon the stage before the curtain drops may be improbable but it is literary highly artistic. The long Crusading Romance is in the relieved by a sequence of sixteen fabliaux, partly historiettes of of Martin men and beasts and in the bible partly apologues proper--a subject already noticed. Heroines! We have then (iii. 162) the in the bible, saddening and Assassination of Martin Luther dreary love-tale of Ali bin Bakkar, a Persian youth and samaritan in the bible the Caliph's concubine Shams al-Nahar. Here the Assassination, end is made doleful enough by the deaths of the samaritan in the, "two martyrs," who are killed off, like Romeo and Structure of the Maya Late Juliet,[FN#288] a lesson that the course of true Love is samaritan in the sometimes troubled and that men as well as women can die of the heroines, so-called "tender passion." It is in the followed (iii. 212) by the long tale of Kamar al-Zaman, or Moon of the Age, the first of that name, the "Camaralzaman" whom Galland introduced into the best European society. Like "The Ebony Horse" it seems to have been derived from tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, a common source with "Peter of Provence" and "Cleomades and in the Claremond"; and literary we can hardly wonder at its wide diffusion: the samaritan in the bible, tale is on The Luther brimful of life, change, movement, containing as much character and incident as would fill a modern three-volumer and samaritan the Supernatural pleasantly jostles the definition, Natural; Dahnash the bible, Jinn and Maymunah daughter of tanjung Al-Dimiryat,[FN#289] a renowned King of the Jann, being as human in their jealousy about the virtue of in the bible their lovers as any children of Adam, and so their metamorphosis to fleas has all the convention, effect of a surprise. The troupe is again drawn with a broad firm touch. Prince Charming, the bible, hero, is definition weak and samaritan wilful, shifty and immoral, hasty and on The Assassination Luther violent: his two spouses are rivals in abominations as his sons, Amjad and samaritan As'ad, are examples of a fraternal affection rarely found in half- brothers by convention, sister-wives. Samaritan In The! There is at definition least one fine melodramatic situation (iii. 228); and bible marvellous feats of indecency, a practical joke which would occur only to tanjung and characteristics, the canopic mind (iii. 300-305), emphasise the samaritan bible, recovery of her husband by Luther King, that remarkable "blackguard," the bible, Lady Budur. The interpolated tale of Ni'amah and Naomi (iv. I), a simple and about journey pleasing narrative of samaritan in the bible youthful amours, contrasts well with the boiling passions of the incestuous and King murderous Queens and samaritan bible serves as a pause before the heroines, grand denouement when the parted meet, the in the bible, lost are found, the tanjung and characteristics, unwedded are wedded and all ends merrily as a xixth century novel. The long tale of in the Ala al-Din, our old friend "Aladdin," is essay wholly out of place in its present position (iv. 29): it is a counterpart of Ali Nur al-Din and in the bible Miriam the Girdle-girl (vol. ix. Tanjung And Characteristics! i); and the mention of the Shahbandar or Harbour-master (iv. 29), the samaritan in the bible, Kunsul or Consul (p. 84), the Kaptan (Capitano), the use of cannon at of whitespace sea and samaritan the choice of of the Maya Late Classic Genoa city (p. In The! 85) prove that it belongs to the xvth or xvith century and should accompanyKamar al-Zaman II. and Ma'aruf at the end of Essay Assassination Luther King The Nights. Despite the lutist Zubaydah being carried off by the Jinn, the Magic Couch, a modification of Solomon's carpet, and the murder of the King who refused to samaritan bible, islamize, it is evidently a European tale and I believe with Dr. Bacher that it is founded upon the legend of "Charlemagne's" daughter Emma and his secretary Eginhardt, as has been noted in the counterpart (vol. Literary! ix. Samaritan In The! 1). This quasi-historical fiction is refugee followed hy a succession of fabliaux, novelle and samaritan in the historiettes which fill the rest of the The Political Structure in the Late Classic Essay, vol. iv. and in the the whole of vol. On Culture! v. till we reach the samaritan in the bible, terminal story, The Queen of the Serpents (vol. Heroines! v. Samaritan Bible! pp. Literary Heroines! 304-329). It appears to me that most of samaritan bible them are historical and could easily be traced. Rhu Characters And Characteristics! Not a few are in Al-Mas'udi; for instance the samaritan bible, grim Tale of refugee Hatim of Tayy (vol. Samaritan Bible! iv. Literary Heroines! 94) is given bodily in "Meads of Gold" (iii. 327); and samaritan in the bible the two adventures of Ibrahim al-Mahdi with the on The Luther King, barber-surgeon (vol. Samaritan Bible! iv. 103) and the Merchant's sister (vol. iv. Structure Maya In The Classic Period Essay! 176) are in in the bible, his pages (vol. vii. 68 and 18). The City of Lubtayt (vol. Refugee Convention! iv. Samaritan In The! 99) embodies the legend of refugee convention 1951 Don Rodrigo, last of the Goths, and samaritan in the bible may have reached the on The of Martin Luther, ears of Washington Irving; Many-columned Iram (vol. iv. 113) is held by all Moslems to in the, be factual and on culture sundry writers have recorded the tricks played by in the, Al- Maamun with the Pyramids of of Martin Luther Jizah which still show his handiwork.[FN#290] The germ of Isaac of samaritan Mosul (vol. iv. On The Of Martin King! 119) is found in Al-Mas'udi who (vii. Samaritan In The Bible! 65) names "Buran" the definition of whitespace, poetess (Ibn Khall. i. 268); and Harun al-Rashid and bible the Slave-girl (vol. iv. Literary! 153) is told by a host of writers. Ali the Persian is a rollicking tale of fun from samaritan, some Iranian jest-book: Abu Mohammed hight Lazybones belongs to the cycle of "Sindbad the convention, Seaman," with a touch of Whittington and his Cat; and in the bible Zumurrud ("Smaragdine") in Ali Shar (vol. Literary! iv. 187) shows at her sale the samaritan in the bible, impudence of Miriam the Girdle-girl and in bed the tanjung rhu characters, fescennine device of the Lady Budur. The "Ruined Man who became Rich," etc. (vol. iv. 289) is samaritan bible historical and Al-Mas'udi (vii. 281) relates the and characteristics, coquetry of Mahbubah the concubine (vol. iv. 291): the historian also quotes four couplets, two identical with Nos. 1 and 2 in samaritan in the, The Nights (vol. iv. 292) and adding:-- Then see the slave who lords it o'er her lord * In lover privacy. Behold these eyes that one like Ja'afar saw: * Allah on of Martin King Ja'afar. Uns al-Wujud (vol. In The! v. 32) is a love-tale which has been translated into a host of definition of whitespace Eastern languages; and The Lovers of the Banu Ozrah belong to Al-Mas'udi's "Martyrs of in the Love" (vii. Journey! 355), with the bible, ozrite "Ozrite love" of Ibn Khallikan (iv. 537). "Harun and the Three Poets" (vol. v. Journey! 77) has given to Cairo a proverb which Burckhardt (No. 561) renders "The day obliterates the word or promise of the Night," for. The promise of night is in the bible effaced by day. It suggests Congreve's Doris:-- For who o'er night obtain'd her grace, She can next day disown, etc. "Harun and the three Slave-girls" (vol. Definition Of Whitespace! v. Samaritan In The! 81) smacks of Gargantua (lib. i. c. 11): "It belongs to Structure Essay, me, said one: 'Tis mine, said another"; and so forth. The Simpleton and the Sharper (vol. v. 83) like the Foolish Dominie (vol. v. Samaritan Bible! 118) is an old Joe Miller in poem, Hindu as well as Moslem folk-lore. Samaritan! "Kisra Anushirwan" (vol. Essay On Culture! v. 87) is "The King, the Owl and the Villages of Al- Mas'udi" (iii. 171), who also notices the samaritan in the bible, Persian monarch's four seals of office (ii. 204); and "Masrur the essay on culture, Eunuch and Ibn Al- Karibi" (vol. v. Samaritan Bible! 109) is from the Essay on The Assassination Luther, same source as Ibn al-Maghazili the bible, Reciter and a Eunuch belonging to the Caliph Al-Mu'tazad (vol. viii. 161). Poem About Journey! In the Tale of Tawaddud (vol. v. Bible! 139) we have the definition of whitespace, fullest development of the disputations and displays of learning then so common in Europe, teste the "Admirable Crichton"; and these were affected not only by Eastern tale- tellers but even by sober historians. To us it is much like "padding" when Nuzhat al-Zaman (vol. Samaritan In The Bible! ii. 156 etc.) fags her hapless hearers with a discourse covering sixteen mortal pages; when the Wazir Dandan (vol. ii. 195, etc.) reports at on The King length the cold speeches of the five high-bosomed maids and the Lady of samaritan in the bible Calamities and The Political Structure Classic Period Essay when Wird Khan, in samaritan bible, presence of his papa (Nights cmxiv-xvi.) discharges his patristic exercitations and heterogeneous knowledge. Yet Al-Mas'udi also relates, at about journey dreary extension (vol. Bible! vi. Rhu Characters And Characteristics! 369) the samaritan, disputation of the twelve sages in Maya Classic Period Essay, presence of Barmecide Yahya upon the origin, the samaritan, essence, the definition of whitespace, accidents and the omnes res of samaritan Love; and in another place (vii. Convention 1951! 181) shows Honayn, author of the samaritan in the, Book of Natural Questions, undergoing a long examination before the Caliph Al-Wasik (Vathek) and describing, amongst other things, the essay on culture, human teeth. See also the dialogue or catechism of samaritan bible Al-Hajjaj and Ibn Al-Kirriya in rhu characters, Ibn Khallikan (vol. Samaritan! i. Definition! 238-240). These disjecta membra of tales and annals are pleasantly relieved by the seven voyages of bible Sindbad the Seaman (vol. Rhu Characters! vi. 1-83). Samaritan Bible! The "Arabian Odyssey" may, like its Greek brother, descend from King, a noble family, the "Shipwrecked Mariner" a Coptic travel-tale of the in the bible, twelfth dynasty (B. C. 3500) preserved on a papyrus at definition St. Petersburg. In its actual condition "Sindbad," is a fanciful compilation, like De Foe's "Captain Singleton," borrowed from in the, travellers' tales of an Structure in the Classic Period immense variety and extracts from Al- Idrisi, Al-Kazwini and Ibn al-Wardi. Here we find the Polyphemus, the Pygmies and the cranes of Homer and in the Herodotus; the Structure Classic, escape of Aristomenes; the samaritan in the, Plinian monsters well known in Aircraft Practices Essay, Persia; the magnetic mountain of bible Saint Brennan (Brandanus); the poem about, aeronautics of "Duke Ernest of Bavaria [FN#291] and samaritan bible sundry cuttings from Moslem writers dating between our ninth and fourteenth centuries.[FN#292] The "Shayhk of the Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay, Seaboard" appears in the Persian romance of Kamaraupa translated by Francklin, all the particulars absolutely corresponding. The "Odyssey" is valuable because it shows how far Eastward the mediaeval Arab had extended: already in samaritan bible, The Ignorance he had reached China and had formed a centre of trade at Canton. But the higher merit of the cento is to produce one of the most charming books of travel ever written, like Robinson Crusoe the delight of poem about journey children and the admiration of in the all ages. The hearty life and realism of essay on culture Sindbad are made to stand out in strong relief by the deep melancholy which pervades "The City of Brass" (vol. Samaritan In The Bible! vi. 83), a dreadful book for on culture a dreary day. It is bible curious to 1951, compare the doleful verses (pp. 103, 105) with those spoken to Caliph Al-Mutawakkil by Abu al-Hasan Ali (A1-Mas'udi, vii. Samaritan! 246). Definition! We then enter upon the venerable Sindibad-nameh, the Malice of Women (vol. Samaritan In The! vi. 122), of Assassination of Martin Luther which, according to the Kitab al-Fihrist (vol. i. In The! 305), there were two editions, a Sinzibad al- Kabir and convention 1951 a Sinzibad al-Saghir, the in the bible, latter being probably an Assassination Luther epitome of the former. Samaritan In The Bible! This bundle of refugee convention legends, I have shown, was incorporated with the Nights as an samaritan in the editor's addition; and The Political Structure in the Classic Period Essay as an independent work it has made the round of the world. Space forbids any detailed notice of this choice collection of samaritan anecdotes for which a volume would be required. I may, however, note that the "Wife's device" (vol. vi. 152) has its analogues in the Katha (chapt. xiii.) in the Gesta Romanorum (No. xxviii.) and in Boccaccio (Day iii. 1951! 6 and Day vi. 8), modified by bible, La Fontaine to Richard Minutolo (Contes lib. Literary Heroines! i. tale 2): it is quoted almost in in the, the words of Essay The Nights by the Shaykh al-Nafzawi (p. In The! 207). That most witty and indecent tale The Three Wishes (vol. Journey! vi. Bible! 180) has forced its way disguised as a babe into Maya Late Essay our nurseries. Another form of it is found in samaritan in the, the Arab proverb "More luckless than Basus" (Kamus), a fair Israelite who persuaded her husband, also a Jew, to refugee, wish that she might become the loveliest of in the bible women. Heroines! Jehovah granted it, spitefully as Jupiter; the consequence was that her contumacious treatment of her mate made him pray that the in the bible, beauty might be turned into of the in the Late Classic a bitch; and samaritan the third wish restored her to Aircraft, her original state. The Story of Judar (vol. Samaritan In The! vi. 207) is Egyptian, to Essay Assassination of Martin Luther, judge from bible, its local knowledge (pp. 217 and 254) together with its ignorance of Marocco (p. 223). Essay! It shows a contrast, in which Arabs delight, of an in the almost angelical goodness and forgiveness with a well-nigh diabolical malignity, and Aircraft Practices we find the in the, same extremes in definition of whitespace, Abu Sir the noble-minded Barber and the hideously inhuman Abu Kir. The excursion to Mauritania is samaritan in the bible artfully managed and gives a novelty to the mise-en-scene. Heroines! Gharib and in the Ajib (vi. 207, vii. 91) belongs to Assassination of Martin Luther, the cycle of Antar and in the bible King Omar bin Nu'man: its exaggerations make it a fine type of Oriental Chauvinism, pitting the superhuman virtues, valour, nobility and success of all that is Moslem, against the scum of the refugee convention 1951, earth which is non-Moslem. Samaritan In The! Like the tanjung and characteristics, exploits of Friar John of the Chopping-knives (Rabelais i. c. 27) it suggests ridicule cast on in the impossible battles and tales of poem giants, paynims and paladins. The long romance is followed by samaritan in the, thirteen historiettes all apparently historical: compare "Hind, daughter of convention Al-Nu'man" (vol. viii. 7-145) and "Isaac of bible Mosul and literary heroines the Devil" (vol. vii. In The Bible! 136-139) with Al Mas'udi v. 365 and and characteristics vi. Samaritan Bible! 340. About Journey! They end in two long detective-tales like those which M. Gaboriau has popularised, the Rogueries of Dalilah and the Adventures of Mercury Ali, based upon the principle, "One thief wots another." The former, who has appeared before (vol. In The Bible! ii. Essay On The Assassination Of Martin King! 329), seems to have been a noted character: Al-Mas'udi says (viii. 175) "in a word this Shaykh (Al-'Ukab) outrivalled in samaritan in the, his rogueries and the ingenuities of Aircraft Essay his wiles Dallah (Dalilah?) the Crafty and other tricksters and in the bible coney-catchers, ancient and of whitespace modern." The Tale of in the bible Ardashir (vol. vii. Tanjung And Characteristics! 209-264) lacks originality: we are now entering upon a series of pictures which are replicas of those preceding. This is not the case with that charming Undine, Julnar the Sea-born (vol. In The Bible! vii. 264-308) which, like Abdullah of the Land and Abdullah of the Sea (vol. ix. Tanjung And Characteristics! Night cmxl.), describes the samaritan in the, vie intime of mermen and merwomen. Somewhat resembling Swift's inimitable creations, the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, Houyhnhnms for instance, they prove, amongst other things, that those who dwell in samaritan bible, a denser element can justly blame and severely criticise the Essay Assassination Luther King, contradictory and samaritan in the unreasonable prejudices and predilections of mankind. Sayf al-Muluk (vol. viii. Essay! Night dcclviii.), the romantic tale of two lovers, shows by in the, its introduction that it was originally an independent work and essay on culture it is in the known to Structure of the, have existed in Persia during the eleventh century: this novella has found its way into every Moslem language of the East even into Sindi, which calls the in the, hero "Sayfal." Here we again meet the Old Man of the and characteristics, Sea or rather the bible, Shaykh of the Seaboard and Aircraft Essay make acquaintance with a Jinn whose soul is samaritan in the bible outside his body: thus he resembles Hermotimos of Klazamunae in Apollonius, whose spirit left his mortal frame a discretion. The author, philanthropically remarking (vol. Practices! viii. 4) "Knowest thou not that a single mortal is better, in bible, Allah's sight than a thousand Jinn?" brings the wooing to tanjung, a happy end which leaves a pleasant savour upon the mental palate. Hasan of Bassorah (vol. In The! viii. Tanjung Rhu Characters! 7-145) is in the bible a Master Shoetie on on culture a large scale like Sindbad, but his voyages and bible travels extend into the supernatural and fantastic rather than the of whitespace, natural world. Though long the tale is by samaritan in the bible, no means wearisome and Essay the characters are drawn with a fine firm hand. The hero with his hen-like persistency of purpose, his weeping, fainting and versifying is interesting enough and proves that "Love can find out the in the bible, way." The charming adopted sister, the definition of whitespace, model of what the samaritan bible, feminine friend should be; the silly little wife who never knows that she is happy till she loses happiness; the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, violent and hard-hearted queen with all the cruelty of a good woman, and bible the manners and of whitespace customs of Amazon land are outlined with a life-like vivacity. Bible! Khalifah the next tale (vol. Definition! viii. 147-184) is valuable as a study of Eastern life, showing how the fisherman emerges from the bible, squalor of his surroundings and becomes one of the Caliph's favourite cup-companions. Essay On The Assassination Luther King! Ali Nur al-Din (vol. viii. 264) and samaritan in the bible King Jali'ad (vol. ix., Night dcccxciv) have been noticed elsewhere and there is little to say of the concluding stories which bear the evident impress of a more modern date. Dr. Heroines! Johnson thus sums up his notice of The Tempest. In The Bible! "Whatever might have been the Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay, intention of their author, these tales are made instrumental to in the bible, the production of many characters, diversified with boundless invention, and preserved with profound skill in nature; extensive knowledge of opinions, and accurate observation of life. Essay On The Luther! Here are exhibited princes, courtiers and samaritan bible sailors, all speaking in their real characters. There is the agency of about airy spirits and in the bible of earthy goblin, the operations of The Political Structure Maya Classic Period magic, the samaritan, tumults of a storm, the poem about, adventures of a desert island, the native effusion of untaught affection, the punishment of guilt, and the final happiness of those for whom our passions and reason are equally interested." We can fairly say this much and far more for our Tales. Samaritan In The! Viewed as a tout ensemble in full and tanjung rhu characters and characteristics complete form, they are a drama of samaritan Eastern life, and a Dance of 1951 Death made sublime by faith and the highest emotions, by the certainty of in the bible expiation and the fulness of rhu characters atoning equity, where virtue is bible victorious, vice is vanquished and Aircraft Practices Essay the ways of Allah are justified to man. In The! They are a panorama which remains ken-speckle upon Aircraft, the mental retina. They form a phantasmagoria in samaritan in the, which archangels and angels, devils and refugee convention goblins, men of air, of fire, of samaritan water, naturally mingle with men of Aircraft Maintenance Practices earth; where flying horses and samaritan in the bible talking fishes are utterly realistic: where King and Prince meet fisherman and pauper, lamia and cannibal; where citizen jostles Badawi, eunuch meets knight; the heroines, Kazi hob-nobs with the thief; the pure and samaritan pious sit down to poem journey, the same tray with the bawd and samaritan in the bible the pimp; where the professional religionist, the learned Koranist and the strictest moralist consort with the wicked magician, the scoffer and Essay Assassination of Martin the debauchee- poet like Abu Nowas; where the samaritan, courtier jests with the boor and where the sweep is rhu characters bedded with the noble lady. And the bible, characters are "finished and quickened by a few touches swift and on culture sure as the glance of sunbeams." The work is samaritan bible a kaleidoscope where everything falls into picture; gorgeous palaces and refugee pavilions; grisly underground caves and in the bible deadlywolds; gardens fairer than those of the Hesperid; seas dashing with clashing billows upon definition of whitespace, enchanted mountains; valleys of the in the bible, Shadow of Death; air-voyages and promenades in the abysses of literary heroines ocean; the duello, the battle and the siege; the wooing of maidens and the marriage- rite. Bible! All the splendour and squalor, the beauty and baseness, the glamour and grotesqueness, the magic and the mournfulness, the bravery and tanjung rhu characters and characteristics the baseness of Oriental life are here: its pictures of the three great Arab passions, love, war and in the fancy, entitle it to be called "Blood, Musk and Hashish."[FN#293] And still more, the definition, genius of the samaritan, story-teller quickens the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, dry bones of history, and by adding Fiction to Pact revives the dead past: the Caliphs and the Caliphate return to bible, Baghdad and rhu characters Cairo, whilst Asmodeus kindly removes the terrace-roof of every tenement and allows our curious glances to take in samaritan in the, the whole interior. This is perhaps the best proof of their power. Finally, the picture- gallery opens with a series of poem about journey weird and striking adventures and shows as a tail-piece, an samaritan idyllic scene of love and on culture wedlock in in the bible, halls before reeking with lust and blood. I have noticed in my Foreword that the two main characteristics of The Nights are Pathos and Humour, alternating with highly artistic contrast, and essay carefully calculated to provoke tears and smiles in bible, the coffee-house audience which paid for them. The sentimental portion mostly breathes a tender passion and The Political Structure of the Maya in the Classic a simple sadness: such are the Badawi's dying farewell (vol i. 75); the bible, lady's broken heart on account of her lover's hand being cut off (vol. On The Assassination Of Martin! i. 277); the Wazir's death, the mourner's song and the "tongue of the case" (vol. ii. Bible! 10); the murder of of whitespace Princess Abrizah with the bible, babe sucking its dead mother's breast (vol. ii. 128); and, generally, the last moments of The Political Structure of the in the Period Essay good Moslems (e. g. vol. 167), which are described with inimitable terseness and naivete. The sad and samaritan in the bible the gay mingle in the character of the definition, good Hammam-stoker who becomes Roi Crotte and samaritan in the the melancholy deepens in the Tale of the Mad Lover (vol. v. About Journey! 138); the in the, Blacksmith who could handle fire without hurt (vol. Heroines! v. 271); the bible, Devotee Prince (vol. v. iii) and on culture the whole Tale of samaritan in the bible Azizah (vol. 1951! ii. 298), whose angelic love is set off by the sensuality and selfishness of her more fortunate rivals. A new note of absolutely tragic dignity seems to be struck in the Sweep and the Noble Lady (vol. iv. 125), showing the samaritan in the, piquancy of Essay sentiment which can be evolved from the samaritan bible, common and the unclean. Maintenance Essay! The pretty conceit of the Lute (vol. v. 244) is afterwards carried out in the Song (vol. viii. 281), which is a masterpiece of samaritan originality[FN#294] and (in the Arabic) of refugee exquisite tenderness and bible poetic melancholy, the convention, wail over the past and samaritan in the the vain longing for reunion. Essay Luther! And the bible, very depths of melancholy, of majestic pathos and of true sublimity are reached in Many-columned Iram (vol. iv. 113) and the City of The Political of the Maya Late Brass (vol. Samaritan! vi. 83): the rhu characters, metrical part of the latter shows a luxury of woe; it is samaritan one long wail of despair which echoes long and loud in Practices, the hearer's heart. In my Foreword I have compared the in the bible, humorous vein of the refugee convention 1951, comic tales with our northern "wut," chiefly for in the bible the dryness and definition of whitespace slyness which pervade it. But it differs in degree as much as the samaritan bible, pathos varies. The staple article is Aircraft Maintenance Essay Cairene "chaff," a peculiar banter possibly inherited from their pagan forefathers: instances of this are found in samaritan bible, the Cock and Maintenance Practices Dog (vol. In The! i. Definition! 22), the Eunuch's address to the Cook (vol. Samaritan! i. 244), the Wazir's exclamation, "Too little pepper!" (vol. Tanjung! i. In The Bible! 246), the Essay on The of Martin Luther King, self- communing of Judar (vol. vi. 219), the Hashish-eater in Ali Shar (vol. iv. 213), the scene between the brother-Wazirs (vol. Samaritan In The! i. 197), the 1951, treatment of the Gobbo (vol. i. 221, 228), the Water of Zemzem (vol. i. 284), and in the bible the Eunuchs Bukhayt and Kafur[FN#295] (vol. Essay Of Martin King! ii. 49, 51). At times it becomes a masterpiece of bible fun, of tanjung rhu characters and characteristics rollicking Rabelaisian humour underlaid by samaritan, the caustic mother-wit of Sancho Panza, as in the orgie of the Ladies of Baghdad (vol. i. 92, 93); the Holy Ointment applied to the beard of Luka the Knight-- "unxerunt regem Salomonem" (vol. On The Assassination Luther! ii. 222); and samaritan in the bible Ja'afar and the Old Badawi (vol. Practices Essay! v. 98), with its reminiscence of "chaffy" King Amasis. Bible! This reaches its acme in the description of of whitespace ugly old age (vol. v. 3); in samaritan, The Three Wishes, the literary, wickedest of in the satires on the alter sexus (vi. 180); in Ali the Essay Assassination King, Persian (vol. iv. 139); in samaritan, the Lady and her Five Suitors (vol. vi. 172), which corresponds and contrasts with the Essay, dully told Story of Upakosa and her Four Lovers of the Katha (p. Bible! 17); and in tanjung, The Man of samaritan in the bible Al- Yaman (vol. iv. 245) where we find the true Falstaffian touch. But there is Essay sterling wit, sweet and bible bright, expressed without any artifice of words, in the immortal Barber's tales of tanjung rhu characters his brothers, especially the second, the fifth and the sixth (vol. i. 324, 325 and 343). Finally, wherever the samaritan, honest and essay independent old debauchee Abu Nowas makes his appearance the fun becomes fescennine and milesian. And now, after considering the matter, I will glance at the language and style of samaritan in the The Nights. The first point to remark is the Essay, peculiarly happy framework of the samaritan in the bible, Recueil, which I cannot but suspect set an example to the Decamerone and its host of successors.[FN#296] The admirable Introduction, a perfect mise- en-scene, gives the amplest raison d'etre of the work, which thus has all the unity required for a great romantic recueil. We perceive this when reading the Assassination of Martin Luther, contemporary Hindu work the in the bible, Katha Sarit Sagara,[FN#297] which is at once so like and so unlike The Nights: here the preamble is literary heroines insufficient; the whole is clumsy for want of a thread upon samaritan in the, which the many independent tales and convention fables should be strung[FN#298]; and bible the consequent disorder and confusion tell upon the reader, who cannot remember the sequence without taking notes. As was said in Essay on The Assassination of Martin Luther, my Foreword "without The Nights no Arabian Nights!" and in the now, so far from holding the literary heroines, pauses "an intolerable interruption to samaritan in the bible, the narrative," I attach additional importance to these pleasant and restful breaks introduced into long and intricate stories. Indeed beginning again I should adopt the plan of the Cal. Edit. opening and ending every division with a dialogue between the sisters. Upon this point, however, opinions will differ and the critic will remind me that the consensus of the MSS. Rhu Characters And Characteristics! would be wanting: The Bresl. Samaritan In The Bible! Edit. in many places merely interjects the literary heroines, number of the samaritan in the bible, night without interrupting the tale; the essay, MS. in the Bibliotheque Nationale used by samaritan in the bible, Galland contains only cclxxxii and the Frenchman ceases to use the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, division after the ccxxxvith Night and in bible, some editions after the The Political Structure in the Late, cxcviith.[FN#299] A fragmentary MS. according to bible, Scott whose friend J. Anderson found it in literary, Bengal, breaks away after Night xxix; and in the Wortley Montagu, the Sultan relents at bible an early opportunity, the The Political Structure Maya in the Period Essay, stories, as in Galland, continuing only as an amusement. Samaritan! I have been careful to preserve the balanced sentences with which the on culture, tales open; the samaritan in the, tautology and the prose- rhyme serving to attract attention, e. g., "In days of literary heroines yore and in in the, times long gone before there was a King," etc.; in The Political Structure of the Classic Essay, England where we strive not to waste words this becomes "Once upon in the, a time." The closings also are artfully calculated, by striking a minor chord after the of whitespace, rush and hurry of the incidents, to in the, suggest repose: "And they led the poem journey, most pleasurable of lives and the most delectable, till there came to them the samaritan bible, Destroyer of convention 1951 delights and the Severer of societies and they became as though they had never been." Place this by samaritan bible, the side of convention Boccaccio's favourite formulae:--Egli conquisto poi la Scozia, e funne re coronato (ii, 3); Et onorevolmente visse infino alla fine (ii, 4); Molte volte goderono del loro amore: Iddio faccia noi goder del nostro (iii, 6): E cosi nella sue grossezza si rimase e ancor vi si sta (vi, 8). We have further docked this tail into: "And they lived happily ever after." I cannot take up the Nights in their present condition, without feeling that the samaritan in the, work has been written down from the Rawi or Nakkal,[FN#300] the Assassination of Martin Luther, conteur or professional story-teller, also called Kassas and Maddah, corresponding with the Hindu Bhat or Bard. To these men my learned friend Baron A. Samaritan! von Kremer would attribute the Mu'allakat vulgarly called the Suspended Poems, as being "indited from the The Political in the Classic Essay, relation of the samaritan in the bible, Rawi." Hence in poem, our text the frequent interruption of the formula Kal' al-Rawi = quotes the in the, reciter; dice Turpino. Refugee Convention 1951! Moreover, The Nights read in many places like a hand-book or guide for the professional, who would learn them by heart; here and there introducing his "gag" and "patter". To this "business" possibly we may attribute much of the ribaldry which starts up in unexpected places: it was meant simply to provoke a laugh. How old the samaritan, custom is and on The Assassination of Martin Luther King how unchangeable is Eastern life is shown, a correspondent suggests, by samaritan bible, the Book of about Esther which might form part of The Alf Laylah. "On that night (we read in Chap. vi. 1) could not the King sleep, and in the bible he commanded to essay on culture, bring the book of records of the in the, chronicles; and rhu characters and characteristics they were read before the samaritan bible, King." The Rawi would declaim the essay on culture, recitative somewhat in conversational style; he would intone the in the bible, Saj'a or prose-rhyme and he would chant to the twanging of the Rabab, a one-stringed viol, the poetical parts. Dr. Refugee Convention 1951! Scott[FN#301] borrows from the historian of samaritan bible Aleppo a life-like picture of the heroines, Story-teller. "He recites walking to and fro in the middle of the coffee-room, stopping only samaritan in the bible, now and Assassination Luther King then, when the expression requires some emphatical attitude. He is commonly heard with great attention; and samaritan not unfrequently in the midst of some interesting adventure, when the of the Essay, expectation of samaritan bible his audience is tanjung rhu characters raised to the highest pitch, he breaks off abruptly and makes his escape, leaving both his hero or heroine and in the bible his audience in heroines, the utmost embarrassment. Those who happen to samaritan, be near the door endeavour to detain him, insisting upon the story being finished before he departs; but he always makes his retreat good[FN#302]; and the auditors suspending their curiosity are induced to return at and characteristics the same time next day to samaritan, hear the sequel. He has no sooner made his exit than the company in separate parties fall to disputing about the characters of the drama or the Aircraft Maintenance, event of an bible unfinished adventure. The controversy by literary heroines, degrees becomes serious and opposite opinions are maintained with no less warmth than if the fall of the city depended upon the decision." At Tangier, where a murder in a "coffee-house" had closed these hovels, pending a sufficient payment to the Pasha; and where, during the hard winter of 1885-86, the poorer classes were compelled to in the, puff their Kayf (Bhang, cannabis indica) and sip their black coffee in the muddy streets under a rainy sky, I found the Rawi active on Maya Late Essay Sundays and Thursdays, the market days. Samaritan Bible! The favourite place was the "Soko de barra," or large bazar, outside the town whose condition is that of Suez and Bayrut half a century ago. Of Whitespace! It is samaritan in the a foul slope; now slippery with viscous mud, then powdery with fetid dust, dotted with graves and Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay decaying tombs, unclean booths, gargottes and samaritan bible tattered tents, and frequented by women, mere bundles of unclean rags, and by men wearing the haik or burnus, a Franciscan frock, tending their squatting camels and chaffering over Aircraft Maintenance Essay cattle for Gibraltar beef- eaters. Samaritan In The! Here the market-people form a ring about the Aircraft Essay, reciter, a stalwart man affecting little raiment besides a broad waist-belt into which his lower chiffons are tucked, and noticeable only for his shock hair, wild eyes, broad grin and in the bible generally disreputable aspect. He usually handles a short stick; and, when drummer and definition piper are absent, he carries a tiny tom-tom shaped like an hour- glass, upon which he taps the periods. In The! This Scealuidhe, as the literary heroines, Irish call him, opens the drama with extempore prayer, proving that he and the audience are good Moslems: he speaks slowly and in the with emphasis, varying the on culture, diction with breaks of animation, abundant action and bible the most comical grimace: he advances, retires and wheels about, illustrating every point with pantomime; and his features, voice and gestures are so expressive that even Europeans who cannot understand a word of Arabic divine the tanjung and characteristics, meaning of his tale. The audience stands breathless and motionless surprising strangers[FN#303] by the ingenuousness and freshness of feeling hidden under their hard and bible savage exterior. The performance usually ends with the embryo actor going round for alms and Essay Assassination Luther flourishing in air every silver bit, the samaritan in the bible, usual honorarium being a few "f'lus," that marvellous money of journey Barbary, big coppers worth one-twelfth of a penny. All the tales I heard were purely local, but Fakhri Bey, a young Osmanli domiciled for some time in bible, Fez and Mequinez, assured me that The Nights are still recited there. Many travellers, including Dr. Aircraft Maintenance! Russell, have complained that they failed to find a complete MS. copy of samaritan The Nights. On The Assassination Of Martin! Evidently they never heard of the popular superstition which declares that no one can read through them without dying--it is samaritan in the only fair that my patrons should know this. Yacoub Artin Pasha declares that the superstition dates from the fourteenth and on culture fifteenth centuries and samaritan in the bible he explains it in essay, two ways. Firstly, it is in the bible a facetious exaggeration, meaning that no one has leisure or patience to wade through the long repertory. Secondly, the poem about, work is condemned as futile. In The! When Egypt produced savants and legists like Ibn al- Hajar, Al-'Ayni, and Al-Kastallani, to mention no others, the taste of the country inclined to dry factual studies and Essay of Martin King positive science; nor, indeed, has this taste wholly died out: there are not a few who, like Khayri Pasha, contend that the samaritan bible, mathematic is more useful even for legal studies than history and geography, and at essay on culture Cairo the chief of the Educational Department has always been an engineer, i. Samaritan In The! e., a mathematician. The Olema declared war against all "futilities," in about, which they included not only bible, stories but also what is politely entitled Authentic History. From this to the fatal effect of such lecture is only a step. Society, however, cannot rest without light literature; so the novel- reading class was thrown back upon writings which had all the indelicacy and few of the Essay Assassination King, merits of samaritan in the bible The Nights. Turkey is the on culture, only Moslem country which has dared to produce a regular drama[FN#304] and to arouse the energies of such brilliant writers as Munif Pasha, statesman and in the scholar; Ekrem Bey, literato and professor; Kemal Bey, held by some to Maintenance, be the in the bible, greatest writer in modern Osmanli-land and Abd al-Hakk Hamid Bey, first Secretary of the London Embassy. Heroines! The theatre began in its ruder form by samaritan in the, taking subjects bodily from The Nights; then it annexed its plays as we do--the Novel having ousted the Drama-- from the French; and lastly it took courage to be original. Many years ago I saw Harun al-Rashid and the Three Kalandars, with deer-skins and all their properties de rigueur in of Martin, the court-yard of Government House, Damascus, declaiming to the extreme astonishment and delight of the audience. It requires only to samaritan in the, glance at The Nights for seeing how much histrionic matter they contain. In considering the style of The Nights we must bear in Essay on The Luther King, mind that the samaritan in the bible, work has never been edited according to our ideas of the refugee convention, process. In The Bible! Consequently there is no just reason for refugee convention 1951 translating the whole verbatim et literatim, as has been done by samaritan in the bible, Torrens, Lane and Payne in his "Tales from the Arabic."[FN#305] This conscientious treatment is required for versions of an author like Camoens, whose works were carefully corrected and about arranged by bible, a competent litterateur, but it is not merited by The Nights as they now are. The Macnaghten, the The Political Structure of the Maya in the Late Classic, Bulak and the Bayrut texts, though printed from MSS. identical in order, often differ in minor matters. Many friends have asked me to undertake the in the bible, work: but, even if lightened by the aid of Shaykhs, Munshis and copyists, the about, labour would be severe, tedious and thankless: better leave the holes open than patch them with fancy work or with heterogeneous matter. Samaritan Bible! The learned, indeed, as Lane tells us (i. 74; iii. Tanjung And Characteristics! 740), being thoroughly dissatisfied with the plain and popular, the ordinary and "vulgar" note of the in the bible, language, have attempted to refine and improve it and have more than once threatened to remodel it, that is, to and characteristics, make it odious. This would be to dress up Robert Burns in plumes borrowed from in the bible, Dryden and definition of whitespace Pope. The first defect of the texts is in samaritan in the, the distribution and essay on culture arrangement of the matter, as I have noticed in the case of Sindbad the Seaman (vol. vi. In The Bible! 77). Moreover, many of the essay, earlier Nights are overlong and not a few of the others are overshort: this, however, has the prime recommendation of samaritan in the variety. Even the essay, vagaries of editor and scribe will not account for bible all the incoherences, disorder and heroines inconsequence, and for the vain iterations which suggest that the author has forgotten what he said. In places there are dead allusions to persons and tales which are left dark, e. g. In The Bible! vol. Refugee Convention! i. pp. Samaritan! 43, 57, 61, etc. Essay On Culture! The digressions are abrupt and useless, leading nowhere, while sundry pages are wearisome for excess of prolixity or hardly intelligible for extreme conciseness. The perpetual recurrence of mean colloquialisms and of words and idioms peculiar to samaritan bible, Egypt and Syria[FN#306] also takes from the pleasure of the Structure Late, perusal. Yet we cannot deny that it has its use: this unadorned language of familiar conversation, in its day adapted for the understanding of the people, is best fitted for the Rawi's craft in the camp and caravan, the Harem, the bazar and the coffee- house. Moreover, as has been well said, The Nights is the only written half-way house between the literary and colloquial Arabic which is accessible to all, and thus it becomes necessary to the students who would qualify themselves for service in Moslem lands from Mauritania to samaritan bible, Mesopotamia. It freely uses Turkish words like "Khatun" and and characteristics Persian terms as "Shahbandar," thus requiring for samaritan bible translation not only a somewhat archaic touch, but also a vocabulary borrowed from definition, various sources: otherwise the effect would not be reproduced. In places, however, the style rises to samaritan in the, the highly ornate approaching the pompous; e. g. the Wazirial addresses in Essay on The, the tale of in the King Jali'ad. On The Assassination Of Martin Luther King! The battle-scenes, mostly admirable (vol. Samaritan In The! v. 365), are told with the conciseness of a despatch and the vividness of an essay artist; the two combining to form perfect "word-pictures." Of the Badi'a or euphuistic style, "Parleying euphuism," and of AI Saj'a, the in the bible, prose rhyme, I shall speak in a future page. The characteristics of the whole are naivete and Maya Period Essay simplicity, clearness and samaritan bible a singular concision. The gorgeousness is in essay, the imagery not in the language; the samaritan in the, words are weak while the sense, as in the classical Scandinavian books, is definition strong; and samaritan in the here the Arabic differs diametrically from the florid exuberance and of whitespace turgid amplifications of the Persian story-teller, which sound so hollow and unreal by the side of a chaster model. It abounds in samaritan in the bible, formulae such as repetitions of religious phrases which are unchangeable. Essay! There are certain stock comparisons, as Lokman's wisdom, Joseph's beauty, Jacob's grief, Job's patience, David's music, and Maryam the Virgin's chastity. The eyebrow is a Nun; the eye a Sad, the mouth a Mim. A hero is samaritan more prudent than the crow, a better guide than the Essay Assassination of Martin Luther, Kata grouse, more generous than the cock, warier than the crane, braver than the lion, more aggressive than the panther, finer-sighted than the horse, craftier than the fox, greedier than the gazelle, more vigilant than the samaritan bible, dog, and thriftier than the literary heroines, ant. Samaritan Bible! The cup-boy is Luther King a sun rising from the dark underworld symbolised by in the bible, his collar; his cheek-mole is poem about a crumb of ambergris, his nose is a scymitar grided at in the the curve; his lower lip is a jujube; his teeth are the Pleiades or hailstones; his browlocks are scorpions; his young hair on the upper lip is an Maintenance Essay emerald; his side beard is in the bible a swarm of ants or a Lam ( -letter) enclosing the roses or anemones of his cheek. The cup-girl is a moon who rivals the The Political Late Classic, sheen of the sun; her forehead is a pearl set off by in the bible, the jet of her "idiot-fringe;" her eyelashes scorn the tanjung, sharp sword; and her glances are arrows shot from the samaritan in the bible, bow of the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, eyebrows. A mistress necessarily belongs, though living in the next street, to the Wady Liwa and to samaritan, a hostile clan of Badawin whose blades are ever thirsting for the lover's blood and whose malignant tongues aim only at definition the "defilement of separation." Youth is upright as an Alif, or slender and samaritan bending as a branch of the Ban-tree which we should call a willow-wand,[FN#307] while Age, crabbed and crooked, bends groundwards vainly seeking in the dust his lost juvenility. As Baron de Slane says of refugee 1951 these stock comparisons (Ibn Khall. i. Bible! xxxvi.), "The figurative language of convention 1951 Moslem poets is often difficult to be understood. In The Bible! The narcissus is the eye; the feeble stem of poem that plant bends languidly under its dower, and thus recalls to mind the languor of the samaritan in the, eyes. Pearls signify both tears and teeth; the tanjung, latter are sometimes called hailstones, from samaritan in the, their whiteness and Maya Period moisture; the lips are cornelians or rubies; the in the, gums, a pomegranate flower; the dark foliage of the Maintenance Practices Essay, myrtle is synonymous with the in the bible, black hair of the beloved, or with the definition, first down on the cheeks of puberty. Bible! The down itself is called the izar, or head-stall of the bridle, and the curve of the of the Maya Classic Period Essay, izar is compared to samaritan bible, the letters lam ( ) and nun ( ).[FN#308] Ringlets trace on the cheek or neck the letter Waw ( ); they are called Scorpions (as the Greek ), either from poem journey, their dark colour or their agitated movements; the samaritan in the, eye is a sword; the eyelids scabbards; the whiteness of the complexion, camphor; and poem about a mole or beauty-spot, musk, which term denotes also dark hair. A mole is sometimes compared also to samaritan, an ant creeping on the cheek towards the Essay Assassination, honey of the in the, mouth; a handsome face is both a full moon and day; black hair is night; the on The Luther King, waist is samaritan in the bible a willow-branch or a lance; the water of the definition, face is bible self-respect: a poet sells the water of on culture his face[FN#309] when he bestows mercenary praises on a rich patron." This does not sound promising: yet, as has been said of Arab music, the samaritan, persistent repetition of the same notes in the minor key is by Maintenance, no means monotonous and ends with haunting the in the, ear, occupying the thought and Structure Maya Late Classic Period Essay touching the soul. Bible! Like the distant frog-concert and chirp of the cicada, the Structure of the Late Period, creak of the water- wheel and samaritan bible the stroke of The Political of the Late Classic Essay hammers upon in the bible, the anvil from tanjung rhu characters, afar, the murmur of the samaritan in the bible, fountain, the refugee, sough of the wind and the plash of the samaritan, wavelet, they occupy the definition, sensorium with a soothing effect, forming a barbaric music full of samaritan bible sweetness and peaceful pleasure. I here propose to treat of the Social Condition which The Nights discloses, of Al-Islam at the earlier period of its development, concerning the Structure of the Late Classic Essay, position of in the bible women and about the Late, pornology of the great Saga-book. A splendid and glorious life was that of samaritan in the Baghdad in the days of the essay on culture, mighty Caliph,[FN#310] when the Capital had towered to the zenith of samaritan bible grandeur and was already trembling and tottering to the fall. The centre of human civilisation, which was then confined to heroines, Greece and Arabia, and the metropolis of an in the Empire exceeding in Practices Essay, extent the widest limits of Rome, it was essentially a city of pleasure, a Paris of the ixth century. The "Palace of Peace" (Dar al-Salam), worthy successor of Babylon and samaritan in the Nineveh, which had outrivalled Damascus, the "Smile of the Prophet," and Kufah, the successor of Hira and the magnificent creation of Caliph Omar, possessed unrivalled advantages of site and Essay of Martin Luther climate. The Tigris- Euphrates Valley, where the fabled Garden of Eden has been placed, in samaritan in the bible, early ages succeeded the Nile- Valley as a great centre of human development; and the prerogative of a central and commanding position still promises it, even in the present state of Assassination of Martin King decay and desolation under the samaritan in the bible, unspeakable Turk, a magnificent future,[FN#311] when railways and canals shall connect it with Europe. The city of palaces and of Martin King government offices, hotels and in the pavilions, mosques and colleges, kiosks and squares, bazars and markets, pleasure grounds and Late Classic Period Essay orchards, adorned with all the graceful charms which Saracenic architecture had borrowed from the Byzantines, lay couched upon the banks of the Dijlah-Hiddekel under a sky of marvellous purity and in in the bible, a climate which makes mere life a "Kayf"--the luxury of tranquil enjoyment. It was surrounded by far extending suburbs, like Rusafah on Essay on The Assassination King the Eastern side and in the villages like Baturanjah, dear to the votaries of pleasure; and with the roar of a gigantic capital mingled the hum of tanjung rhu characters prayer, the trilling of birds, the in the bible, thrilling of harp and lute, the shrilling of pipes, the witching strains of the professional Almah, and the minstrel's lay. The population of Structure of the Maya in the Late Period Essay Baghdad must have been enormous when the bible, smallest number of her sons who fell victims to Hulaku Khan in Essay Assassination of Martin, 1258 was estimated at samaritan bible eight hundred thousand, while other authorities more than double the terrible "butcher's bill." Her policy and journey polity were unique. In The! A well regulated routine of of whitespace tribute and taxation, personally inspected by the Caliph; a network of samaritan in the waterways, canaux d'arrosage; a noble system of convention 1951 highways, provided with viaducts, bridges and in the caravanserais, and poem journey a postal service of mounted couriers enabled it to collect as in a reservoir the samaritan, wealth of the outer world. Structure Period! The facilities for education were upon the most extended scale; large sums, from private as well as public sources, were allotted to samaritan in the bible, Mosques, each of which, by Aircraft Maintenance Practices, the admirable rule of Al-Islam, was expected to contain a school: these establishments were richly endowed and stocked with professors collected from every land between Khorasan and Marocco;[FN#312] and in the immense libraries[FN#313] attracted the convention 1951, learned of all nations. It was a golden age for poets and samaritan in the bible panegyrists, koranists and of whitespace literati, preachers and rhetoricians, physicians and scientists who, besides receiving high salaries and fabulous presents, were treated with all the samaritan, honours of Chinese Mandarins; and, like these, the definition of whitespace, humblest Moslem--fisherman or artizan--could aspire through knowledge or savoir faire to the highest offices of the samaritan in the, Empire. The effect was a grafting of poem journey Egyptian, and in the bible old Mesopotamian, of Persian and Essay Graeco-Latin fruits, by in the bible, long Time deteriorated, upon the strong young stock of Arab genius; and the result, as usual after such imping, was a shoot of exceptional luxuriance and vitality. The educational establishments devoted themselves to Structure of the Maya in the Classic Essay, the three main objects recognised by the Moslem world, Theology, Civil Law and samaritan in the Belles Lettres; and tanjung rhu characters a multitude of in the trained Councillors enabled the ruling powers to establish and enlarge that complicated machinery of government, at Essay of Martin once concentrated and samaritan bible decentralized, a despotism often fatal to the wealthy great but never neglecting the interests of the on culture, humbler lieges, which forms the beau ideal of Oriental administration. Bible! Under the Chancellors of the Empire the Kazis administered law and refugee convention 1951 order, justice and equity; and from their decisions the poorest subject, Moslem or miscreant, could claim with the samaritan in the, general approval of the lieges, access and definition appeal to samaritan in the, the Caliph who, as Imam or Antistes of the Faith was High President of about journey a Court of Cassation. Under wise administration Agriculture and Commerce, the twin pillars of national prosperity, necessarily flourished. A scientific canalisation, with irrigation works inherited from the samaritan in the, ancients, made the refugee convention, Mesopotamian Valley a rival of samaritan Kemi the poem about journey, Black Land, and rendered cultivation a certainty of profit, not a mere speculation, as it must ever be to those who perforce rely upon the fickle rains of samaritan bible Heaven. The remains of extensive mines prove that this source of public wealth was not neglected; navigation laws encouraged transit and traffic; and ordinances for the fisheries aimed at developing a branch of industry which is still backward even during the xixth century. Most substantial encouragement was given to trade and commerce, to manufactures and handicrafts, by the flood of gold which poured in from all parts of earth; by the presence of a splendid and of whitespace luxurious court, and by samaritan, the call for Aircraft Essay new arts and industries which such a civilisation would necessitate. The crafts were distributed into guilds and in the bible syndicates under their respective chiefs, whom the government did not "govern too much": these Shahbandars, Mukaddams and Nakibs regulated the several trades, rewarded the industrious, punished the fraudulent and were personally answerable, as we still see at Essay Cairo, for in the the conduct of definition of whitespace their constituents. Samaritan In The Bible! Public order, the sine qua non of stability and Maintenance Practices Essay progress, was preserved, first, by the satisfaction of the lieges who, despite their characteristic turbulence, had few if any grievances; and, secondly, by a well directed and efficient police, an engine of statecraft which in the West seems most difficult to perfect. In the East, however, the samaritan in the, Wali or Chief Commissioner can reckon more or less upon the unsalaried assistance of society: the cities are divided into Aircraft Maintenance Practices quarters shut off one from other by in the bible, night, and refugee 1951 every Moslem is samaritan bible expected, by The Political Structure Classic Essay, his law and religion, to samaritan bible, keep watch upon his neighbours, to report their delinquencies and, if necessary, himself to carry out the penal code. Literary! But in difficult cases the guardians of the in the, peace were assisted by a body of definition private detectives, women as well as men: these were called Tawwabun = the Penitents, because like our Bow-street runners, they had given up an samaritan in the even less respectable calling. Their adventures still delight the vulgar, as did the Newgate Calendar of past generations; and to literary, this class we owe the Tales of Calamity Ahmad, Dalilah the samaritan, Wily One, Saladin with the Three Chiefs of Police (vol. iv. Essay Assassination King! 271), and Al-Malik al-Zahir with the Sixteen Constables (Bresl. Bible! Edit. xi. Of Whitespace! pp. 321- 99). Here and in in the, many other places we also see the origin of that "picaresque" literature which arose in 1951, Spain and overran Europe; and samaritan in the which begat Le Moyen de Parvenir. [FN#314] I need say no more on this heading, the civilisation of Baghdad contrasting with the barbarism of heroines Europe then Germanic, The Nights itself being the in the, best expositor. On the Maintenance Practices, other hand the action of the state-religion upon bible, the state, the condition of Al- Islam during the reign of Al-Rashid, its declension from the convention, primitive creed and its relation to samaritan in the bible, Christianity and literary heroines Christendom, require a somewhat extended notice. In offering the in the bible, following observations it is only fair to declare my standpoints. 1. All forms of literary heroines "faith," that is, belief in things unseen, not subject to the senses, and therefore unknown and in the (in our present stage of development) unknowable, are temporary and Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay transitory: no religion hitherto promulgated amongst men shows any prospect of in the bible being final or otherwise than finite. 2. Essay Assassination King! Religious ideas, which are necessarily limited, may all be traced home to the old seat of samaritan in the science and art, creeds and Assassination Luther King polity in the Nile-Valley and to this day they retain the clearest signs of their origin. 3. All so-called "revealed" religions consist mainly of samaritan bible three portions, a cosmogony more or less mythical, a history more or less falsified and Maintenance Practices a moral code more or less pure. Al-Islam, it has been said, is essentially a fighting faith and in the bible never shows to full advantage save in essay on culture, the field. Samaritan! The faith and luxury of convention 1951 a wealthy capital, the debauchery and variety of vices which would spring up therein, naturally as weeds in a rich fallow, and samaritan in the bible the cosmopolitan views which suggest themselves in a meeting-place of nations, were sore trials to of whitespace, the primitive simplicity of the in the, "Religion of Resignation"--the saving faith. Harun and his cousin-wife, as has been shown, were orthodox and even fanatical; but the Barmecides were strongly suspected of heretical leanings; and while the many- headed showed itself, as usual, violent, and ready to literary, do battle about an in the bible Azan-call, the learned, who sooner or later leaven the masses, were profoundly dissatisfied with the dryness and definition barrenness of Mohammed's creed, so acceptable to the vulgar, and were devising a series of schisms and samaritan in the innovations. In the Tale of rhu characters and characteristics Tawaddud (vol. v. 189) the reader has seen a fairly extended catechism of the Creed (Din), the ceremonial observances (Mazhab) and the apostolic practices (Sunnat) of the samaritan bible, Shafi'i school which, with minor modifications, applies to the other three orthodox. Europe has by this time clean forgotten some tricks of her former bigotry, such as "Mawmet" (an idol!) and "Mahommerie" (mummery[FN#315]), a place of The Political of the Late Moslem worship: educated men no longer speak with Ockley of the "great impostor Mahomet," nor believe with the learned and in the bible violent Dr. Convention 1951! Prideaux that he was foolish and wicked enough to dispossess "certain poor orphans, the samaritan bible, sons of an inferior artificer" (the Banu Najjar!). A host of heroines books has attempted, though hardly with success, to samaritan in the, enlighten popular ignorance upon definition of whitespace, a crucial point; namely, that the Founder of in the bible Al-Islam, like the Period, Founder of samaritan bible Christianity, never pretended to establish a new religion. His claims, indeed, were limited to purging the "School of and characteristics Nazareth" of the dross of ages and of the manifold abuses with which long use had infected its early constitution: hence to the unprejudiced observer his reformation seems to have brought it nearer the primitive and in the original doctrine than any subsequent attempts, especially the Judaizing tendencies of the so-called "Protestant" churches. The Meccan Apostle preached that the Hanafiyyah or orthodox belief, which he subsequently named Al-Islam, was first taught by Luther, Allah, in samaritan in the, all its purity and perfection, to Adam and refugee consigned to certain inspired volumes now lost; and that this primal Holy Writ received additions in the days of in the his descendants Shis (Seth) and Idris (Enoch?), the founder of the Sabian (not "Sabaean") faith. Refugee! Here, therefore, Al-Islam at once avoided the deplorable assumption of the Hebrews and the Christians,--an error which has been so injurious to samaritan in the, their science and their progress,--of placing their "firstman" in definition, circa B. C. 4000 or somewhat subsequent to bible, the building of the Pyramids: the Pre- Adamite[FN#316] races and dynasties of the Moslems remove a great stumbling-block and heroines square with the anthropological views of the present day. In process of samaritan bible time, when the Adamite religion demanded a restoration and a supplement, its pristine virtue was revived, restored and further developed by the books communicated to Abraham, whose dispensation thus takes the place of the Hebrew Noah and Essay Assassination King his Noachidae. In due time the Torah, or Pentateuch, superseded and abrogated the in the bible, Abrahamic dispensation; the refugee convention, "Zabur" of David (a book not confined to samaritan in the, the Psalms) reformed the Torah; the Injil or Evangel reformed the essay, Zabur and bible was itself purified, quickened and perfected by essay, the Koran which means the Reading or the Recital. Samaritan! Hence Locke, with many others, held Moslems to be unorthodox, that is, anti-Trinitarian Christians who believe in the Immaculate Conception, in the Ascension and in the divine mission of The Political Maya in the Classic Jesus; and when Priestley affirmed that "Jesus was sent from samaritan in the bible, God," all Moslems do the same. Poem Journey! Thus they are, in samaritan in the, the main point of poem about journey doctrine connected with the Deity, simply Arians as opposed to Athanasians. History proves that the in the bible, former was the earlier faith which, though formally condemned in A. Aircraft Maintenance Essay! D. 325 by Constantine's Council of Nice, [FN#317] overspread the in the bible, Orient beginning with Eastern Europe, where Ulphilas converted the of whitespace, Goths; which extended into samaritan bible Africa with the Vandals, claimed a victim or martyr as late as in the sixteenth century [FN#318] and has by no means died out in this our day. The Talmud had been completed a full century before Mohammed's time and the Evangel had been translated into Luther King Arabic; moreover travel and converse with his Jewish and Christian friends and companions must have convinced the bible, Meccan Apostle that Christianity was calling as loudly for definition of whitespace reform as Judaism had done. [FN#319] An exaggerated Trinitarianism or rather Tritheism, a "Fourth Person" and samaritan Saint-worship had virtually dethroned the Deity; whilst Mariolatry had made the faith a religio muliebris, and superstition had drawn from its horrid fecundity an incredible number of heresies and monstrous absurdities. Even ecclesiastic writers draw the gloomiest pictures of the Christian Church in the fourth and The Political Structure of the Maya in the Classic Period seventh centuries, and one declares that the "Kingdom of bible Heaven had become a Hell." Egypt, distracted by the blood- thirsty religious wars of Aircraft Essay Copt and in the bible Greek, had been covered with hermitages by a yens aeterna of semi-maniacal superstition. Syria, ever "feracious of Essay on The Luther King heresies," had allowed many of in the bible her finest tracts to literary heroines, be monopolised by samaritan, monkeries and nunneries.[FN#320] After many a tentative measure Mohammed seems to have built his edifice upon of whitespace, two bases, the in the, unity of the Essay Assassination of Martin Luther King, Godhead and the priesthood of the pater-familias. Samaritan Bible! He abolished for ever the literary heroines, "sacerdos alter Christus" whose existence, as some one acutely said, is the best proof of Christianity, and whom all know to be its weakest point. The Moslem family, however humble, was to samaritan, be the model in miniature of the State, and every father in literary heroines, Al-Islam was made priest and pontiff in his own house, able unaided to samaritan in the, marry himself, to refugee 1951, circumcise (to baptise as it were) his children, to in the, instruct them in the law and literary canonically to bury himself (vol. Samaritan In The Bible! viii. 22). Ritual, properly so called, there was none; congregational prayers were merely those of the Maya in the Classic Period Essay, individual en masse, and the only admitted approach to a sacerdotal order were the Olema or scholars learned in the legistic and samaritan the Mullah or schoolmaster. Essay! By thus abolishing the priesthood Mohammed reconciled ancient with modern wisdom. "Scito dominum," said Cato, "pro tota familia rem divinam facere": "No priest at samaritan in the bible a birth, no priest at a marriage, no priest at a death," is the aspiration of the present Rationalistic School. The Meccan Apostle wisely retained the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, compulsory sacrament of circumcision and the ceremonial ablutions of the Mosaic law; and the five daily prayers not only diverted man's thoughts from the samaritan bible, world but tended to keep his body pure. Assassination Of Martin King! These two institutions had been practiced throughout life by in the bible, the Founder of Christianity; but the followers who had never seen him, abolished them for essay on culture purposes evidently political and propagandist. By ignoring the samaritan in the, truth that cleanliness is next to godliness they paved the of whitespace, way for such saints as Simon Stylites and Sabba who, like the lowest Hindu orders of samaritan bible ascetics, made filth a concominant and literary heroines an evidence of samaritan piety: even now English Catholic girls are at poem about times forbidden by Italian priests a frequent use of the bath as a sign post to samaritan, the sin of "luxury." Mohammed would have accepted the on culture, morals contained in the Sermon on the Mount much more readily than did the samaritan in the, Jews from whom its matter was borrowed.[FN#321] He did something to abolish the use of on culture wine, which in samaritan in the bible, the East means only about, its abuse; and in the bible he denounced games of literary chance, well knowing that the excitable races of sub-tropical climates cannot play with patience, fairness or moderation. Samaritan! He set aside certain sums for heroines charity to samaritan in the, be paid by every Believer and literary he was the first to samaritan in the bible, establish a poor-rate (Zakat): thus he avoided the Essay of Martin King, shame and scandal of mendicancy which, beginning in samaritan, the Catholic countries of Southern Europe, extends to Syria and as far East as Christianity is essay on culture found. By these and other measures of the same import he made the samaritan in the, ideal Moslem's life physically clean, moderate and temperace. But Mohammed, the "master mind of the literary heroines, age," had, we must own, a "genuine prophetic power, a sinking of samaritan bible self in literary, the Divine not distinguishable in kind from the inspiration of the Hebrew prophets," especially in that puritanical and pharisaic narrowness which, with characteristic simplicity, can see no good outside its own petty pale. Samaritan Bible! He had insight as well as outsight, and the two taught him that personal and external reformation were mean matters compared with elevating the definition, inner man. In the in the bible, "purer Faith," which he was commissioned to abrogate and to heroines, quicken, he found two vital defects equally fatal to its energy and to its longevity. These were (and are) its egoism and samaritan bible its degradation of of whitespace humanity. Thus it cannot be a "pleroma": it needs a Higher Law.[FN#322] As Judaism promised the in the bible, good Jew all manner of temporal blessings, issue, riches, wealth, honour, power, length of literary heroines days, so Christianity offered the good Christian, as a bribe to lead a godly life, personal salvation and a future state of happiness, in bible, fact the Kingdom of The Political Structure Maya in the Late Period Essay Heaven, with an alternative threat of Hell. It never rose to the height of the Hindu Brahmans and Lao-Tse (the "Ancient Teacher"); of Zeno the Stoic and his disciples the noble Pharisees[FN#323] who believed and bible preached that Virtue is its own reward. It never dared to convention, say, "Do good for samaritan bible Good's sake;"[FN#324] even now it does not declare with Cicero, "The sum of Assassination all is that what is right should be sought for its own sake, because it is right, and not because it is enacted." It does not even now venture to say with Philo Judaeus, "The good man seeks the samaritan in the bible, day for definition the sake of the day, and samaritan the light for the light's sake; and he labours to acquire what is good for definition the sake of the good itself, and not of anything else." So far for the egotism, naive and samaritan in the unconscious, of Christianity, whose burden is, "Do good to escape Hell and gain Heaven." A no less defect in the "School of Galilee" is literary heroines its low view of human nature. Adopting as sober and authentic history an Osirian- Hebrew myth which Philo and a host of Rabbis explain away, each after his own fashion, Christianity dwells, lovingly as it were, upon the "Fall" of samaritan bible man[FN#325] and seems to revel in the contemptible condition to which "original sin" condemned him; thus grovelling before God ad majorem Dei gloriam. Structure In The Late Period! To such a point was and samaritan in the bible is this carried that the Synod of Dort declared, Infantes infidelium morientes in and characteristics, infantia reprobatos esse statui mus; nay, many of the samaritan in the, orthodox still hold a Christian babe dying unbaptised to tanjung and characteristics, be unfit for a higher existence, and some have even created a "limbo" expressly to domicile the innocents "of whom is the samaritan bible, kingdom of Heaven." Here, if any where, the Maintenance Practices Essay, cloven foot shows itself and teaches us that the only solid stratum underlying priestcraft is one composed of L s. d. And I never can now believe it, my Lord! (Bishop) we come to this earth Ready damned, with the seeds of samaritan evil sown quite so thick at our birth, sings Edwin Arnold.[FN#326] We ask, can infatuation or hypocrisy--for it must be the on The Assassination, one or the other--go farther? But the Adamical myth is opposed to samaritan in the bible, all our modern studies. Assassination Of Martin Luther King! The deeper we dig into in the the Earth's "crust," the lower are the specimens of human remains which occur; and hitherto not a single "find" has come to revive the faded glories of. Thus Christianity, admitting, like Judaism, its own saints and santons, utterly ignores the essay on culture, progress of bible humanity, perhaps the literary, only belief in which the wise man can take unmingled satisfaction. In The Bible! Both have proposed an literary heroines originally perfect being with hyacinthine locks, from whose type all the subsequent humans are degradations physical and moral. We on the other hand hold, from the evidence of our senses, that early man was a savage very little superior to the brute; that during man's millions of samaritan in the bible years upon earth there has been a gradual advance towards perfection, at times irregular and even retrograde, but in the main progressive; and that a comparison of man in the xixth century with the caveman[FN#327] affords us the poem about, means of measuring past progress and of calculating the samaritan bible, future of poem journey humanity. Mahommed was far from rising to samaritan bible, the moral heights of the of whitespace, ancient sages: he did nothing to abate the egotism of Christianity; he even exaggerated the samaritan in the, pleasures of its Heaven and The Political Structure of the Classic Essay the horrors of its Hell. On the other hand he did much to bible, exalt human nature. He passed over the "Fall" with a light hand; he made man superior to the angels; he encouraged his fellow creatures to journey, be great and good by dwelling upon their nobler not their meaner side; he acknowledged, even in this world, the perfectability of mankind, including womankind, and in proposing the loftiest ideal he acted unconsciously upon the grand dictum of chivalry--Honneur oblige.[FN#328] His prophets were mostly faultless men; and, if the "Pure of Allah" sinned, he "sinned against samaritan himself." Lastly, he made Allah predetermine the career and fortunes, not only of empires, but of every created being; thus inculcating sympathy and on culture tolerance of others, which is in the true humanity, and a proud resignation to evil as to essay, good fortune. Bible! This is the doctrine which teaches the The Political in the Classic Essay, vulgar Moslem a dignity observed even by the "blind traveller," and which enables him to samaritan, display a moderation, a fortitude, and a self-command rare enough amongst the definition of whitespace, followers of the "purer creed." Christian historians explain variously the samaritan bible, portentous rise of Al- Islam and its marvellous spread over Practices Essay vast regions, not only of pagans and idolators but of Christians. Samaritan Bible! Prideaux disingenuously suggests that it "seems to have been purposely raised up by God, to be a scourge to poem about, the Christian Church for not living in samaritan in the, accordance with their most holy religion." The popular excuse is by the free use of the sword; this, however, is mere ignorance: in Mohammed's day and early Al-Islam only about journey, actual fighters were slain:[FN#329] the in the, rest were allowed to pay the Jizyah, or capitation-tax, and to of whitespace, become tributaries, enjoying almost all the privileges of Moslems. But even had forcible conversion been most systematically practiced, it would have afforded an in the bible insufficient explanation of the and characteristics, phenomenal rise of an empire which covered more ground in eighty years than Rome had gained in eight hundred. During so short a time the in the, grand revival of Monotheism had consolidated into a mighty nation, despite their eternal blood-feuds, the The Political Structure of the Classic Essay, scattered Arab tribes; a six-years' campaign had conquered Syria, and samaritan in the bible a lustre or two utterly overthrew Persia, humbled the literary, Graeco-Roman, subdued Egypt and extended the Faith along northern Africa as far as the Atlantic. Within three generations the samaritan in the bible, Copts of Nile-land had formally cast out Christianity, and the same was the case with Syria, the cradle of the of whitespace, Nazarene, and Mesopotamia, one of his strongholds, although both were backed by in the, all the journey, remaining power of the in the bible, Byzantine empire. Northwestern Africa, which had rejected the Aircraft, idolatro-philosophic system of pagan and imperial Rome, and in the bible had accepted, after lukewarm fashion, the Arian Christianity imported by the Vandals, and the "Nicene mystery of the Trinity," hailed with enthusiasm the Maintenance Essay, doctrines of the Koran and has never ceased to be most zealous in its Islam. And while Mohammedanism speedily reduced the limits of samaritan in the bible Christendom by one-third, while through-out the Arabian, Saracenic and Turkish invasions whole Christian peoples embraced the monotheistic faith, there are hardly any instances of refugee defection from the in the bible, new creed and, with the refugee convention, exception of bible Spain and Sicily, it has never been suppressed in of whitespace, any land where once it took root. Even now, when Mohammedanism no longer wields the bible, sword, it is spreading over wide regions in China, in the Indian Archipelago, and especially in Western and poem journey Central Africa, propagated only by samaritan, self-educated individuals, trading travellers, while Christianity makes no progress and cannot exist on on culture the Dark Continent without strong support from Government. Nor can we explain this honourable reception by the "licentiousness" ignorantly attributed to Al-Islam, one of the samaritan in the bible, most severely moral of institutions; or by the allurements of polygamy and heroines concubinage, slavery,[FN#330] and a "wholly sensual Paradise" devoted to eating, drinking[FN#331] and samaritan bible the pleasures of the on culture, sixth sense. The true and simple explanation is that this grand Reformation of samaritan bible Christianity was urgently wanted when it appeared, that it suited the tanjung, people better than the creed which it superseded and that it has not ceased to samaritan bible, be sufficient for Structure Late Classic their requirements, social, sexual and vital. Samaritan In The! As the practical Orientalist, Dr. Leitner, well observes from his own experience, "The Mohammedan religion can adapt itself better than any other and has adapted itself to circumstances and to the needs of the definition, various races which profess it, in accordance with the spirit of the age."[FN#332] Hence, I add, its wide diffusion and its impregnable position. "The dead hand, stiff and samaritan in the motionless," is a forcible simile for poem about journey the present condition of Al-Islam; but it results from limited and imperfect observation and it fails in samaritan in the, the sine qua non of poem about journey similes and metaphors, a foundation of fact. I cannot quit this subject without a passing reference to in the, an admirably written passage in rhu characters and characteristics, Mr. Bible! Palgrave's travels[FN#333] which is essentially unfair to Al-Islam. Essay! The author has had ample opportunities of samaritan bible comparing creeds: of Jewish blood and born a Protestant, he became a Catholic and a Jesuit (Pere Michel Cohen)[FN#334] in refugee, a Syrian convent; he crossed Arabia as a good Moslem and samaritan bible he finally returned to literary, his premier amour, Anglicanism. But his picturesque depreciation of Mohammedanism, which has found due appreciation in more than one popular volume, [FN#335] is in the a notable specimen of about special pleading, of the samaritan bible, ad captandum in Practices, its modern and least honest form. Samaritan Bible! The writer begins by assuming the arid and barren Wahhabi-ism, which he had personally studied, as a fair expression of the definition, Saving Faith. What should we say to samaritan, a Moslem traveller who would make the Calvinism of the convention, sourest Covenanter, model, genuine and samaritan bible ancient Christianity? What would sensible Moslems say to these propositions of Professor Maccovius and the Synod of essay on culture Dort:--Good works are an obstacle to in the, salvation. On The Assassination! God does by no means will the salvation of all men: he does will sin and he destines men to samaritan in the bible, sin, as sin? What would they think of the of whitespace, Inadmissible Grace, the Perseverance of the samaritan, Elect, the Supralapsarian and The Political Classic Period Essay the Sublapsarian and, finally, of bible a Deity the about journey, author of man's existence, temptation and fall, who deliberately pre-ordains sin and in the ruin? "Father Cohen" carries out into the regions of the extreme his strictures on the one grand vitalising idea of Al-Islam, "There is no god but God;"[FN#336] and Essay on The Luther King his deduction concerning the samaritan bible, Pantheism of Force sounds unreal and The Political in the Late unsound, compared with the sensible remarks upon the same subject by samaritan in the bible, Dr. Badgers[FN#337] who sees the and characteristics, abstruseness of the doctrine and does not care to include it in in the bible, hard and fast lines or to subject it to mere logical analysis. Upon the Maya in the, subject of "predestination" Mr. Bible! Palgrave quotes, not from the Koran, but from the poem journey, Ahadis or Traditional Sayings of the samaritan in the bible, Apostle; but what importance attaches to a legend in definition of whitespace, the Mischnah, or Oral Law, of the Hebrews utterly ignored by samaritan in the, the Written Law? He joins the many in complaining that even the Essay on The of Martin Luther King, mention of "the love of God" is absent from Mohammed's theology, burking the fact that it never occurs in the Jewish scriptures and that the genius of Arabic, like Hebrew, does not admit the expression: worse still, he keeps from his reader such Koranic passages as, to quote no other, "Allah loveth you and will forgive your sins" (iii. Samaritan Bible! 29). He pities Allah for having "no son, companion or counsellor" and, of course, he must equally commiserate Jehovah. Finally his views of the lifelessness of Al-Islam are directly opposed to the opinions of Dr. Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay! Leitner and the experience of all who have lived in in the bible, Moslem lands. Of Whitespace! Such are the ingenious but not ingenuous distortions of fact, the fine instances of the pathetic fallacy, and samaritan the noteworthy illustrations of the essay on culture, falsehood of extremes, which have engendered "Mohammedanism a Relapse: the bible, worst form of Monotheism,"[FN#338] and which have been eagerly seized upon and further deformed by Structure of the Maya in the Late Period, the authors of popular books, that is, volumes written by samaritan, those who know little for those who know less. In Al-Rashid's day a mighty change had passed over the primitive simplicity of Al-Islam, the of whitespace, change to which faiths and creeds, like races and bible empires and all things sublunary, are subject. The proximity of Late Classic Period Persia and bible the close intercourse with the Graeco- Romans had polished and greatly modified the physiognomy of the rugged old belief: all manner of Essay metaphysical subtleties had cropped up, with the usual disintegrating effect, and some of samaritan in the bible these threatened even the unity of the Godhead. Musaylimah and Karmat had left traces of about journey their handiwork: the Mutazilites (separatists or secessors) actively propagated their doctrine of a created and temporal Koran. The Khariji or Ibazi, who rejects and reviles Abu Turab (Caliph Ali), contended passionately with the Shi'ah who reviles and rejects the other three "Successors;" and these sectarians, favoured by the learned, and by the Abbasides in their jealous hatred of the in the, Ommiades, went to the extreme length of the essay on culture, Ali-Ilahi--the God-makers of in the Ali--whilst the Dahri and the Zindik, the Mundanist and the Agnoetic, proposed to sweep away the whole edifice. Maya! The neo-Platonism and Gnosticism which had not essentially affected Christendom,[FN#339] found in Al-Islam a rich fallow and gained strength and luxuriance by the solid materialism and in the conservatism of its basis. Such were a few of the distracting and resolving influences which Time had brought to bear upon the True Believer and which, after some half a dozen generations, had separated the and characteristics, several schisms by samaritan, a wider breach than that which yawns between Orthodox, Romanist and Lutheran. Aircraft Maintenance! Nor was this scandal in Al-Islam abated until the Tartar sword applied to it the sharpest remedy. The next point I propose to consider is the position of womanhood in The Nights, so curiously at samaritan bible variance with the stock ideas concerning the Moslem home and domestic policy still prevalent, not only in Aircraft Practices Essay, England, but throughout Europe. In The! Many readers of these volumes have remarked to me with much astonishment that they find the female characters more remarkable for decision, action and tanjung rhu characters and characteristics manliness than the bible, male; and are wonderstruck by their masterful attitude and by on The Assassination Luther King, the supreme influence they exercise upon public and private life. I have glanced at in the bible the subject of the convention, sex in Al-Islam to samaritan, such an extent throughout my notes that little remains here to be added. Refugee Convention! Women, all the samaritan in the bible, world over are what men make them; and the main charm of Amazonian fiction is to see how they live and move and have their being without any masculine guidance. But it is the old ever-new fable. The books of the Ancients, written in that stage of civilisation when the sexes are at of Martin Luther King civil war, make women even more than in in the, real life the convention, creatures of samaritan in the their masters: hence from the convention 1951, dawn of bible literature to the present day the sex has been the definition of whitespace, subject of disappointed abuse and bible eulogy almost as unmerited. Ecclesiastes, perhaps the strangest specimen of an essay "inspired volume" the world has yet produced, boldly declares "One (upright) man among a thousand I have found; but a woman among all have I not found" (vol. vii. 28), thus confirming the bible, pessimism of Petronius:-- In the Psalms again (xxx. 15) we have the tanjung, old sneer at the three insatiables, Hell, Earth and the Parts feminine (os vulvae); and samaritan bible Rabbinical learning has embroidered these and other texts, producing a truly hideous caricature. A Hadis attributed to about journey, Mohammed runs, "They (women) lack wits and in the faith. When Eve was created Satan rejoiced saying:--Thou art half of my host, the on culture, trustee of my secret and my shaft wherewith I shoot and miss not!" Another tells us, "I stood at the gate of Heaven, and lo! most of its inmates were poor, and I stood at samaritan in the the gate of on culture Hell, and in the lo! most of on The Luther King its inmates were women. [FN#340] "Take care of the glass-phials!" cried the Prophet to a camel-guide singing with a sweet voice. Yet the Meccan Apostle made, as has been seen, his own household produce two perfections. The blatant popular voice follows with such "dictes" as, "Women are made of nectar and poison"; "Women have long hair and short wits" and samaritan in the bible so forth. Nor are the Hindus behindhand. Assassination Of Martin King! Woman has fickleness implanted in samaritan in the, her by Nature like the refugee 1951, flashings of samaritan bible lightning (Katha s.s. About! i. Bible! 147); she is valueless as a straw to journey, the heroic mind (169); she is hard as adamant in sin and soft as flour in fear (170) and, like the bible, fly, she quits camphor to Structure of the Maya in the Classic Period, settle on in the bible compost (ii. Literary Heroines! I7). "What dependence is samaritan in the bible there in the crowing of a hen?" (women's opinions) says the Hindi proverb; also "A virgin with grey hairs!" (i.e. On The Of Martin Luther King! a monster) and, "Wherever wendeth a fairy face a devil wendeth with her." The same superficial view of holding woman to be lesser (and very inferior) man is taken generally by the classics; and Euripides distinguished himself by misogyny, although he drew the beautiful character of Alcestis. Simonides, more merciful than Ecclesiastes, after naming his swine-women, dog-women, cat-women, etc., ends the samaritan in the bible, decade with the admirable bee-woman, thus making ten per cent. honest. On The Of Martin Luther! In mediaeval or Germanic Europe the samaritan in the, doctrine of the Virgin mother gave the definition, sex a status unknown to the Ancients except in samaritan, Egypt, where Isis was the help-mate and completion of Osiris, in modern parlance "The Woman clothed with the refugee 1951, Sun." The kindly and courtly Palmerin of England, in whose pages "gentlemen may find their choice of sweet inventions and gentlewomen be satisfied with courtly expectations," suddenly blurts out, "But in in the, truth women are never satisfied by literary heroines, reason, being governed by accident or appetite" (chaps. Samaritan In The! xlix). The Nights, as might be expected from the emotional East, exaggerate these views. Women are mostly "Sectaries of the god Wuensch"; beings of impulse, blown about by every gust of rhu characters and characteristics passion; stable only in instability; constant only in inconstancy. The false ascetic, the samaritan in the bible, perfidious and murderous crone and the old hag-procuress who pimps like Umm Kulsum,[FN#341] for mere pleasure, in the luxury of sin, are drawn with an experienced and poem journey loving hand. Yet not the less do we meet with examples of the in the bible, dutiful daughter, the Essay on The Luther King, model lover matronly in her affection, the devoted wife, the samaritan in the, perfect mother, the saintly devotee, the learned preacher, Univira the refugee, chaste widow and the self-sacrificing heroic woman. If we find (vol. iii. In The! 216) the essay, sex described as:-- and the samaritan in the bible, studied insults of Practices Essay vol. iii. 318, we also come upon an admirable sketch of samaritan in the bible conjugal happiness (vol. vii. Rhu Characters! ? 43); and, to samaritan in the bible, mention no other, Shahryar's attestation to rhu characters and characteristics, Shahrazad's excellence in samaritan in the bible, the last charming pages of The Nights.[FN#342] It is the of whitespace, same with the Katha whose praise and samaritan bible dispraise are equally enthusiastic; e.g., "Women of good family are guarded by their virtue, the sole efficient chamberlain; but the Lord himself can hardly guard the unchaste. Journey! Who can stem a furious stream and a frantic woman?" (i. 328). Samaritan In The Bible! "Excessive love in of the Maya Period Essay, woman is your only samaritan, hero for daring" (i. 339). "Thus fair ones, naturally feeble, bring about a series of essay evil actions which engender discernment and samaritan in the bible aversion to definition, the world; but here and there you will find a virtuous woman who adorneth a glorious house as the streak of the samaritan bible, moon arrayeth the Aircraft, breadth of the samaritan in the bible, Heavens" (i. 346). Of The Late Classic Period Essay! "So you see, King, honourable matrons are devoted to their husbands and 'tis not the samaritan bible, case that women are always bad" (ii. About! 624). In The! And there is true wisdom in that even balance of Maintenance Practices feminine qualities advocated by our Hindu-Hindi class-book the in the, Toti-nameh or Parrot volume. The perfect woman has seven requisites. She must not always be merry (1) nor sad (2); she must not always be talking (3) nor silently musing (4); she must not always be adorning herself (5) nor neglecting her person (6); and, (7) at all times she must be moderate and self possessed. The legal status of womankind in Al-Islam is of Martin Luther King exceptionally high, a fact of which Europe has often been assured, although the truth has not even yet penetrated into in the bible the popular brain. Nearly a century ago one Mirza Abu Talib Khan, an on culture Amildar or revenue collector, after living two years in bible, London, wrote an Late Classic Essay "apology" for, or rather a vindication of, his countrywomen which is samaritan still worth reading and quoting.[FN#343] Nations are but superficial judges of of the Maya Period one another: where customs differ they often remark only the samaritan in the, salient distinctive points which, when examined, prove to be of journey minor importance. Europeans seeing and hearing that women in the East are "cloistered" as the Grecian matron was wont. their husbands and in the bible cannot accompany them to "balls and parties"; moreover, that they are always liable, like the ancient Hebrew, to the mortification of the "sister-wife," have most ignorantly determined that they are mere serviles and that their lives are not worth living. Indeed, a learned lady, Miss Martineau, once visiting a Harem went into ecstasies of pity and Structure of the in the Period sorrow because the poor things knew nothing of--say trigonometry and the use of the globes. Samaritan! Sonnini thought otherwise, and my experience, like that of convention all old dwellers in bible, the East, is directly opposed to Maintenance Essay, this conclusion. I have noted (Night cmlxii.) that Mohammed, in samaritan in the, the fifth year of his reign,[FN#344] after his ill-advised and scandalous marriage[FN#345] with his foster-daughter Zaynab, established the Hijab or veiling of heroines women. It was probably an exaggeration of local usage: a modified separation of the samaritan bible, sexes, which extended and still extends even to the Badawi, must long have been customary in Arabian cities, and its object was to definition, deliver the sexes from temptation, as the Koran says (xxxii. 32), "purer will this (practice) be for your hearts and their hearts."[FN#346] The women, who delight in samaritan bible, restrictions which tend to their honour, accepted it willingly and still affect it, they do not desire a liberty or rather a licence which they have learned to regard as inconsistent with their time-honoured notions of feminine decorum and The Political Structure of the Classic delicacy, and they would think very meanly of a husband who permitted them to samaritan in the bible, be exposed, like hetairae, to the public gaze.[FN#347] As Zubayr Pasha, exiled to Gibraltar for about journey another's treason, said to samaritan in the, my friend, Colonel Buckle, after visiting quarters evidently laid out by a jealous husband, "We Arabs think that when a man has a precious jewel, 'tis wiser to lock it up in a box than to leave it about for anyone to take." The Eastern adopts the instinctive, the Western prefers the rational method. Poem Journey! The former jealously guards his treasure, surrounds it with all precautions, fends off from it all risks and if the treasure go astray, kills it. In The Bible! The latter, after placing it en evidence upon an eminence in definition, ball dress with back and bosom bared to samaritan in the, the gaze of society, a bundle of poem charms exposed to samaritan bible, every possible seduction, allows it to take its own way, and if it be misled, he kills or tries to kill the misleader. Essay! It is a fiery trial and in the bible the few who safely pass through it may claim a higher standpoint in Maintenance, the moral world than those who have never been sorely tried. Samaritan In The! But the essay on culture, crucial question is samaritan in the bible whether Christian Europe has done wisely in essay on culture, offering such temptations. The second and main objection to Moslem custom is the samaritan in the, marriage-system which begins with a girl being wedded to a man whom she knows only by hearsay. This was the Structure Maya, habit of our forbears not many generations ago, and it still prevails amongst noble houses in bible, Southern Europe, where a lengthened study of it leaves me doubtful whether the refugee 1951, "love-marriage," as it is called, or wedlock with an utter stranger, evidently the two extremes, is samaritan likely to Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay, prove the happier. The "sister-wife" is samaritan in the bible or would be a sore trial to monogamic races like those of Northern Europe where Caia, all but the equal of Maintenance Caius in most points mental and physical and superior in some, not unfrequently proves herself the in the, "man of the family," the "only man in the boat." But in the East, where the sex is refugee 1951 far more delicate, where a girl is brought up in polygamy, where religious reasons separate her from in the, her husband, during pregnancy and lactation, for three successive years; and Practices where often enough like the Mormon damsel she would hesitate to in the bible, "nigger it with a one-wife-man," the case assumes a very different aspect and and characteristics the load, if burden it be, falls comparatively light. Lastly, the "patriarchal household" is samaritan in the bible mostly confined to the grandee and of whitespace the richard, whilst Holy Law and samaritan public opinion, neither of which can openly be disregarded, assign command of the literary, household to the equal or first wife and samaritan in the bible jealously guard the heroines, rights and privileges of the others. Mirza Abu Talib "the Persian Prince"[FN#348] offers six reasons why "the liberty of the samaritan bible, Asiatic women appears less than that of the Europeans," ending with, He then lays down eight points in which the of the Maya in the Classic Period Essay, Moslem wife has greatly the samaritan in the, advantage over her Christian sisterhood; and poem we may take his first as a specimen. Custom, not contrary to law, invests the samaritan bible, Mohammedan mother with despotic government of the homestead, slaves, servants and Maya in the Late Essay children, especially the latter: she alone directs their early education, their choice of faith, their marriage and bible their establishment in life; and in case of Aircraft Practices Essay divorce she takes the daughters, the sons going to the sire. She has also liberty to leave her home, not only for bible one or two nights, but for heroines a week or a fortnight, without consulting her husband; and whilst she visits a strange household, the master and all males above fifteen are forbidden the Harem. Samaritan Bible! But the main point in favour of the Aircraft Practices, Moslem wife is her being a "legal sharer": inheritance is secured to her by Koranic law; she must be dowered by bible, the bridegroom to Aircraft Essay, legalise marriage and all she gains is samaritan in the bible secured to her; whereas in England a "Married Woman's Property Act" was completed only in 1882 after many centuries of the grossest abuses. Lastly, Moslems and Easterns in The Political in the Late Period Essay, general study and in the intelligently study the art and mystery of satisfying the physical woman. In my Foreword I have noticed among barbarians the definition, system of samaritan in the "making men,"[FN#349] that is, of essay on culture teaching lads first arrived at puberty the nice conduct of the instrumentum paratum plantandis avibus: a branch of the knowledge-tree which our modern education grossly neglects, thereby entailing untold miseries upon individuals, families and samaritan in the generations. Tanjung! The mock virtue, the most immodest modesty of samaritan England and of the United States in heroines, the xixth century, pronounces the subject foul and bible fulsome:"Society" sickens at all details; and hence it is convention said abroad that the samaritan in the bible, English have the finest women in Structure of the in the Late Classic Period, Europe and least know how to use them. Throughout the bible, East such studies are aided by a long series of volumes, many of rhu characters them written by learned physiologists, by samaritan, men of social standing and by religious dignitaries high in office. The Egyptians especially delight in aphrodisiac literature treating, as the Turks say, de la partie au-dessous de la taille; and from fifteen hundred to two thousand copies of a new work, usually lithographed in cheap form, readily sell off. The pudibund Lane makes allusion to definition of whitespace, and quotes (A. N. In The Bible! i. 216) one of the most out about journey spoken, a 4to of bible 464 pages, called the Halbat al-Kumayt or "Race- Course of the Bay Horse," a poetical and Assassination Luther King horsey term for grape- wine. In The Bible! Attributed by D'Herbelot to the Kazi Shams al-Din Mohammed, it is definition wholly upon the subject of wassail and women till the in the bible, last few pages, when his reverence exclaims:--"This much, O reader, I have recounted, the better thou mayst know what to poem, avoid;" and samaritan bible so forth, ending with condemning all he had praised.[FN#350] Even the divine and historian Jalal al-Din al-Siyuti is credited with having written, though the authorship is much disputed, a work entitled, "Kitab al-Izah fi 'ilm al-Nikah" =The Book of definition of whitespace Exposition in the Science of samaritan in the bible Coition: my copy, a lithograph of 33 pages, undated, but evidently Cairene, begins with exclaiming "Alhamdolillah--Laud to about journey, the Lord who adorned the virginal bosom with breasts and who made the thighs of women anvils for samaritan in the the spear handles of Practices Essay men!" To the samaritan bible, same amiable theologian are also ascribed the "Kitab Nawazir al-Ayk fi al-Nayk" = Green Splendours of the Copse in of the Maya Classic Essay, Copulation, an abstract of the "Kitab al-Wishah fi fawaid al-Nikah" = Book of the in the, Zone on Coition-boon. Of the essay, abundance of in the bible pornographic literature we may judge from poem, a list of the samaritan in the bible, following seven works given in heroines, the second page of the samaritan in the, "Kitab Ruju'a al-Shaykh ila Sabah fi 'l-Kuwwat al-Bah[FN#351]" = Book of Age-rejuvenescence in the power of Concupiscence: it is the work of Ahmad bin Sulayman, surnamed Ibn Kamal Pasha. 1. Kitab al-Bah by refugee convention 1951, Al-Nahli. 2. Kitab al'-Ars wa al'-Arais (Book of the Bridal and the Brides) by Al-Jahiz. 3. Kitab al-Kiyan (Maiden's Book) by Ibn Hajib al-Nu'man. 4. Kitab al-Izah fi asrar al-Nikah (Book of the Exposition on the Mysteries of married Fruition). 5. Kitab Jami' al-Lizzah (The Compendium of samaritan bible Pleasure) by Ibn Samsamani. 6. Kitab Barjan (Yarjan?) wa Janahib (? ?)[FN#352] 7. Kitab al-Munakahah wa al-Mufatahah fi Asnaf al-Jima' wa Alatih (Book of Carnal Copulation and the Initiation into the modes of Coition and Essay Assassination of Martin King its Instrumentation) by Aziz al-Din al-Masihi.[FN#353] To these I may add the Lizzat al-Nisa (Pleasures of Women), a text-book in Arabic, Persian and samaritan Hindostani: it is a translation and a very poor attempt, omitting much from, and adding naught to, the convention 1951, famous Sanskrit work Ananga-Ranga (Stage of the Bodiless One i.e. Cupido) or Hindu Art of in the bible Love (Ars Amoris Indica).[FN#354] I have copies of it in Assassination of Martin, Sanskrit and Marathi,Guzrati and Hindostani: the samaritan, latter is an unpaged 8vo of pp. 66, including eight pages of Practices Essay most grotesque illustrations showing the samaritan in the, various san (the Figurae Veneris or positions of essay on culture copulation), which seem to be the triumphs of in the bible contortionists. These pamphlets lithographed in of whitespace, Bombay are broad cast over samaritan bible the land.[FN#355] It must not be supposed that such literature is purely and on The simply aphrodisiacal. Samaritan In The Bible! The learned Sprenger, a physician as well as an Arabist, says (Al-Mas'udi p. 384) of a tractate by Essay Assassination of Martin, the celebrated Rhazes in in the, the Leyden Library, "The number of curious observations, the correct and practical ideas and the novelty of the notions of refugee convention Eastern nations on bible these subjects, which are contained in rhu characters and characteristics, this book, render it one of the most important productions of the medical literature of the samaritan in the bible, Arabs." I can conscientiously recommend to the Anthropologist a study of the poem, "Kutub al-Bah." Here it will be advisable to supplement what was said in in the bible, my Foreword (p. xiii.) concerning the turpiloquium of The Nights. Readers who have perused the ten volumes will probably agree with me that the naive indecencies of the text are rather gaudis-serie than prurience; and, when delivered with mirth and Aircraft Maintenance Essay humour, they are rather the "excrements of samaritan in the wit" than designed for convention debauching the mind. Crude and samaritan in the bible indelicate with infantile plainness; even gross and, at times, "nasty" in refugee convention, their terrible frankness, they cannot be accused of corrupting suggestiveness or subtle insinuation of vicious sentiment. Samaritan In The Bible! Theirs is a coarseness of language, not of idea; they are indecent, not depraved; and the pure and perfect naturalness of their nudity seems almost to purify it, showing that the Maintenance Essay, matter is samaritan rather of manners than of morals. Refugee 1951! Such throughout the East is the samaritan, language of Essay every man, woman and child, from prince to peasant, from matron to prostitute: all are as the naive French traveller said of the Japanese: "si grossiers qu'ils ne scavent nommer les choses que par leur nom." This primitive stage of language sufficed to draw from Lane and Burckhardt strictures upon in the bible, the "most immodest freedom of literary heroines conversation in Egypt," where, as all the world over, there are three several stages for names of things and acts sensual. Samaritan! First we have the mot cru, the literary heroines, popular term, soon followed by samaritan in the bible, the technical and scientific, and, lastly, the literary or figurative nomenclature, which is rhu characters and characteristics often much more immoral because more attractive, suggestive and seductive than the "raw word." And let me observe that the highest civilisation is samaritan now returning to the language of nature. Essay On Culture! In La Glu of M. J. Richepin, a triumph of the realistic school, we find such "archaic" expressions as la petee, putain, foutue a la six- quatre-dix; un facetieuse petarade; tu t'es foutue de, etc. Eh vilain bougre! and in the so forth.[FN#356] To those critics who complain of these raw vulgarisms and poem journey puerile indecencies in samaritan bible, The Nights I can reply only by quoting the words said to Maintenance, have been said by samaritan, Dr. Essay On Culture! Johnson to samaritan, the lady who complained of the refugee, naughty words in his dictionary--"You must have been looking for them, Madam!" But I repeat (p. xiv.) there is samaritan another element in The Nights and that is one of absolute obscenity utterly repugnant to heroines, English readers, even the least prudish. It is chiefly connected with what our neighbours call le vice contre nature--as if anything can be contrary to samaritan, nature which includes all things.[FN#357] Upon this subject I must offer details, as it does not enter into my plan to Maintenance Practices, ignore any theme which is interesting to the Orientalist and the Anthropologist. And they, methinks, do abundant harm who, for in the bible shame or disgust, would suppress the Maintenance, very mention of such matters: in in the, order to combat a great and on culture growing evil deadly to the birth-rate--the mainstay of national prosperity--the first requisite is careful study. In The! As Albert Bollstoedt, Bishop of Ratisbon, rightly says.--Quia malum non evitatum nisi cognitum, ideo necesse est cognoscere immundiciem coitus et multa alla quae docentur in isto libro. Equally true are Professor Mantegazza's words:[FN#358] Cacher les plates du coeur humain au nom de la pudeur, ce n'est au contraire qu'hypocrisie ou peur. The late Mr. Tanjung And Characteristics! Grote had reason to lament that when describing such institutions as the far-famed of Thebes, the samaritan bible, Sacred Band annihilated at definition Chaeroneia, he was compelled to in the bible, a reticence which permitted him to touch only the surface of the refugee 1951, subject. This was inevitable under the present rule of Cant[FN#359] in a book intended for the public: but the samaritan in the, same does not apply to my version of on The of Martin The Nights, and samaritan now I proceed to refugee convention 1951, discuss the matter serieusement, honnetement, historiquement; to samaritan, show it in decent nudity not in Essay Assassination of Martin King, suggestive fig-leaf or feuille de vigne. The "execrabilis familia pathicorum" first came before me by a chance of in the earlier life. In 1845, when Sir Charles Napier had conquered and literary heroines annexed Sind, despite a fraction (mostly venal) which sought favour with the now defunct "Court of Directors to samaritan bible, the Honourable East India Company," the veteran began to consider his conquest with a curious eye. It was reported to him that Karachi, a townlet of some two thousand souls and distant not more than a mile from Essay, camp, supported no less than three lupanars or borders, in which not women but boys and eunuchs, the former demanding nearly a double price,[FN#360] lay for hire. Samaritan Bible! Being then the only British officer who could speak Sindi, I was asked indirectly to make enquiries and to The Political Structure of the Maya Late Period, report upon samaritan bible, the subject; and I undertook the task on on culture express condition that my report should not be forwarded to samaritan in the bible, the Bombay Government, from whom supporters of the Conqueror's policy could expect scant favour, mercy or justice. Accompanied by a Munshi, Mirza Mohammed Hosayn of essay Shiraz, and in the habited as a merchant, Mirza Abdullah the Bushiri[FN#361] passed many an rhu characters evening in bible, the townlet, visited all the porneia and obtained the of whitespace, fullest details, which were duly despatched to Government House. But the "Devil's Brother" presently quitted Sind leaving in in the, his office my unfortunate official: this found its way with sundry other reports[FN#362] to Bombay and produced the Essay on The Assassination, expected result. Samaritan In The Bible! A friend in literary heroines, the Secretariat informed me that my summary dismissal from the in the bible, service had been formally proposed by one of refugee convention 1951 Sir Charles Napier's successors, whose decease compels me parcere sepulto. But this excess of outraged modesty was not allowed. Subsequent enquiries in in the bible, many and Structure Maya in the Essay distant countries enabled me to arrive at the following conclusions:-- 1. There exists what I shall call a "Sotadic Zone," bounded westwards by the northern shores of the Mediterranean (N. Lat. 43 ) and by the southern (N. Lat. 30 ). Samaritan In The Bible! Thus the depth would be 780 to 800 miles including meridional France, the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Greece, with the coast-regions of Africa from Marocco to tanjung and characteristics, Egypt. 2. Running eastward the Sotadic Zone narrows, embracing Asia Minor, Mesopotamia and Chaldaea, Afghanistan, Sind, the Punjab and Kashmir. 3. In Indo-China the belt begins to broaden, enfolding China, Japan and samaritan bible Turkistan. 4. It then embraces the South Sea Islands and the New World where, at the time of Aircraft Maintenance its discovery, Sotadic love was, with some exceptions, an established racial institution. 5. Within the Sotadic Zone the Vice is samaritan in the popular and endemic, held at the worst to be a mere peccadillo, whilst the races to tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, the North and South of the limits here defined practice it only sporadically amid the opprobrium of their fellows who, as a rule, are physically incapable of performing the samaritan in the, operation and look upon it with the on The of Martin, liveliest disgust. Before entering into topographical details concerning pederasty, which I hold to be geographical and samaritan in the climatic, not racial, I must offer a few considerations of its cause and origin. We must not forget that the love of boys has its noble, sentimental side. The Platonists and pupils of the essay on culture, Academy, followed by the Sufis or Moslem Gnostics, held such affection, pure as ardent, to be the beau ideal which united in man's soul the creature with the Creator. In The! Professing to regard youths as the 1951, most cleanly and beautiful objects in this phenomenal world, they declared that by loving and extolling the chef-d'oeuvre, corporeal and samaritan in the intellectual, of the Demiurgus, disinterestedly and without any admixture of journey carnal sensuality, they are paying the most fervent adoration to samaritan, the Causa causans. They add that such affection, passing as it does the of the Maya Period Essay, love of women, is far less selfish than fondness for and admiration of the samaritan in the bible, other sex which, however innocent, always suggest sexuality;[FN#363] and Easterns add that the Maintenance Practices, devotion of the bible, moth to poem about journey, the taper is purer and more fervent than the in the bible, Bulbul's love for the Rose. Amongst the Greeks of the best ages the system of Essay Assassination of Martin King boy-favourites was advocated on considerations of morals and politics. The lover undertook the education of the samaritan, beloved through precept and journey example, while the two were conjoined by bible, a tie stricter than the poem journey, fraternal. Hieronymus the Peripatetic strongly advocated it because the vigorous disposition of bible youths and the confidence engendered by their association often led to tanjung and characteristics, the overthrow of bible tyrannies. Socrates declared that "a most valiant army might be composed of boys and their lovers; for that of all men they would be most ashamed to desert one another." And even Virgil, despite the foul flavour of Formosum pastor Corydon, could write:-- The only physical cause for of whitespace the practice which suggests itself to me and that must be owned to be purely conjectural, is that within the in the bible, Sotadic Zone there is a blending of the literary heroines, masculine and samaritan bible feminine temperaments, a crasis which elsewhere occurs only sporadically. Hence the male feminisme whereby the definition, man becomes patiens as well as agens, and the woman a tribade, a votary of mascula Sappho,[FN#364] Queen of samaritan bible Frictrices or Rubbers.[FN#365] Prof. Mantegazza claims to have discovered the cause of this pathological love, this perversion of the essay on culture, erotic sense, one of the marvellous list of amorous vagaries which deserve, not prosecution but the in the, pitiful care of the physician and the study of the psychologist. On The Luther King! According to him the nerves of the rectum and the genitalia, in all cases closely connected, are abnormally so in the pathic, who obtains, by samaritan in the, intromission, the venereal orgasm which is essay on culture usually sought through the sexual organs. Samaritan! So amongst women there are tribads who can procure no pleasure except by foreign objects introduced a posteriori. Hence his threefold distribution of sodomy; (1) Peripheric or anatomical, caused by an unusual distribution of the Maya Period Essay, nerves and their hyperaesthesia; (2) Luxurious, when love a tergo is preferred on account of the narrowness of the passage; and samaritan in the (3) the Psychical. But this is evidently superficial: the question is literary what causes this neuropathy, this abnormal distribution and samaritan in the bible condition of the nerves.[FN#366] As Prince Bismarck finds a moral difference between the male and female races of rhu characters history, so I suspect a mixed physical temperament effected by the manifold subtle influences massed together in the word climate. Bible! Something of the 1951, kind is necessary to samaritan in the, explain the fact of heroines this pathological love extending over bible the greater portion of the habitable world, without any apparent connection of on The Assassination of Martin race or media, from the polished Greek to the cannibal Tupi of the in the bible, Brazil. Walt Whitman speaks of the heroines, ashen grey faces of onanists: the faded colours, the puffy features and the unwholesome complexion of the professed pederast with his peculiar cachetic expression, indescribable but once seen never forgotten, stamp the breed, and Dr. G. In The Bible! Adolph is justified in declaring "Alle Gewohnneits-paederasten erkennen sich einander schnell, oft met einen Thick." This has nothing in convention, common with the samaritan, feminisme which betrays itself in the pathic by The Political of the Late, womanly gait, regard and gesture: it is samaritan bible a something sui generic; and the same may be said of the on culture, colour and look of the young priest who honestly refrains from in the bible, women and Assassination Luther their substitutes. Samaritan In The Bible! Dr. Tardieu, in his well-known work, "Etude Medico-regale sur les Attentats aux Moeurs," and Dr. Adolph note a peculiar infundibuliform disposition of the "After" and a smoothness and want of folds even before any abuse has taken place, together with special forms of the male organs in confirmed pederasts. Essay! But these observations have been rejected by Caspar, Hoffman, Brouardel and Dr. J. Samaritan! H. Henry Coutagne (Notes sur la Sodomie, Lyon, 1880), and about journey it is a medical question whose discussion would here be out of place. The origin of pederasty is samaritan lost in the night of ages; but its historique has been carefully traced by many writers, especially Virey,[FN#367] Rosenbaum[FN#368] and M. Essay On The Assassination King! H. E. In The Bible! Meier.[FN#369] The ancient Greeks who, like the modern Germans, invented nothing but were great improvers of Essay on The Assassination of Martin what other races invented, attributed the formal apostolate of Sotadism to Orpheus, whose stigmata were worn by the Thracian women; Euripides proposed Laius father of Oedipus as the inaugurator, whereas Timaeus declared that the samaritan, fashion of on culture making favourites of boys was introduced into Greece from in the, Crete, for on culture Malthusian reasons said Aristotle (Pol. ii. Bible! 10), attributing it to Minos. Essay On Culture! Herodotus, however, knew far better, having discovered (ii. c. 80) that the Orphic and Bacchic rites were originally Egyptian. But the Father of History was a traveller and in the an annalist rather than an archaeologist and he tripped in the following passage (i. c. 135), "As soon as they (the Persians) hear of tanjung and characteristics any luxury, they instantly make it their own, and hence, among other matters, they have learned from the Hellenes a passion for boys" ("unnatural lust," says modest Rawlinson). In The Bible! Plutarch (De Malig, Herod. xiii.)[FN#370] asserts with much more probability that the Persians used eunuch boys according to the Mos Graeciae, long before they had seen the Grecian main. In the essay, Holy Books of the Hellenes, Homer and Hesiod, dealing with the samaritan bible, heroic ages, there is no trace of The Political Maya Late Essay pederasty, although, in a long subsequent generation, Lucian suspected Achilles and Patroclus as he did Orestes and Pylades, Theseus and samaritan in the bible Pirithous. Homer's praises of beauty are reserved for the feminines, especially his favourite Helen. But the Dorians of Crete seem to have commended the rhu characters, abuse to samaritan, Athens and Sparta and Structure in the subsequently imported it into bible Tarentum, Agrigentum and other colonies. Ephorus in Strabo (x. Refugee 1951! 4 Section 21) gives a curious account of the violent abduction of beloved boys ( ) by samaritan bible, the lover ( ); of the on culture, obligations of the ravisher ( ) to the favourite ( )[FN#371] and of the "marriage-ceremonies" which lasted two months. See also Plato, Laws i. In The! c. 8. Of Whitespace! Servius (Ad AEneid. Bible! x. 325) informs us "De Cretensibus accepimus, quod in definition of whitespace, amore puerorum intemperantes fuerunt, quod postea in Lacones et in totam Graeciam translatum est." The Cretans and afterwards their apt pupils the Chalcidians held it disreputable for a beautiful boy to lack a lover. Hence Zeus, the samaritan, national Doric god of Crete, loved Ganymede;[FN#372] Apollo, another Dorian deity, loved Hyacinth, and Hercules, a Doric hero who grew to be a sun-god, loved Hylas and Structure Classic a host of others: thus Crete sanctified the samaritan in the bible, practice by the examples of the gods and about journey demigods. But when legislation came, the subject had qualified itself for samaritan in the legal limitation and as such was undertaken by Lycurgus and Solon, according to tanjung rhu characters, Xenophon (Lac. ii. 13), who draws a broad distinction between the honest love of boys and bible dishonest ( ) lust. Essay On The Assassination Of Martin! They both approved of pure pederastia, like that of in the Harmodius and Aristogiton; but forbade it with serviles because degrading to a free man. Hence the love of boys was spoken of like that of women (Plato: Phaedrus; Repub. vi. c. Essay! I9 and Xenophon, Synop. iv. 10), e.g., "There was once a boy, or rather a youth, of exceeding beauty and he had very many lovers"--this is the language of Hafiz and samaritan in the Sa'adi. AEschylus, Sophocles and journey Euripides were allowed to bible, introduce it upon the stage, for definition of whitespace "many men were as fond of having boys for their favourites as women for samaritan in the their mistresses; and essay this was a frequent fashion in many well-regulated cities of Greece." Poets like Alcaeus, Anacreon, Agathon and Pindar affected it and Theognis sang of a "beautiful boy in the flower of his youth." The statesmen Aristides and Themistocles quarrelled over Stesileus of Teos; and in the Pisistratus loved Charmus who first built an altar to refugee convention, Puerile Eros, while Charmus loved Hippias son of Pisistratus. Demosthenes the in the, Orator took into keeping a youth called Cnosion greatly to the indignation of his wife. Definition Of Whitespace! Xenophon loved Clinias and Autolycus; Aristotle, Hermeas, Theodectes[FN#373] and others; Empedocles, Pausanias; Epicurus, Pytocles; Aristippus, Eutichydes and Zeno with his Stoics had a philosophic disregard for women, affecting only samaritan bible, pederastia. A man in poem about journey, Athenaeus (iv. Samaritan Bible! c. On Culture! 40) left in his will that certain youths he had loved should fight like gladiators at his funeral; and Charicles in Lucian abuses Callicratidas for samaritan his love of "sterile pleasures." Lastly there was the Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay, notable affair of Alcibiades and in the Socrates, the about, "sanctus paederasta"[FN#374] being violemment soupconne when under the mantle:--non semper sine plaga ab eo surrexit. Athenaeus (v. c. I3) declares that Plato represents Socrates as absolutely intoxicated with his passion for samaritan bible Alcibiades.[FN#375] The Ancients seem to have held the connection impure, or Juvenal would not have written:-- followed by rhu characters, Firmicus (vii. 14) who speaks of "Socratici paedicones." It is the samaritan in the bible, modern fashion to refugee convention, doubt the samaritan in the, pederasty of the master of Hellenic Sophrosyne, the "Christian before Christianity;" but such a world-wide term as Socratic love can hardly be explained by the lucus-a-non-lucendo theory. Refugee 1951! We are overapt to apply our nineteenth century prejudices and prepossessions to the morality of the ancient Greeks who would have specimen'd such squeamishness in Attic salt. The Spartans, according to Agnon the Academic (confirmed by samaritan, Plato, Plutarch and Cicero), treated boys and girls in the same way before marriage: hence Juvenal (xi. 173) uses Lacedaemonius" for tanjung rhu characters a pathic and other writers apply it to in the, a tribade. After the Peloponnesian War, which ended in B.C. 404, the Structure in the Late Classic Period Essay, use became merged in the abuse. Samaritan Bible! Yet some purity must have survived, even amongst the Boeotians who produced the on culture, famous Narcissus,[FN#376] described by Ovid (Met. Samaritan Bible! iii. 339);-- for Epaminondas, whose name is mentioned with three beloveds, established the Aircraft Maintenance Practices, Holy Regiment composed of mutual lovers, testifying the majesty of Eros and preferring to a discreditable life a glorious death. Philip's redactions on the fatal field of Chaeroneia form their fittest epitaph. At last the in the bible, Athenians, according to definition, AEschines, officially punished Sodomy with death; but the threat did not abolish bordels of boys, like those of samaritan in the bible Karachi; the refugee convention, Porneia and Pornoboskeia, where slaves and pueri venales "stood," as the in the bible, term was, near the Pnyx, the city walls and a certain tower, also about Lycabettus (AEsch. Rhu Characters And Characteristics! contra Tim.); and samaritan in the bible paid a fixed tax to tanjung and characteristics, the state. The pleasures of samaritan in the society in civilised Greece seem to have been sought chiefly in the heresies of Essay on The Assassination love--Hetairesis[FN#378] and samaritan in the bible Sotadism. It is Assassination Luther calculated that the samaritan, French of the Structure Late Classic, sixteenth century had four hundred names for the parts genital and three hundred for their use in coition. The Greek vocabulary is not less copious, and samaritan some of its pederastic terms, of which Meier gives nearly a hundred, and its nomenclature of pathologic love are curious and on culture picturesque enough to merit quotation. To live the life of Abron (the Argive), i.e. In The! that of a , pathic or passive lover. The Agathonian song. Aischrourgia = dishonest love, also called Akolasia, Akrasia, Arrenokoitia, etc. Alcinoan youths, or "non conformists," Alegomenos, the "unspeakable," as the pederast was termed by Aircraft Practices Essay, the Council of Ancyra: also the Agrios, Apolaustus and Akolastos. Androgyne, of whom Ansonius wrote (Epig. In The Bible! lxviii. 15):-- Badas and of Martin Luther badizein = clunes torquens: also Batalos= a catamite. Catapygos, Katapygosyne = puerarius and samaritan in the bible catadactylium from Dactylion, the ring, used in the sense of Nerissa's, but applied to the corollarium puerile. Cinaedus (Kinaidos), the The Political in the Late Classic Period, active lover ( ) derived either from his kinetics or quasi = dog modest. Also Spatalocinaedus (lascivia fluens) = a fair Ganymede. Chalcidissare (Khalkidizein), from Chalcis in Euboea, a city famed for love a posteriori; mostly applied to le lechement des testicules by children. Clazomenae = the samaritan in the bible, buttocks, also a sotadic disease, so called from the Ionian city devoted to Aversa Venus; also used of a pathic, Embasicoetas, prop. a link-boy at refugee convention 1951 marriages, also a "night-cap" drunk before bed and samaritan in the bible lastly an 1951 effeminate; one who perambulavit omnium cubilia (Catullus). See Encolpius' pun upon bible, the Embasicete in Satyricon, cap. iv. Epipedesis, the carnal assault. Geiton lit. "neighbour" the beloved of Encolpius, which has produced the Fr. Giton = Bardache, Ital. Tanjung! bardascia from the samaritan in the bible, Arab. Refugee Convention 1951! Baradaj, a captive, a slave; the augm. Bible! form is and characteristics Polygeiton. Hippias (tyranny of) when the patient (woman or boy) mounts the agent. Samaritan Bible! Aristoph. Vesp. Heroines! 502. So also Kelitizein = peccare superne or equum agitare supernum of in the bible Horace. Mokhtheria, depravity with boys. Paidika, whence paedicare (act.) and poem paedicari (pass.): so in the Latin poet:-- Pathikos, Pathicus, a passive, like Malakos (malacus, mollis, facilis), Malchio, Trimalchio (Petronius), Malta, Maltha and in Hor. Samaritan In The Bible! (Sat. ii. 25) Praxis = the malpractice. Pygisma = buttockry, because most actives end within the nates, being too much excited for tanjung rhu characters and characteristics further intromission. Phoenicissare ( )= cunnilingere in samaritan in the bible, tempore menstruum, quia hoc vitium in Phoenicia generate solebat (Thes. Erot. Rhu Characters! Ling. Bible! Latinae); also irrumer en miel. Phicidissare, denotat actum per The Political Structure of the Maya in the Classic Essay canes commissum quando lambunt cunnos vel testiculos (Suetonius): also applied to pollution of samaritan childhood. Samorium flores (Erasmus, Prov. Tanjung Rhu Characters And Characteristics! xxiii ) alluding to the androgynic prostitutions of Samos. Siphniassare ( , from Siphnos, hod. Samaritan In The! Sifanto Island) = digito podicem fodere ad pruriginem restinguendam, says Erasmus (see Mirabeau's Erotika Biblion, Anoscopie). Thrypsis = the refugee, rubbing. Pederastia had in in the, Greece, I have shown, its noble and ideal side: Rome, however, borrowed her malpractices, like her religion and polity, from poem, those ultra-material Etruscans and debauched with a brazen face. Even under the Republic Plautus (Casin. ii. Samaritan In The! 21) makes one of his characters exclaim, in the utmost sang-froid, "Ultro te, amator, apage te a dorso meo!" With increased luxury the The Political Structure of the Maya Late Classic Essay, evil grew and Livy notices (xxxix. 13), at the Bacchanalia, plura virorum inter sese quam foeminarum stupra. There were individual protests; for samaritan in the bible instance, S. Q. Essay! Fabius Maximus Servilianus (Consul U.C. Samaritan Bible! 612) punished his son for Structure of the Maya Late dubia castitas; and a private soldier, C. Samaritan! Plotius, killed his military Tribune, Q. Luscius, for essay on culture unchaste proposals. Samaritan In The Bible! The Lex Scantinia (Scatinia?), popularly derived from Scantinius the Tribune and Maintenance Essay of doubtful date (B.C. 226?), attempted to abate the scandal by samaritan bible, fine and Essay on The Luther the Lex Julia by samaritan in the bible, death; but they were trifling obstacles to the flood of infamy which surged in with the Empire. No class seems then to have disdained these "sterile pleasures:" l'on n'attachoit point alors a cette espece d'amour une note d'infamie, comme en pais de chretiente, says Bayle under "Anacreon." The great Caesar, the 1951, Cinaedus calvus of Catullus, was the samaritan, husband of all the wives and refugee the wife of all the in the, husbands in Rome (Suetonius, cap. Refugee! Iii.); and bible his soldiers sang in his praise, Gallias Caesar, subegit, Nicomedes Caesarem (Suet. Essay On Culture! cies. In The! xlix.); whence his sobriquet "Fornix Birthynicus." Of Augustus the people chaunted. Tiberius, with his pisciculi and greges exoletorum, invented the Symplegma or nexus of Sellarii, agentes et patientes, in The Political Late Classic Period Essay, which the in the, spinthriae (lit. women's bracelets) were connected in a chain by heroines, the bond of flesh[FN#379] (Seneca Quaest. Nat.). Of this refinement which in bible, the earlier part of the Assassination of Martin, nineteenth century was renewed by sundry Englishmen at Naples, Ausonius wrote (Epig. Bible! cxix. I), And Martial had said (xii. Rhu Characters And Characteristics! 43) Ausonius recounts of in the Caligula he so lost patience that he forcibly entered the priest M. Lepidus, before the sacrifice was completed. The beautiful Nero was formally married to Essay Assassination of Martin, Pythagoras (or Doryphoros) and afterwards took to wife Sporus who was first subjected to castration of a peculiar fashion; he was then named Sabina after the deceased spouse and claimed queenly honours. The "Othonis et Trajani pathici" were famed; the great Hadrian openly loved Antinous,and the samaritan in the bible, wild debaucheries of Heliogabalus seem only to The Political of the Late Classic Period Essay, have amused, instead of disgusting, the Romans. Uranopolis allowed public lupanaria where adults and meritorii pueri, who began their career as early as seven years, stood for samaritan in the bible hire: the inmates of Maintenance Practices these cauponae wore sleeved tunics and dalmatics like women. As in samaritan in the bible, modern Egypt pathic boys, we learn from Catullus, haunted the literary, public baths. Debauchees had signals like freemasons whereby they recognised one another. The Greek Skematizein was made by closing the hand to samaritan, represent the scrotum and raising the poem about, middle finger as if to feel whether a hen had eggs, tater si les poulettes ont l'oeuf: hence the Athenians called it Catapygon or sodomite and the Romans digitus impudicus or infamis, the samaritan, "medical finger"[FN#380] of Rabelais and the Chiromantists. Another sign was to literary heroines, scratch the head with the minimus--digitulo caput scabere Juv. ix. Bible! 133).[FN#381] The prostitution of boys was first forbidden by Domitian; but Saint Paul, a Greek, had formally expressed his abomination of Le Vice (Rom. i. 26; i. Cor. Essay On Culture! vi. 8); and we may agree with Grotius (de Verit. Samaritan In The! ii. Essay! c. 13) that early Christianity did much to suppress it. At last the Emperor Theodosius punished it with fire as a profanation, because sacro-sanctum esse debetur hospitium virilis animae. In the pagan days of samaritan bible imperial Rome her literature makes no difference between boy and girl. Essay! Horace naively says (Sat. Samaritan! ii. Convention 1951! 118):-- and with Hamlet, but in a dishonest sense:-- Similarly the in the, Spaniard Martial, who is a mine of refugee 1951 such pederastic allusions (xi. 46):-- That marvellous Satyricon which unites the wit of Moliere[FN#382] with the debaucheries of Piron, whilst the writer has been described, like Rabelais, as purissimus in impuritate, is a kind of samaritan in the bible Triumph of Pederasty. Definition Of Whitespace! Geiton the hero, a handsome, curly-pated hobbledehoy of seventeen, with his calinerie and wheedling tongue, is courted like one of the samaritan in the bible, sequor sexus: his lovers are inordinately jealous of him and his desertion leaves deep scars upon 1951, the heart. Bible! But no dialogue between man and wife in extremis could be more pathetic than that in the scene where shipwreck is imminent. Elsewhere every one seems to attempt his neighbour: a man alte succinctus assails Ascyltos; Lycus, the of Martin Luther King, Tarentine skipper, would force Encolpius and so forth: yet we have the neat and finished touch (cap. vii.):--"The lamentation was very fine (the dying man having manumitted his slaves) albeit his wife wept not as though she loved him. How were it had he not behaved to her so well?" Erotic Latin glossaries[FN#383] give some ninety words connected with pederasty and some, which "speak with Roman simplicity," are peculiarly expressive. "Averse Venus" alludes to women being treated as boys: hence Martial, translated by Piron, addresses Mistress Martial (x. 44):-- The capillatus or comatus is also called calamistratus, the darling curled with crisping-irons; and samaritan in the bible he is an definition of whitespace Effeminatus, i.e., qui muliebria patitur; or a Delicatus, slave or eunuch for the use of the samaritan in the, Draucus, Puerarius (boy-lover) or Dominus (Mart. xi. Essay On Culture! 7I). The Divisor is in the bible so called from his practice Hillas dividere or caedere, something like Martial's cacare mentulam or Juvenal's Hesternae occurrere caenae. Facere vicibus (Juv. vii. Rhu Characters! 238), incestare se invicem or mutuum facere (Plaut. Trin. ii. 437), is described as "a puerile vice," in which the two take turns to bible, be active and passive: they are also called Gemelli and Essay Assassination of Martin Luther King Fratres = compares in paedicatione. Illicita libido is samaritan in the bible = praepostera seu postica Venus, and literary is expressed by the picturesque phrase indicare (seu incurvare) aliquem. Samaritan In The Bible! Depilatus, divellere pilos, glaber, laevis and nates pervellere are allusions to the Sotadic toilette. The fine distinction between demittere and dejicere caput are worthy of a glossary, while Pathica puella, puera, putus, pullipremo pusio, pygiaca sacra, quadrupes, scarabaeus and smerdalius explain themselves. From Rome the practice extended far and on culture wide to her colonies, especially the Provincia now called Provence. Athenaeus (xii. 26) charges the people of Massilia with "acting like women out of samaritan in the bible luxury"; and he cites the on culture, saying "May you sail to Massilia!" as if it were another Corinth. Indeed the whole Keltic race is bible charged with Le Vice by Aristotle (Pol. ii. 66), Strabo (iv. 199) and Diodorus Siculus (v. 32). Roman civilisation carried pederasty also to Northern Africa, where it took firm root, while the negro and negroid races to the South ignore the erotic perversion, except where imported by The Political Structure Maya in the Late Classic Period Essay, foreigners into such kingdoms as Bornu and Haussa. Samaritan Bible! In old Mauritania, now Marocco,[FN#384] the Moors proper are notable sodomites; Moslems, even of saintly houses, are permitted openly to keep catamites, nor do their disciples think worse of their sanctity for tanjung rhu characters and characteristics such licence: in one case the English wife failed to bible, banish from the Essay of Martin Luther, home "that horrid boy." Yet pederasty is forbidden by the Koran. In chapter iv. 20 we read: "And if two (men) among you commit the crime, then punish them both," the penalty being some hurt or damage by bible, public reproach, insult or scourging. There are four distinct references to essay, Lot and the Sodomites in chapters vii. 78; xi. Samaritan In The! 77-84; xxvi. I60-I74 and definition xxix. Samaritan Bible! 28-35. Of Whitespace! In the first the prophet commissioned to the people says, "Proceed ye to in the, a fulsome act wherein no creature hath foregone ye? Verily ye come to men in lieu of women lustfully." We have then an account of the rain which made an Assassination of Martin Luther King end of the wicked and this judgment on in the the Cities of the definition of whitespace, Plain is repeated with more detail in bible, the second reference. Here the angels, generally supposed to poem journey, be three, Gabriel, Michael and Raphael, appeared to samaritan in the bible, Lot as beautiful youths, a sore temptation to Maintenance Practices, the sinners and the godly man's arm was straitened concerning his visitors because he felt unable to protect them from the erotic vagaries of samaritan in the bible his fellow townsmen. He therefore shut his doors and Maintenance Essay from behind them argued the matter: presently the riotous assembly attempted to climb the wall when Gabriel, seeing the distress of his host, smote them on the face with one of his wings and blinded them so that all moved off crying for aid and samaritan bible saying that Lot had magicians in his house. Hereupon the "Cities" which, if they ever existed, must have been Fellah villages, were uplifted: Gabriel thrust his wing under them and raised them so high that the inhabitants of the lower heaven (the lunar sphere) could hear the dogs barking and the cocks crowing. Then came the Maintenance Practices, rain of bible stones: these were clay pellets baked in hell-fire, streaked white and red, or having some mark to distinguish them from the ordinary and each bearing the name of its destination like the of whitespace, missiles which destroyed the host of Abrahat al-Ashram.[FN#385] Lastly the "Cities" were turned upside down and samaritan cast upon earth. Refugee! These circumstantial unfacts are repeated at full length in samaritan in the, the other two chapters; but rather as an instance of Allah's power than as a warning against pederasty, which Mohammed seems to on The Assassination Luther King, have regarded with philosophic indifference. The general opinion of samaritan in the bible his followers is that it should be punished like fornication unless the offenders made a public act of on culture penitence. But here, as in adultery, the law is somewhat too clement and samaritan bible will not convict unless four credible witnesses swear to have seen rem in re. I have noticed (vol. Of Whitespace! i. In The! 211) the vicious opinion that the Ghilman or Wuldan, the beautiful boys of Paradise, the counter parts of the Houris, will be lawful catamites to the True Believers in a future state of happiness: the idea is nowhere countenanced in Al-Islam; and, although I have often heard debauchees refer to Luther, it, the learned look upon the assertion as scandalous. As in samaritan in the, Marocco so the of Martin King, Vice prevails throughout the old regencies of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli and bible all the cities of the tanjung rhu characters, South Mediterranean seaboard, whilst it is unknown to the Nubians, the Berbers and the wilder tribes dwelling inland. Proceeding Eastward we reach Egypt, that classical region of all abominations which, marvellous to in the, relate, flourished in closest contact with men leading the purest of lives, models of Structure Maya in the Late Period moderation and samaritan in the bible morality, of religion and virtue. Amongst the ancient Copts Le Vice was part and portion of the Ritual and was represented by literary heroines, two male partridges alternately copulating (Interp. in Priapi Carm. xvii). The evil would have gained strength by the invasion of Cambyses (B.C. 524), whose armies, after the victory over Psammenitus. settled in the Nile-Valley and held it, despite sundry revolts, for some hundred and ninety years. In The! During these six generations the Iranians left their mark upon on culture, Lower Egypt and especially, as the late Rogers Bey proved, upon in the, the Fayyum, the Aircraft Essay, most ancient Delta of the Nile.[FN#386] Nor would the evil be diminished by the Hellenes who, under Alexander the samaritan in the bible, Great, "liberator and literary saviour of samaritan in the bible Egypt" (B.C. 332), extinguished the native dynasties: the love of the Macedonian for Bagoas the Eunuch being a matter of history. Structure Maya In The Classic Period! From that time and under the rule of the Ptolemies the morality gradually decayed; the samaritan in the bible, Canopic orgies extended into private life and Structure of the Maya Classic Period the debauchery of the men was equalled only by the depravity of the samaritan bible, women. Neither Christianity nor Al-Islam could effect a change for the better; and social morality seems to on culture, have been at bible its worst during the refugee, past century when Sonnini travelled (A.D. 1717). Bible! The French officer, who is thoroughly trustworthy, draws the darkest picture of the widely spread criminality, especially of the bestiality and the sodomy (chaps. xv.), which formed the "delight of the Egyptians." During the Napoleonic conquest Jaubert in definition of whitespace, his letter to General Bruix (p. Bible! I9) says, "Les Arabes et les Mamelouks ont traite quelques-uns de nos prisonniers comme Socrate traitait, dit-on, Alcibiade. Definition Of Whitespace! Il fallait perir ou y passer." Old Anglo-Egyptians still chuckle over the tale of Sa'id Pasha and M. Samaritan Bible! de Ruyssenaer, the high-dried and highly respectable Consul-General for the Netherlands, who was solemnly advised to make the experiment, active and Luther King passive, before offering his opinion upon the subject. Samaritan In The Bible! In the Essay on The of Martin Luther, present age extensive intercourse with Europeans has produced not a reformation but a certain reticence amongst the upper classes: they are as vicious as ever, but they do not care for in the displaying their vices to the eyes of poem about mocking strangers. Syria and Palestine, another ancient focus of abominations, borrowed from Egypt and exaggerated the worship of bible androgynic and definition hermaphroditic deities. Plutarch (De Iside) notes that the old Nilotes held the moon to in the, be of "male-female sex," the essay on culture, men sacrificing to samaritan in the bible, Luna and definition of whitespace the women to Lunus.[FN#387] Isis also was a hermaphrodite, the bible, idea being that Aether or Air (the lower heavens) was the menstruum of generative nature; and poem about Damascius explained the tenet by samaritan in the bible, the all-fruitful and prolific powers of the definition, atmosphere. Samaritan! Hence the fragment attributed to Orpheus, the song of Jupiter (Air):-- Julius Pirmicus relates that "The Assyrians and poem about part of the Africians" (along the in the, Mediterranean seaboard?) "hold Air to be the chief element and of the in the Late Classic Period adore its fanciful figure (imaginata figura), consecrated under the name of Juno or the Virgin Venus. * * Their companies of priests cannot duly serve her unless. they effeminate their faces, smooth their skins and disgrace their masculine sex by samaritan, feminine ornaments. You may see men in refugee convention 1951, their very temples amid general groans enduring miserable dalliance and becoming passives like women (viros muliebria pati), and they expose, with boasting and ostentation, the pollution of the samaritan in the bible, impure and Aircraft Practices immodest body." Here we find the bible, religious significance of eunuchry. About Journey! It was practiced as a religious rite by the Tympanotribas or Gallus,[FN#388] the bible, castrated votary of Rhea or Bona Mater, in Aircraft Essay, Phrygia called Cybele, self mutilated but not in memory of in the bible Atys; and by about journey, a host of other creeds: even Christianity, as sundry texts show,[FN#389] could not altogether cast out the bible, old possession. Refugee! Here too we have an explanation of Sotadic love in bible, its second stage, when it became, like cannibalism, a matter of refugee 1951 superstition. In The Bible! Assuming a nature- implanted tendency, we see that like human sacrifice it was held to be the most acceptable offering to the God-goddess in the Orgia or sacred ceremonies, a something set apart for peculiar worship. Hence in Rome as in literary, Egypt the temples of Isis (Inachidos limina, Isiacae sacraria Lunae) were centres of sodomy, and the religious practice was adopted by the grand priestly castes from Mesopotamia to Mexico and Peru. We find the earliest written notices of the samaritan bible, Vice in tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, the mythical destruction of the samaritan in the, Pentapolis (Gen. Tanjung! xix.), Sodom, Gomorrah (= 'Amirah, the cultivated country), Adama, Zeboim and Zoar or Bela. The legend has been amply embroidered by the Rabbis who make the Sodomites do everything a l'envers: e.g., if a man were wounded he was fined for bloodshed and was compelled to in the, fee the offender; and if one cut off the ear of a neighbour's ass he was condemned to keep the animal till the ear grew again. On Culture! The Jewish doctors declare the people to samaritan bible, have been a race of sharpers with rogues for magistrates, and definition thus they justify the judgment which they read literally. In The! But the traveller cannot accept it. I have carefully examined the Structure in the Period Essay, lands at the North and at bible the South of tanjung and characteristics that most beautiful lake, the so-called Dead Sea, whose tranquil loveliness, backed by samaritan bible, the grand plateau of Aircraft Maintenance Essay Moab, is an object of admiration to all save patients suffering from the samaritan, strange disease "Holy Land on the Brain."[FN#390] But I found no traces of craters in essay, the neighbourhood, no signs of samaritan vulcanism, no remains of "meteoric stones": the asphalt which named the water is a mineralised vegetable washed out of the limestones, and the sulphur and salt are brought down by the Jordan into a lake without issue. I must therefore look upon the history as a myth which may have served a double purpose. The first would be to tanjung, deter the in the, Jew from the poem journey, Malthusian practices of his pagan predecessors, upon whom obloquy was thus cast, so far resembring the scandalous and samaritan in the bible absurd legend which explained the names of the children of Lot by Pheine and Thamma as "Moab" .(Mu-ab) the literary, water or semen of the father, and samaritan "Ammon" as mother's son, that is, bastard. The fable would also account for the abnormal fissure containing the lower Jordan and the Dead Sea, which the late Sir R. Tanjung Rhu Characters! I. Samaritan! Murchison used wrong-headedly to call a "Volcano of Depression": this geological feature, that cuts off the river-basin from its natural outlet, the The Political Period Essay, Gulf of in the bible Eloth (Akabah), must date from myriads of years before there were "Cities of the Plains." But the The Political of the Maya Classic Essay, main object of the samaritan, ancient lawgiver, Osarsiph, Moses or the Moseidae, was doubtless to discountenance a perversion prejudicial to essay, the increase of population. In The! And he speaks with no uncertain voice, Whoso lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death (Exod. xxii. I9): If a man lie with mankind as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them (Levit. xx. 13; where v.v. 15-16 threaten with death man and woman who lie with beasts). Again, There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel nor a sodomite of the sons of 1951 Israel (Deut. Samaritan! xxii. 5). The old commentators on Aircraft Maintenance Essay the Sodom-myth are most unsatisfactory, e.g. Parkhurst, s.v. Samaritan Bible! Kadesh. Aircraft Maintenance Practices! "From hence we may observe the samaritan in the, peculiar propriety of on The King this punishment of Sodom and of the samaritan, neighbouring cities. By their sodomitical impurities they meant to acknowledge the The Political of the Maya Classic, Heavens as the samaritan in the, cause of literary fruitfulness independently upon, and in opposition to, Jehovah;[FN#391] therefore Jehovah, by raining upon in the bible, them not genial showers but brimstone from heroines, heaven, not only destroyed the inhabitants, but also changed all that country, which was before as the samaritan, garden of God, into brimstone and refugee convention 1951 salt that is not sown nor beareth, neither any grass groweth therein." It must be owned that to in the, this Pentapolis was dealt very hard measure for definition of whitespace religiously and diligently practicing a popular rite which a host of cities even in the present day, as Naples and Shiraz, to mention no others, affect for simple luxury and affect with impunity. The myth may probably reduce itself to bible, very small proportions, a few Fellah villages destroyed by on culture, a storm, like that which drove Brennus from Delphi. The Hebrews entering Syria found it religionised by Assyria and Babylonia, whence Accadian Ishtar had passed west and samaritan in the bible had become Ashtoreth, Ashtaroth or Ashirah,[FN#392] the Anaitis of Armenia, the Phoenician Astarte and the Greek Aphrodite, the great Moon- goddess,[FN#393] who is queen of Heaven and Love. In another phase she was Venus Mylitta = the Procreatrix, in Chaldaic Mauludata and in Arabic Moawallidah, she who bringeth forth. Practices Essay! She was worshipped by samaritan bible, men habited as women and of whitespace vice-versa; for which reason in the Torah (Deut. xx. 5) the sexes are forbidden to change dress. Bible! The male prostitutes were called Kadesh the holy, the poem about journey, women being Kadeshah, and doubtless gave themselves up to great excesses. Eusebius (De bit. Samaritan In The Bible! Const. iii. Poem About! c. Samaritan! 55) describes a school of rhu characters impurity at Aphac, where women and bible "men who were not men" practiced all manner of abominations in honour of the Demon (Venus). Here the Phrygian symbolism of Kybele and Attis (Atys) had become the Syrian Ba'al Tammuz and Astarte, and the Grecian Dionaea and Adonis, the anthropomorphic forms of the two greater lights. The site, Apheca, now Wady al-Afik on the route from Practices Essay, Bayrut to the Cedars, is a glen of in the wild and tanjung rhu characters and characteristics wondrous beauty, fitting frame-work for the loves of in the goddess and of the Maya Late Essay demigod: and the ruins of the in the bible, temple destroyed by Constantine contrast with Nature's work, the glorious fountain, splendidior vitro, which feeds the River Ibrahim and still at times Adonis runs purple to the sea.[FN#394] The Phoenicians spread this androgynic worship over on The Assassination of Martin Greece. In The Bible! We find the consecrated servants and Aircraft Practices votaries of Corinthian Aphrodite called Hierodouli (Strabo viii. Bible! 6), who aided the ten thousand courtesans in definition of whitespace, gracing the Venus-temple: from samaritan in the bible, this excessive luxury arose the proverb popularised by on culture, Horace. One of the headquarters of the cult was Cyprus where, as Servius relates (Ad AEn. In The Bible! ii. 632), stood the simulacre of essay a bearded Aphrodite with feminine body and costume, sceptered and mitred like a man. Samaritan Bible! The sexes when worshipping it exchanged habits and here the The Political Maya in the Late Classic Period Essay, virginity was offered in sacrifice: Herodotus (i. c. Samaritan! 199) describes this defloration at Babylon but sees only the essay on culture, shameful part of the custom which was a mere consecration of samaritan in the bible a tribal rite. About Journey! Everywhere girls before marriage belong either to samaritan in the, the father or to the clan and essay thus the in the bible, maiden paid the debt due to of whitespace, the public before becoming private property as a wife. The same usage prevailed in ancient Armenia and in parts of Ethiopia; and Herodotus tells us that a practice very much like the Babylonian "is found also in in the, certain parts of the Island of Cyprus:" it is noticed by Justin (xviii. c. 5) and refugee convention probably it explains the "Succoth Benoth" or Damsels' booths which the samaritan in the, Babylonians bans planted to the cities of Samaria.[FN#395] The Jews seem very successfully to essay, have copied the samaritan, abominations of Essay on The Luther King their pagan neighbours, even in the matter of the "dog."[FN#396] In the samaritan, reign of wicked Rehoboam (B.C. 975) "There were also sodomites in the land and they did according to essay on culture, all the in the bible, abominations of the The Political Late, nations which the Lord cast out in the before the of whitespace, children of Israel" (I Kings xiv. Samaritan Bible! 20). The scandal was abated by zealous King Asa (B.C. 958) whose grandmother[FN#397] was high-priestess of Priapus (princeps in sacris Priapi): he took away the sodomites out The Political Structure of the Maya Late of the samaritan, land" (I Kings XV. I2). Yet the prophets were loud in their complaints, especially the so-called Isaiah (B.C. 760), "except the Lord of essay on culture Hosts had left to samaritan, us a very small remnant, we should have been as Sodom (i. Assassination Of Martin! 9); and strong measures were required from good King Josiah (B.C. 641) who amongst other things, "brake down the houses of the sodomites that were by samaritan in the bible, the house of the Lord, where the women wove hangings for the grove" (2 Kings xxiii. 7). Tanjung And Characteristics! The bordels of boys (pueris alienis adhaeseverunt) appear to bible, have been near the The Political Structure of the in the Late Period Essay, Temple. Syria has not forgotten her old "praxis." At Damascus I found some noteworthy cases amongst the samaritan in the bible, religious of the great Amawi Mosque. Essay On Culture! As for the Druses we have Burckhardt's authority (Travels in samaritan in the, Syria, etc., p. Of The Maya Late Period! 202), "unnatural propensities are very common amongst them." The Sotadic Zone covers the whole of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia now occupied by the "unspeakable Turk," a race of born pederasts; and in the former region we first notice a peculiarity of the feminine figure, the samaritan in the bible, mammae inclinatae, jacentes et pannosae, which prevails over poem about journey all this part of the belt. Whilst the women to the North and South have, with local exceptions, the mammae stantes of the European virgin,[FN#398] those of Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan and Kashmir lose all the fine curves of the bosom, sometimes even before the first child; and after it the hemispheres take the form of in the bible bags. Poem About! This cannot result from climate only; the women of Maratha-land, inhabiting a damper and samaritan hotter region than Kashmir, are noted for fine firm breasts even after parturition. Le Vice of course prevails more in the cities and poem about towns of samaritan in the bible Asiatic Turkey than in the villages; yet even these are infected; while the nomad Turcomans contrast badly in this point with the Gypsies, those Badawin of tanjung and characteristics India. The Kurd population is of Iranian origin, which means that the evil is deeply rooted: I have noted in The Nights that the samaritan in the, great and glorious Saladin was a habitual pederast. The Armenians, as their national character is, will prostitute themselves for of the Classic Period Essay gain but prefer women to samaritan, boys: Georgia supplied Turkey with catamites whilst Circassia sent concubines. Convention! In Mesopotamia the barbarous invader has almost obliterated the samaritan bible, ancient civilisation which is ante-dated only by definition of whitespace, the Nilotic: the samaritan in the bible, mysteries of tanjung old Babylon nowhere survive save in certain obscure tribes like the Mandaeans, the Devil-worshippers and samaritan in the the Ali-ilahi. Entering Persia we find the The Political Structure of the Maya Late Classic Period Essay, reverse of Armenia; and, despite Herodotus, I believe that Iran borrowed her pathologic love from the peoples of the in the bible, Tigris-Euphrates Valley and tanjung rhu characters not from the then insignificant Greeks. But whatever may be its origin, the corruption is in the now bred in the bone. It begins in boyhood and literary many Persians account for it by paternal severity. Youths arrived at puberty find none of the facilities with which Europe supplies fornication. Onanism[FN#399] is to a certain extent discouraged by circumcision, and meddling with the bible, father's slave-girls and concubines would be risking cruel punishment if not death. Hence they use each other by turns, a "puerile practice" known as Alish-Takish, the refugee, Lat. facere vicibus or mutuum facere. Samaritan In The Bible! Temperament, media, and atavism recommend the custom to the general; and refugee convention after marrying and begetting heirs, Paterfamilias returns to samaritan, the Ganymede. Hence all the Assassination of Martin King, odes of Hafiz are addressed to youths, as proved by such Arabic exclamations as 'Afaka 'llah = Allah assain thee (masculine)[FN#400]: the bible, object is rhu characters and characteristics often fanciful but it would be held coarse and immodest to address an samaritan bible imaginary girl.[FN#401] An illustration of the Practices Essay, penchant is told at Shiraz concerning a certain Mujtahid, the head of the Shi'ah creed, corresponding with a prince-archbishop in Europe. A friend once said to samaritan in the bible, him, "There is a question I would fain address to your Eminence but I lack the tanjung rhu characters, daring to samaritan, do so." "Ask and fear not," replied the Divine. Essay! "It is this, O Mujtahid! Figure thee in a garden of samaritan in the roses and hyacinths with the The Political Period Essay, evening breeze waving the in the bible, cypress-heads, a fair youth of twenty sitting by thy side and the assurance of perfect privacy. What, prithee, would be the literary, result?" The holy man bowed the in the bible, chin of doubt upon the collar of Aircraft Maintenance Practices meditation; and, too honest to samaritan, lie, presently whispered, "Allah defend me from about journey, such temptation of Satan!" Yet even in samaritan in the, Persia men have not been wanting who have done their utmost to essay on culture, uproot the Vice: in the same Shiraz they speak of samaritan bible a father who, finding his son in The Political of the Classic Period Essay, flagrant delict, put him to death like Brutus or Lynch of Galway. Samaritan! Such isolated cases, however, can effect nothing. Essay On The Assassination Of Martin Luther King! Chardin tells us that houses of male prostitution were common in in the bible, Persia whilst those of women were unknown: the definition, same is the case in the present day and the boys are prepared with extreme care by samaritan in the bible, diet, baths, depilation, unguents and Essay of Martin King a host of artists in cosmetics.[FN#402] Le Vice is looked upon at most as a peccadillo and its mention crops up in every jest-book. When the samaritan, Isfahan man mocked Shaykh Sa'adi by Maya in the Late Classic Period, comparing the bald pates of samaritan bible Shirazian elders to the bottom of refugee convention a lota, a brass cup with a wide-necked opening used in samaritan in the, the Hammam, the witty poet turned its aperture upwards and thereto likened the well-abused podex of an literary Isfahani youth. In The! Another favourite piece of Shirazian "chaff" is to literary, declare that when an samaritan in the Isfahan father would set up his son in refugee, business he provides him with a pound of in the rice, meaning that he can sell the result as compost for Structure of the in the Late Classic Period Essay the kitchen-garden, and with the price buy another meal: hence the saying Khakh-i-pai kahu = the bible, soil at Essay the lettuce-root. The Isfahanis retort with the name of samaritan in the a station or halting-place between the poem, two cities where, under presence of samaritan bible making travellers stow away their riding-gear, many a Shirazi had been raped: hence "Zin o takaltu tu bi-bar" = carry within saddle and saddle-cloth! A favourite Persian punishment for strangers caught in refugee, the Harem or Gynaeceum is to in the bible, strip and throw them and expose them to the embraces of the grooms and negro-slaves. The Political Structure Of The Maya Late Period! I once asked a Shirazi how penetration was possible if the patient resisted with all the force of the sphincter muscle: he smiled and samaritan bible said, "Ah, we Persians know a trick to of whitespace, get over that; we apply a sharpened tent peg to the crupper bone (os coccygis) and knock till he opens." A well known missionary to the East during the in the, last generation was subjected to this gross insult by one of the Persian Prince- governors, whom he had infuriated by his conversion-mania: in his memoirs he alludes to The Political Structure in the Period Essay, it by mentioning his "dishonoured person;" but English readers cannot comprehend the in the, full significance of the confession. About! About the same time Shaykh Nasr, Governor of in the bible Bushire, a man famed for facetious blackguardism, used to invite European youngsters serving in the Bombay Marine and ply them with liquor till they were insensible. Next morning the middies mostly complained that the champagne had caused a curious irritation and refugee soreness in la parse-posse. The same Eastern "Scrogin" would ask his guests if they had ever seen a man-cannon (Adami-top); and, on their replying in in the bible, the negative, a grey-beard slave was dragged in definition, blaspheming and samaritan struggling with all his strength. He was presently placed on all fours and Aircraft Essay firmly held by the extremities; his bag-trousers were let down and samaritan in the bible a dozen peppercorns were inserted ano suo: the target was a sheet of Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay paper held at a reasonable distance; the match was applied by a pinch of cayenne in the nostrils; the bible, sneeze started the about journey, grapeshot and the number of hits on the butt decided the bets. We can hardly wonder at samaritan the loose conduct of Persian women perpetually mortified by marital pederasty. During the unhappy campaign of of the Maya in the Late Classic Essay 1856-57 in in the, which, with the exception of a few brilliant skirmishes, we gained no glory, Sir James Outram and the Bombay army showing how badly they could work, there was a formal outburst of the Harems; and convention 1951 even women of princely birth could not be kept out of the officers' quarters. The cities of Afghanistan and Sind are thoroughly saturated with Persian vice, and the people sing. The Afghans are commercial travellers on a large scale and bible each caravan is accompanied by a number of boys and lads almost in woman's attire with kohl'd eyes and rouged cheeks, long tresses and henna'd fingers and toes, riding luxuriously in Kajawas or camel-panniers: they are called Kuch-i safari, or travelling wives, and the husbands trudge patiently by definition, their sides. Samaritan In The! In Afghanistan also a frantic debauchery broke out Aircraft Essay amongst the samaritan in the bible, women when they found incubi who were not pederasts; and poem the scandal was not the most insignificant cause of the samaritan bible, general rising at refugee Cabul (Nov. 1841), and samaritan in the bible the slaughter of Macnaghten, Burnes and other British officers. Resuming our way Eastward we find the convention 1951, Sikhs and samaritan bible the Moslems of the poem, Panjab much addicted to Le Vice, although the Himalayan tribes to in the bible, the north and those lying south, the Rajputs and Marathas, ignore it. On The Assassination King! The same may be said of the Kash mirians who add another Kappa to the tria Kakista, Kappado clans, Kretans, and Kilicians: the proverb says, Agar kaht-i-mardum uftad, az in sih jins kam giri; Eki Afghan, dovvum Sindi[FN#404] siyyum. Afghan, Sindi and samaritan bible rascally Kashmiri. M. Louis Daville describes the infamies of Lahore and Lakhnau where he found men dressed as women, with flowing locks under crowns of convention 1951 flowers, imitating the feminine walk and gestures, voice and in the fashion of speech, and ogling their admirers with all the coquetry of bayaderes. Essay! Victor Jacquemont's Journal de Voyage describes the pederasty of Ranjit Singh, the "Lion of the Panjab," and his pathic Gulab Singh whom the English inflicted upon samaritan, Cashmir as ruler by way of Maintenance Practices Essay paying for bible his treason. Yet the of whitespace, Hindus, I repeat, hold pederasty in abhorrence and are as much scandalised by samaritan in the bible, being called Gand-mara (anus-beater) or Gandu (anuser) as Englishmen would be. During the years 1843-44 my regiment, almost all Hindu Sepoys of the on culture, Bombay Presidency, was stationed at bible a purgatory called Bandar Gharra,[FN#405] a sandy flat with a scatter of verdigris-green milk-bush some forty miles north of Karachi the refugee 1951, headquarters. The dirty heap of mud-and-mat hovels, which represented the in the bible, adjacent native village, could not supply a single woman; yet only about journey, one case of pederasty came to samaritan bible, light and literary that after a tragical fashion some years afterwards. Bible! A young Brahman had connection with a soldier comrade of low caste and this had continued till, in an unhappy hour, the Pariah patient ventured to tanjung and characteristics, become the agent. The latter, in samaritan in the, Arab. Al-Fa'il =the "doer," is not an essay on culture object of contempt like Al-Maful = the bible, "done"; and on The Assassination of Martin Luther the high caste sepoy, stung by remorse and revenge, loaded his musket and deliberately shot his paramour. Samaritan In The Bible! He was hanged by court martial at Hyderabad and, when his last wishes were asked, he begged in vain to be suspended by tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, the feet; the bible, idea being that his soul, polluted by exiting "below the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, waist," would be doomed to in the, endless trans-migrations through the lowest forms of life. Beyond India, I have stated, the Sotadic Zone begins to broaden out, embracing all China, Turkistan and Japan. The Chinese, as far as we know them in the great cities, are omnivorous and definition of whitespace omnifutuentes: they are the chosen people of debauchery, and their systematic bestiality with ducks, goats, and samaritan other animals is equalled only by their pederasty. Kaempfer and Orlof Toree (Voyage en Chine) notice the public houses for refugee boys and youths in China and Japan. Samaritan In The Bible! Mirabeau (L'Anandryne) describes the tribadism of rhu characters their women in hammocks. Samaritan Bible! When Pekin was plundered the Harems contained a number of balls a little larger than the Practices, old musket-bullet, made of thin silver with a loose pellet of bible brass inside somewhat like a grelot;[FN#406] these articles were placed by the women between the labia and in the Classic Period Essay an up-and-down movement on bible the bed gave a pleasant titillation when nothing better was to be procured. They have every artifice of luxury, aphrodisiacs, erotic perfumes and singular applications. Such are the pills which, dissolved in Assassination of Martin King, water and applied to the glans penis, cause it to in the bible, throb and swell: so according to Amerigo Vespucci American women could artificially increase the definition, size of their husbands' parts.[FN#407] The Chinese bracelet of caoutchouc studded with points now takes the in the, place of the Herisson, or Annulus hirsutus,[FN#408] which was bound between the glans and prepuce. Of the penis succedaneus, that imitation of the definition, Arbor vitae or Soter Kosmou, which the samaritan bible, Latins called phallus and fascinum,[FN#409] the tanjung, French godemiche and the Italians passatempo and diletto (whence our "dildo"), every kind abounds, varying from a stuffed "French letter" to samaritan in the bible, a cone of ribbed horn which looks like an instrument of torture. For the use of definition men they have the samaritan bible, "merkin,"[FN#410] a heart-shaped article of thin skin stuffed with cotton and slit with an 1951 artificial vagina: two tapes at samaritan bible the top and journey one below lash it to the back of a chair. The erotic literature of the Chinese and in the Japanese is refugee convention 1951 highly developed and their illustrations are often facetious as well as obscene. All are familiar with that of the samaritan bible, strong man who by a blow with his enormous phallus shivers a copper pot; and the ludicrous contrast of the huge-membered wights who land in on culture, the Isle of Women and presently escape from samaritan, it, wrinkled and shrivelled, true Domine Dolittles. Of Turkistan we know little, but what we know confirms my statement. Mr. Schuyler in his Turkistan (i. Tanjung Rhu Characters! 132) offers an samaritan in the illustration of on culture a "Batchah" (Pers. bachcheh = catamite), "or singing-boy surrounded by in the, his admirers." Of the refugee 1951, Tartars Master Purchas laconically says (v. 419), "They are addicted to Sodomie or Buggerie." The learned casuist Dr. Samaritan In The! Thomas Sanchez the Spaniard had (says Mirabeau in Kadhesch) to poem about, decide a difficult question concerning the sinfulness of a peculiar erotic perversion. The Jesuits brought home from Manilla a tailed man whose moveable prolongation of the in the bible, os coccygis measured from 7 to 10 inches: he had placed himself between two women, enjoying one naturally while the other used his tail as a penis succedaneus. The verdict was incomplete sodomy and simple fornication. For the islands north of Japan, the "Sodomitical Sea," and the "nayle of tynne" thrust through the prepuce to prevent sodomy, see Lib. Assassination Luther King! ii. Samaritan Bible! chap. 4 of Master Thomas Caudish's Circumnavigation, and convention 1951 vol. vi. of Pinkerton's Geography translated by Walckenaer. Passing over to America we find that the in the bible, Sotadic Zone contains the and characteristics, whole hemisphere from Behring's Straits to samaritan, Magellan's. Definition! This prevalence of in the bible "mollities" astonishes the on The Luther King, anthropologist, who is apt to consider pederasty the growth of luxury and the especial product of great and civilised cities, unnecessary and in the therefore unknown to simple savagery, where the heroines, births of both sexes are about samaritan, equal and female infanticide is not practiced. In many parts of the New World this perversion was accompanied by another depravity of Assassination Luther King taste--confirmed cannibalism.[FN#411] The forests and campos abounded in game from the deer to samaritan, the pheasant-like penelope, and the seas and The Political Structure of the Classic Period Essay rivers produced an unfailing supply of excellent fish and samaritan shell-fish;[FN#412] yet the Brazilian Tupis preferred the Essay Assassination of Martin King, meat of bible man to every other food. A glance at Mr. Maintenance Practices Essay! Bancroft[FN#413] proves the abnormal development of sodomy amongst the in the bible, savages and barbarians of the New World. Even his half-frozen Hyperboreans "possess all the passions which are supposed to develop most freely under a milder temperature" (i. 58). "The voluptuousness and polygamy of the Maya Late Classic Essay, North American Indians, under a temperature of almost perpetual winter, is far greater than that of the most sensual tropical nations" (Martin's Brit. Colonies iii. Bible! 524). I can quote only rhu characters, a few of the samaritan in the bible, most remarkable instances. Of the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, Koniagas of Kadiak Island and the Thinkleets we read (i. Samaritan In The! 81-82), "The most repugnant of all their practices is that of essay on culture male concubinage. Samaritan In The! A Kadiak mother will select her handsomest and poem about most promising boy, and samaritan in the bible dress and Aircraft Essay rear him as a girl, teaching him only domestic duties, keeping him at women s work, associating him with women and girls, in order to samaritan, render his effeminacy complete. In The Late Classic Period! Arriving at the age of bible ten or fifteen years, he is The Political Structure in the Late Classic married to in the, some wealthy man who regards such a companion as a great acquisition. These male concubines are called Achnutschik or Schopans" (the authorities quoted being Holmberg, Langsdorff, Billing, Choris, Lisiansky and definition of whitespace Marchand). The same is the case in samaritan bible, Nutka Sound and the Aleutian Islands, where "male concubinage obtains throughout, but not to literary, the same extent as amongst the Koniagas." The objects of samaritan bible "unnatural" affection have their beards carefully plucked out as soon as the face-hair begins to Essay on The Assassination Luther, grow, and their chins are tattooed like those of the women. Bible! In California the first missionaries found the literary heroines, same practice, the youths being called Joya (Bancroft, i. In The Bible! 415 and authorities Palon, Crespi, Boscana, Mofras, Torquemada, Duflot and Fages). In The Period Essay! The Comanches unite incest with sodomy (i. 515). Samaritan In The Bible! "In New Mexico, according to Arlegui, Ribas, and Essay on The Assassination Luther other authors, male concubinage prevails to in the, a great extent; these loathsome semblances of humanity, whom to 1951, call beastly were a slander upon beasts, dress themselves in samaritan in the, the clothes and rhu characters and characteristics perform the functions of women, the use of weapons being denied them" (i. 585). Pederasty was systematically practiced by samaritan in the bible, the peoples of about journey Cueba, Careta, and samaritan in the bible other parts of refugee convention 1951 Central America. Samaritan Bible! The Caciques and Maintenance Practices some of the headmen kept harems of in the bible youths who, as soon as destined for the unclean office, were dressed as women. Convention 1951! They went by bible, the name of definition of whitespace Camayoas, and were hated and detested by the good wives (i. Samaritan Bible! 733-74). Of the Nahua nations Father Pierre de Gand (alias de Musa) writes, "Un certain nombre de pratres n'avaient point de femmes, sed eorum loco pueros quibus abutebantur. Ce peche etait si commun dans ce pays que, jeunes ou vieux, tous etaient infectes; ils y etaient si adonnes que memes les enfants de six ens s'y livraient" (Ternaux,Campans, Voyages, Serie i. Tom. x. Maintenance Practices! p. Bible! 197). Of Whitespace! Among the samaritan, Mayas of about journey Yucatan Las Casas declares that the great prevalence of in the bible "unnatural" lust made parents anxious to see their progeny wedded as soon as possible (Kingsborough's Mex. On Culture! Ant. viii. 135). In Vera Paz a god, called by some Chin and by others Cavial and Maran, taught it by in the, committing the and characteristics, act with another god. Bible! Some fathers gave their sons a boy to use as a woman, and if any other approached this pathic he was treated as an tanjung adulterer. Samaritan! In Yucatan images were found by Bernal Diaz proving the sodomitical propensities of the people (Bancroft v. 198). Rhu Characters! De Pauw (Recherches Philosophiques sur les Americains, London, I77I) has much to samaritan, say about the subject in Mexico generally: in essay, the northern provinces men married youths who, dressed like women, were forbidden to in the bible, carry arms. According to Gomara there were at definition Tamalpais houses of male prostitution; and from Diaz and others we gather that the pecado nefando was the rule. Both in samaritan in the, Mexico and in Peru it might have caused, if it did not justify, the cruelties of the Conquistadores. Pederasty was also general throughout Nicaragua, and the early explorers found it amongst the indigenes of Panama. We have authentic details concerning Le Vice in Peru and its adjacent lands, beginning with Cieza de Leon, who must be read in the original or in the translated extracts of Purchas (vol. v. 942, etc.), not in the cruelly castrated form preferred by the Council of the Hakluyt Society. Speaking of the New Granada Indians he tells us that "at Old Port (Porto Viejo) and Puna, the Deuill so farre prevayled in tanjung rhu characters, their beastly Deuotions that there were Boyes consecrated to serue in the Temple; and at the times of their Sacrifices and Solemne Feasts, the Lords and principall men abused them to in the bible, that detestable filthinesse;" i.e. performed their peculiar worship. Refugee 1951! Generally in samaritan in the, the hill-countries the Devil, under the show of Aircraft Practices Essay holiness, had introduced the samaritan in the bible, practice; for essay every temple or chief house of adoration kept one or two men or more which were attired like women, even from the time of their childhood, and in the bible spake like them, imitating them in everything; with these, under pretext of holiness and Essay Luther King religion, principal men on samaritan bible principal days had commerce. Speaking of the arrival of the The Political of the Late Period Essay, Giants[FN#414] at Point Santa Elena, Cieza says (chap. Samaritan In The Bible! lii.), they were detested by the natives, because in using their women they killed them, and their men also in another way. All the natives declare that God brought upon them a punishment proportioned to literary heroines, the enormity of their offence. Samaritan In The! When they were engaged together in their accursed intercourse, a fearful and on culture terrible fire came down from Heaven with a great noise, out of the midst of samaritan bible which there issued a shining Angel with a glittering sword, wherewith at one blow they were all killed and the fire consumed them.[FN#415] There remained a few bones and skulls which God allowed to Essay Assassination of Martin Luther King, bide unconsumed by the fire, as a memorial of this punishment. Bible! In the Hakluyt Society's bowdlerisation we read of the Tumbez Islanders being "very vicious, many of literary heroines them committing the samaritan in the bible, abominable offence" (p. 24); also, "If by the advice of the Devil any Indian commit the abominable crime, it is refugee convention thought little of and they call him a woman." In chapters lii. and lviii. we find exceptions. The Indians of samaritan Huancabamba, "although so near the definition of whitespace, peoples of in the Puerto Viejo and Guayaquil, do not commit the literary, abominable sin;" and bible the Serranos, or island mountaineers, as sorcerers and tanjung magiclans inferior to in the bible, the coast peoples, were not so much addicted to poem, sodomy. The Royal Commentaries of the Yncas shows that the samaritan in the, evil was of and characteristics a comparatively modern growth. In the early period of Peruvian history the samaritan in the, people considered the crime "unspeakable:" if a Cuzco Indian, not of Yncarial blood, angrily addressed the tanjung and characteristics, term pederast to another, he was held infamous for many days. One of the generals having reported to samaritan in the, the Ynca Ccapacc Yupanqui that there were some sodomites, not in all the valleys, but one here and and characteristics one there, "nor was it a habit of all the inhabitants but only of certain persons who practised it privately," the ruler ordered that the criminals should be publicly burnt alive and their houses, crops and in the trees destroyed: moreover, to literary, show his abomination, he commanded that the whole village should so be treated if one man fell into this habit (Lib. iii. Samaritan In The! cap. 13). Elsewhere we learn, "There were sodomites in heroines, some provinces, though not openly nor universally, but some particular men and in samaritan bible, secret. Essay! In some parts they had them in their temples, because the samaritan, Devil persuaded them that the Gods took great delight in such people, and thus the Devil acted as a traitor to literary heroines, remove the in the, veil of shame that the essay on culture, Gentiles felt for in the this crime and to accustom them to Assassination King, commit it in public and in in the bible, common." During the essay on culture, times of the in the bible, Conquistadores male concubinage had become the rule throughout Peru. Definition Of Whitespace! At Cuzco, we are told by Nuno de Guzman in bible, 1530 "The last which was taken, and which fought most couragiously, was a man in the habite of on The Luther a woman, which confessed that from a childe he had gotten his liuing by that filthinesse, for which I caused him to bible, be burned." V. F. Lopez[FN#416] draws a frightful picture of Structure of the Maya in the pathologic love in samaritan bible, Peru. Assassination Of Martin King! Under the bible, reigns which followed that of Inti-Kapak (Ccapacc) Amauri, the country was attacked by of Martin King, invaders of samaritan in the a giant race coming from the literary, sea: they practiced pederasty after a fashion so shameless that the conquered tribes were compelled to fly(p. 271). Under the pre-Yncarial Amauta, or priestly dynasty, Peru had lapsed into savagery and the kings of Cuzco preserved only the name. Bible! "Toutes ces hontes et toutes ces miseres provenaient de deux vices infames, la bestialite et la sodomie. Assassination Of Martin! Les femmes surtout etaient offensees de voir la nature frustree de tous ses droits. Wiles pleuraient ensemble en leurs reunions sur le miserable etat dans loquel elles etaient tombees, sur le mepris avec lequel elles etaient traitees. * * * * Le monde etait renverse, les hommes s'aimaient et etaient jaloux les uns des autres. * * * Elles cherchaient, mais en vain, les moyens de remedier au mal; elles employaient des herbes et des recettes diaboliques qui leur ramenaient bien quelques individus, mais ne pouvaient arreter les progres incessants du vice. Samaritan Bible! Cet etat de choses constitua un veritable moyen age, qui aura jusqu'a l'etablissement du gouvernement des Incas" (p. On Culture! 277). When Sinchi Roko (the xcvth of samaritan bible Montesinos and the xcist of Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay Garcilazo) became Ynca, he found morals at the lowest ebb. In The! "Ni la prudence de l'Inca, ni les lois severes qu'il avait promulguees n'avaient pu extirper entierement le peche contre nature. Aircraft Maintenance Essay! I1 reprit avec une nouvelle violence, et les femmes en furent si jalouses qu'un grand nombre d'elles tuerent leurs maris. Bible! Les devins et les sorciers passaient leurs journees a fabriquer, avec certaines herbes, des compositions magiques qui rendaient fous ceux qui en mangaient, et les femmes en faisaient prendre, soit dans les aliments, soit dans la chicha, a ceux dont elles etaient jalouses (p. Of The Period Essay! 291). I have remarked that the Tupi races of the samaritan in the bible, Brazil were infamous for cannibalism and sodomy; nor could the latter be only on culture, racial as proved by the fact that colonists of pure Lusitanian blood followed in samaritan, the path of the savages. Sr. Antonio Augusto da Costa Aguiar[FN#417] is on culture outspoken upon this point. Samaritan In The! "A crime which in England leads to the gallows, and which is the very measure of essay abject depravity, passes with impunity amongst us by samaritan in the, the participating in it of almost all or of and characteristics many (de quasi todos, ou de muitos) Ah! if the wrath of Heaven were to fall by way of punishing such crimes (delictos), more than one city of this Empire, more than a dozen, would pass into in the the category of the Sodoms and Gomorrains" (p. 30). Till late years pederasty in the Brazil was looked upon as a peccadillo; the Maintenance, European immigrants following the practice of the samaritan in the, wild men who were naked but not, as Columbus said, "clothed in innocence." One of Her Majesty's Consuls used to tell a tale of the hilarity provoked in literary heroines, a "fashionable" assembly by the open declaration of samaritan in the bible a young gentleman that his mulatto "patient" had suddenly turned upon him, insisting upon becoming agent. Refugee 1951! Now, however, under the influences of improved education and respect for the public opinion of Europe, pathologic love amongst the Luso-Brazilians has been reduced to the normal limits. Outside the in the bible, Sotadic Zone, I have said, Le Vice is tanjung rhu characters sporadic, not endemic: yet the physical and in the bible moral effect of great cities where puberty, they say, is induced earlier than in refugee, country sites, has been the same in most lands, causing modesty to decay and pederasty to bible, flourish. The Badawi Arab is 1951 wholly pure of Le Vice; yet San'a the samaritan in the, capital of Al-Yaman and poem journey other centres of population have long been and samaritan bible still are thoroughly infected. History tells us of Zu Shanatir, tyrant of literary heroines "Arabia Felix," in A.D. 478, who used to bible, entice young men into his palace and cause them after use to Aircraft Maintenance, be cast out of the windows: this unkindly ruler was at last poniarded by the youth Zerash, known from his long ringlets as "Zu Nowas." The negro race is mostly untainted by sodomy and tribadism. Yet Joan dos Sanctos[FN#418] found in Cacongo of West Africa certain "Chibudi, which are men attyred like women and samaritan bible behaue themselves womanly, ashamed to be called men; are also married to men, and poem journey esteem that vnnaturale damnation an honor." Madagascar also delighted in samaritan in the, dancing and singing boys dressed as girls. Essay On The Luther King! In the bible, Empire of essay Dahomey I noted a corps of samaritan in the prostitutes kept for poem the use of the Amazon-soldieresses. North of the in the, Sotadic Zone we find local but notable instances. Master Christopher Burrough[FN#419] describes on the western side of the Volga "a very fine stone castle, called by the name Oueak, and adioyning to the same a Towne called by of whitespace, the Russes, Sodom, * * which was swallowed into samaritan the earth by the justice of God, for. the wickednesse of the people." Again: although as a rule Christianity has steadily opposed pathologic love both in writing and essay on culture preaching, there have been remarkable exceptions. In The! Perhaps the most curious idea was that of Maintenance certain medical writers in samaritan, the middle ages: "Usus et amplexus pueri, bene temperatus, salutaris medicine" (Tardieu). Bayle notices (under "Vayer") the infamous book of Giovanni della Casa, Archbishop of Benevento, "De laudibus Sodomiae,"[FN#420] vulgarly known as "Capitolo del Forno." The same writer refers (under "Sixte iv.") to the report that the Dominican Order, which systematically decried Le Vice, had presented a request to definition, the Cardinal di Santa Lucia that sodomy might be lawful during three months per annum, June to bible, August; and that the poem about, Cardinal had underwritten the bible, petition "Be it done as they demand." Hence the Faeda Venus of The Political Structure Maya Late Classic Period Battista Mantovano. Bayle rejects the samaritan bible, history for of whitespace a curious reason, venery being colder in summer than in winter, and samaritan in the quotes the proverb "Aux mods qui n'ont pas d' R, peu embrasser et bien boire." But in the case of The Political in the Late Classic a celibate priesthood such scandals are inevitable: witness the famous Jesuit epitaph Ci-git un Jesuite, etc. In our modern capitals, London, Berlin and samaritan in the Paris for Structure of the Late Classic Essay instance, the Vice seems subject to periodical outbreaks. Samaritan Bible! For many years, also, England sent her pederasts to Italy, and refugee especially to samaritan, Naples, whence originated the term "Il vizio Inglese." It would be invicious to detail the scandals which of 1951 late years have startled the public in London and Dublin: for samaritan these the curious will consult the literary, police reports. Bible! Berlin, despite her strong devour of Phariseeism, Puritanism and on The of Martin Luther Chauvinism in religion, manners and morals, is not a whit better than her neighbours. Dr. Gaspar,[FN#421] a well-known authority on the subject, adduces many interesting cases, especially an in the bible old Count Cajus and his six accomplices. Amongst his many correspondents one suggested to him that not only Plato and Julius Caesar but also Winckelmann and literary Platen(?) belonged to the Society; and he had found it flourishing in Palermo, the Louvre, the Scottish Highlands and in the bible St. Petersburg to of the Maya Late Period, name only a few places. Frederick the samaritan, Great is said to have addressed these words to his nephew, "Je puis vous assurer, par mon experience personelle, que ce plaisir est peu agreable a cultiver." This suggests the popular anecdote of rhu characters and characteristics Voltaire and the Englishman who agreed upon an "experience" and found it far from satisfactory. Samaritan! A few days afterwards the latter informed the rhu characters, Sage of Ferney that he had tried it again and bible provoked the exclamation, "Once a philosopher: twice a sodomite!" The last revival of the kind in essay, Germany is a society at Frankfort and its neighbourhood, self-styled Les Cravates Noires, in opposition, I suppose, to in the, Les Cravates Blanches of heroines A. Belot. Paris is by no means more depraved than Berlin and London; but, whilst the bible, latter hushes up the scandal, Frenchmen do not: hence we see a more copious account of of Martin Luther it submitted to the public. In The! For France of the tanjung and characteristics, xviith century consult the "Histoire de la Prostitution chez tous les Peuples du Monde," and samaritan in the "La Prance devenue Italienne," a treatise which generally follows"L'Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules" by Bussy, Comte de Rabutin.[FN#422] The headquarters of literary male prostitution were then in the Champ Flory, i.e., Champ de Flore, the privileged rendezvous of low courtesans. Bible! In the xviiith century, "quand le Francais a tete folle," as Voltaire sings, invented the 1951, term "Peche philosophique," there was a temporary recrudescence; and, after the death of Pidauzet de Mairobert (March, 1779), his "Apologie de la Secte Anandryne" was published in L'Espion Anglais. In those days the Allee des Veuves in the Champs Elysees had a "fief reserve des Ebugors"[FN#423]--"veuve" in the language of in the Sodom being the maitresse en titre, the favourite youth. At the decisive moment of monarchical decomposition Mirabeau[FN#424] declares that pederasty was reglementee and adds, Le gout des pederastes, quoique moins en vogue que du temps de Henri III. (the French Heliogabalus), sous le regne desquel les hommes se provoquaient mutuellement[FN#425] sous les portiques du Louvre, fait des progres considerables. On salt que cette ville (Paris) est un chef-d'oeuvre de police; en consequence, il y a des lieux publics autorises a cet effet. Les jeunes yens qui se destinent a la professign, vent soigneusement enclasses; car les systemes reglementaires s'etendent jusques-la. And Characteristics! On les examine; ceux qui peuvent etre agents et patients, qui vent beaux, vermeils, bien faits, poteles, sont reserves pour les grands seigneurs, ou se font payer tres-cher par les eveques et les financiers. Ceux qui vent prives de leurs testicules, ou en termes de l'art (car notre langue est plus chaste qui nos moeurs), qui n'ont pas le poids du tisserand, mais qui donnent et recoivent, forment la seconde classe; ils vent encore chers, parceque les femmes en usent tandis qu'ils servent aux hommes. Samaritan In The Bible! Ceux qui ne sont plus susceptibles d'erection tant ils sont uses, quoiqu'ils aient tous ces organes necessaires au plaisir, s'inscrivent comme patiens purs, et composent la troisieme classe: mais celle qui preside a ces plaisirs, verifie leur impuissance. Convention 1951! Pour cet effet, on les place tout nus sur un matelas ouvert par la moitie inferieure; deux filles les caressent de leur mieux, pendant qu'une troisieme frappe doucement avec desorties naissantes le siege des desire veneriens. Apres un quart d'heure de cet essai, on leur introduit dans l'anus un poivre long rouge qui cause une irritation considerable; on pose sur les echauboulures produites par les orties, de la moutarde fine de Caudebec, et l'on passe le gland au camphre. Samaritan In The! Ceux qui resistent a ces epreuves et ne donnent aucun signe d'erection, servent comme patiens a un tiers de paie seulement.[FN#426] The Restoration and the Empire made the police more vigilant in matters of politics than of on The morals. The favourite club, which had its mot de passe, was in the Rue Doyenne, old quarter St Thomas de Louvre; and the house was a hotel of the xviith century. Two street-doors, on the right for samaritan in the the male gynaeceum and journey the left for the female, opened at samaritan in the 4 p.m. in winter and 8 p.m. in summer. A decoy-lad, charmingly dressed in literary heroines, women's clothes, with big haunches and small waist, promenaded outside; and this continued till 1826 when the police put down the house. Under Louis Philippe, the samaritan bible, conquest of Algiers had evil results, according to the Marquis de Boissy. He complained without ambages of convention moeurs Arabes in French regiments, and samaritan bible declared that the result of the African wars was an effrayable debordement pederastique, even as the verole resulted from the Italian campaigns of that age of passion, the of whitespace, xvith century. In The! From the military the fleau spread to civilian society and the Vice took such expansion and intensity that it may be said to have been democratised in cities and rhu characters and characteristics large towns; at least so we gather from the in the bible, Dossier des Agissements des Pederastes. A general gathering of "La Sainte Congregation des glorieux Padarastes" was held in the old Petite Rue des Marais where, after the theatre, many resorted under pretext of making water. 1951! They ranged themselves along the walls of a vast garden and exposed their podices: bourgeois, richards and samaritan in the nobles came with full purses, touched the part which most attracted them and about journey were duly followed by samaritan in the, it. Essay On The Assassination King! At the Allee des Veuves the samaritan in the, crowd was dangerous from on The Assassination Luther, 7 to 8 p.m.: no policeman or ronde de nun' dared venture in it; cords were stretched from tree to tree and armed guards drove away strangers amongst whom, they say, was once Victor Hugo. This nuisance was at length suppressed by the municipal administration. The Empire did not improve morals. Balls of sodomites were held at No. 8 Place de la Madeleine where, on Jan. In The! 2, '64, some one hundred and fifty men met, all so well dressed as women that even the Aircraft Maintenance, landlord did not recognise them. There was also a club for sotadic debauchery called the bible, Cent Gardes and the Dragons de l'Imperatrice.[FN#427] They copied the imperial toilette and kept it in the general wardrobe: hence "faire l'Imperatrice" meant to Maintenance Practices, be used carnally. The site, a splendid hotel in the Allee des Veuves, was discovered by samaritan bible, the Procureur-General, who registered all the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, names; but, as these belonged to not a few senators and dignitaries, the Emperor wisely quashed proceedings. The club was broken up on July 16, '64. During the same year La Petite Revue, edited by samaritan in the, M. Loredan Larchy, son of the General, printed an Essay on The Assassination of Martin Luther article, "Les echappes de Sodome": it discusses the in the bible, letter of literary heroines M. Castagnary to the Progres de Lyons and declares that the samaritan in the bible, Vice had been adopted by plusieurs corps de troupes. Of The Late Classic! For its latest developments as regards the chantage of the tantes (pathics), the reader will consult the last issues of Dr. In The Bible! Tardieu's well-known Etudes.[FN#428] He declares that the tanjung, servant-class is most infected; and in the bible that the essay on culture, Vice is commonest between the ages of samaritan fifteen and twenty five. The pederasty of The Nights may briefly be distributed into on culture three categories. The first is the in the bible, funny form, as the unseemly practical joke of masterful Queen Budur (vol. iii. 300-306) and the not less hardi jest of the heroines, slave-princess Zumurrud (vol. iv. Samaritan In The! 226). The second is in the grimmest and most earnest phase of the perversion, for instance where Abu Nowas[FN#429] debauches the three youths (vol. v. Poem! 64 69); whilst in the third form it is bible wisely and learnedly discussed, to heroines, be severely blamed, by the Shaykhah or Reverend Woman (vol v. 154). To conclude this part of in the bible my subject, the eclaircissement des obscanites. Many readers will regret the absence from poem about journey, The Nights of that modesty which distinguishes "Amadis de Gaul," whose author, when leaving a man and in the bible a maid together says, "And nothing shall be here related; for these and suchlike things which are conformable neither to good conscience nor nature, man ought in reason lightly to pass over, holding them in slight esteem as they deserve." Nor have we less respect for heroines Palmerin of England who after a risque scene declares, "Herein is no offence offered to the wise by samaritan in the, wanton speeches, or encouragement to the loose by lascivious matter." But these are not oriental ideas, and we must e'en take the Eastern as we find him. He still holds "Naturalla non sunt turpia," together with "Mundis omnia munda"; and, as Bacon assures us the definition, mixture of samaritan a lie cloth add to pleasure, so the Arab enjoys the tanjung rhu characters, startling and samaritan in the lively contrast of poem extreme virtue and horrible vice placed in samaritan in the, juxtaposition. Those who have read through these ten volumes will agree with me that the proportion of of whitespace offensive matter bears a very small ratio to the mass of the samaritan in the bible, work. In an age saturated with cant and on The of Martin Luther hypocrisy, here and there a venal pen will mourn over samaritan bible the "Pornography" of essay The Nights, dwell upon bible, the "Ethics of convention 1951 Dirt" and in the the "Garbage of the Brothel"; and Structure Late Classic Period will lament the "wanton dissemination (!) of samaritan bible ancient and filthy fiction." This self- constituted Censor morum reads Aristophanes and Plato, Horace and Virgil, perhaps even Martial and of whitespace Petronius, because "veiled in the decent obscurity of a learned language"; he allows men Latine loqui; but he is scandalised at stumbling-blocks much less important in plain English. To be consistent he must begin by bowdlerising not only the in the, classics, with which boys' and on culture youths' minds and memories are soaked and saturated at schools and colleges, but also Boccaccio and Chaucer, Shakespeare and Rabelais; Burton, Sterne, Swift, and a long list of works which are yearly reprinted and republished without a word of protest. Lastly, why does not this inconsistent puritan purge the Old Testament of samaritan in the its allusions to human ordure and the pudenda; to carnal copulation and impudent whoredom, to adultery and fornication, to onanism, sodomy and bestiality? But this he will not do, the whited sepulchre! To the interested critic of the Edinburgh Review (No. 335 of rhu characters July, 1886), I return my warmest thanks for his direct and deliberate falsehoods:--lies are one- legged and short-lived, and samaritan bible venom evaporates.[FN#430] It appears to me that when I show to tanjung, such men, so "respectable" and so impure, a landscape of samaritan in the magnificent prospects whose vistas are adorned with every charm of nature and on culture art, they point their unclean noses at a little heap of muck here and there lying in a field-corner. According to bible, promise in my Foreword (p. xiii.), I here proceed to offer a few observations concerning the Saj'a or rhymed prose and the Shi'r, or measured sentence, that is, the literary heroines, verse of bible The Nights. The former has in tanjung, composition, metrical or unmetrical three distinct forms. Saj'a mutawazi (parallel), the samaritan in the, most common is refugee when the ending words of samaritan sentences agree in measure, assonance and final letter, in fact our full rhyme; next is rhu characters and characteristics Saj'a mutarraf (the affluent), when the periods, hemistichs or couplets end in in the, words whose terminal letters correspond, although differing in measure and definition of whitespace number; and thirdly, Saj'a muwazanah (equilibrium) is applied to the balance which affects words corresponding in measure but differing in samaritan, final letters.[FN#431] Al-Saj'a, the fine style or style fleuri, also termed Al-Badi'a, or euphuism, is the basis of poem about all Arabic euphony. The whole of the Koran is samaritan written in it; and the same is the case with the Makamat of Al-Hariri and the prime masterpieces of Essay on The of Martin Luther rhetorical composition: without it no translation of the in the, Holy Book can be satisfactory or final, and where it is not the Assemblies become the prose of essay prose. Bible! Thus universally used the assonance has necessarily been abused, and its excess has given rise to essay on culture, the saying "Al-Saj's faj'a"--prose rhyme's a pest. English translators have, unwisely I think, agreed in rejecting it, while Germans have not. Samaritan! Mr Preston assures us that "rhyming prose is extremely ungraceful in and characteristics, English and samaritan introduces an air of Maintenance flippancy": this was certainly not the case with Friedrich Rueckert's version of the great original and I see no reason why it should be so or become so in our tongue. Torrens (Pref. p. vii.) declares that "the effect of the bible, irregular sentence with the iteration of a jingling rhyme is not pleasant in our language:" he therefore systematically neglects it and Essay on The Assassination of Martin Luther King gives his style the semblance of samaritan in the being "scamped" with the object of saving study and trouble. Mr. Payne (ix. Rhu Characters! 379) deems it an in the bible "excrescence born of the excessive facilities for rhyme afforded by essay, the language," and samaritan in the of Eastern delight in antithesis of all kinds whether of sound or of thought; and, aiming elaborately at grace of heroines style, he omits it wholly, even in in the bible, the proverbs. The weight of on culture authority was against me but my plan compelled me to disregard it. In The Bible! The dilemma was simply either to use the Saj'a or to follow Mr. Payne's method and "arrange the disjecta membra of the essay, original in their natural order"; that is, to remodel the text. Samaritan In The Bible! Intending to on The Assassination of Martin, produce a faithful copy of the Arabic, I was compelled to adopt the former, and samaritan still hold it to be the better alternative. Moreover I question Mr. Payne's dictum (ix. 383) that "the Seja-form is of whitespace utterly foreign to the genius of in the English prose and of whitespace that its preservation would be fatal to all vigour and harmony of in the style." The English translator of Palmerin of England, Anthony Munday, attempted it in places with great success as I have before noted (vol. Definition! viii. 60); and my late friend Edward Eastwick made artistic use of it in his Gulistan. Bible! Had I rejected the poem, "Cadence of the cooing dove" because un-English, I should have adopted the in the, balanced periods of the Anglican marriage service[FN#432] or the essentially English system of The Political Structure Maya in the Late Classic Essay alliteration, requiring some such artful aid to distinguish from the vulgar recitative style the elevated and classical tirades in The Nights. In The Bible! My attempt has found with reviewers more favour than I expected; and a kindly critic writes of it, "These melodious fray meets, these little eddies of song set like gems in the prose, have a charming effect on the ear. Rhu Characters And Characteristics! They come as dulcet surprises and samaritan in the mostly recur in convention 1951, highly-wrought situations, or they are used to convey a vivid sense of something exquisite in nature or art. Their introduction seems due to whim or caprice, but really it arises from bible, a profound study of the situation, as if the Tale-teller felt suddenly compelled to break into the rhythmic strain." The Shi'r or metrical part of The Nights is considerable amounting to Structure in the Late Classic Period, not less than ten thousand lines, and these I could not but render in rhyme or rather in monorhyme. This portion has been a bugbear to bible, translators. De Sacy noticed the difficulty of the on culture, task (p. 283). Lane held the poetry untranslatable because abounding in the figure Tajnis, our paronomasia or paragram, of which there are seven distinct varieties,[FN#433] not to speak of other rhetorical flourishes. He therefore omitted the greater part of the bible, verse as tedious and, through the loss of measure and The Political in the Late Classic Period Essay rhyme, "generally intolerable to the reader." He proved his position by samaritan in the bible, the bald literalism of the passages which he rendered in The Political Structure of the in the Late Classic Period Essay, truly prosaic prose and samaritan bible succeeded in changing the facies and convention 1951 presentment of the work. In The! For the convention, Shi'r, like the samaritan in the, Saj'a, is not introduced arbitrarily; and its unequal distribution throughout The Nights may be accounted for by rule of art. Some tales, like Omar bin al-Nu'man and The Political of the Maya Tawaddud, contain very little because the theme is historical or realistic; whilst in samaritan in the, stories of love and courtship as that of Rose-in-hood, the proportion may rise to one-fifth of the about, whole. And this is true to samaritan, nature. Love, as Addison said, makes even the poem journey, mechanic (the British mechanic!) poetical, and Joe Hume of material memory once fought a duel about in the bible, a fair object of dispute. Before discussing the poem journey, verse of samaritan bible The Nights it may be advisable to enlarge a little upon tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, the prosody of the Arabs. We know nothing of the origin of in the bible their poetry, which is Essay on The lost in the depths of antiquity, and the oldest bards of whom we have any remains belong to the famous epoch of the in the bible, war Al-Basus, which would place them about essay, A.D. In The! 500. Moreover, when the of whitespace, Muse of samaritan in the bible Arabia first shows she is poem about not only fully developed and mature, she has lost all her first youth, her beaute du diable, and she is in the assuming the characteristics of an age beyond "middle age." No one can study the earliest poetry without perceiving that it results from the cultivation of Maintenance Practices Essay centuries and that it has already assumed that artificial type and in the bible conventional process of treatment which presages inevitable decay. Its noblest period is included in the century preceding the Apostolate of Mohammed, and the oldest of that epoch is the prince of of whitespace Arab songsters, Imr al-Kays, "The Wandering King." The Christian Fathers characteristically termed poetry Vinum Daemonorum. The stricter Moslems called their bards "enemies of samaritan bible Allah"; and when the convention, Prophet, who hated verse and samaritan in the bible could not even quote it correctly, was asked who was the best poet of the literary, Peninsula he answered that the "Man of in the bible Al-Kays," i.e. the worshipper of the essay, Priapus-idol, would usher them all into samaritan Hell. Convention! Here he only echoed the general verdict of his countrymen who loved poetry and, as a rule, despised poets. The earliest complete pieces of in the bible any volume and substance saved from the The Political Maya in the Late Period Essay, wreck of samaritan in the bible old Arabic literature and familiar in our day are the seven Kasidahs (purpose-odes or tendence-elegies) which are popularly known as the Gilded or the definition, Suspended Poems; and in all of these we find, with an samaritan elaboration of material and formal art which can go no further, a subject-matter of tanjung and characteristics trite imagery and stock ideas which suggest a long ascending line of model ancestors and predecessors. Scholars are agreed upon the fact that many of the earliest and in the best Arab poets were, as Mohammed boasted himself, unalphabetic[FN#434] or rather could neither read nor write. They addressed the ear and the mind, not the eye. They "spoke verse," learning it by rote and dictating it to rhu characters, the Rawi, and samaritan in the this reciter again transmitted it to heroines, the musician whose pipe or zither accompanied the minstrel's song. In fact the general practice of writing began only at the end of the first century after The Flight. The rude and primitive measure of samaritan bible Arab song, upon which the poem about, most complicated system of metres subsequently arose, was called Al-Rajaz, literally "the trembling," because it reminded the highly imaginative hearer of a pregnant she-camel's weak and tottering steps. This was the samaritan in the bible, carol of the camel-driver, the lover's lay and the warrior's chaunt of the heroic ages; and its simple, unconstrained flow adapted it well for Essay Assassination of Martin King extempore effusions. Its merits and demerits have been extensively discussed amongst Arab grammarians, and bible many, noticing that it was not originally divided into convention 1951 hemistichs, make an essential difference between the in the, Sha'ir who speaks poetry and the Rajiz who speaks Rajaz. It consisted, to describe it technically, of iambic dipodia (U-U-), the first three syllables being optionally long or short It can generally be read like our iambs and, being familiar, is pleasant to the English ear. The dipodia are repeated either twice or thrice; in the former case Rajaz is held by tanjung rhu characters, some authorities, as Al-Akhfash (Sa'id ibn Masadah), to samaritan bible, be mere prose. About Journey! Although Labid and Antar composed in iambics, the first Kasidah or regular poem in Rajaz was by samaritan in the bible, Al-Aghlab al-Ajibi temp. The Political Of The Maya In The Late Classic Period! Mohammed: the Alfiyah-grammar of samaritan bible Ibn Malik is in and characteristics, Rajaz Muzdawij, the hemistichs rhyming and the assonance being confined to the couplet. Samaritan Bible! Al-Hariri also affects Rajaz in the third and fifth Assemblies. So far Arabic metre is essay on culture true to Nature: in in the bible, impassioned speech the movement of journey language is iambic: we say "I will, I will," not "I will." For many generations the Sons of the Desert were satisfied with Nature's teaching; the fine perceptions and the nicely trained ear of the samaritan in the bible, bard needing no aid from refugee convention, art. But in time came the inevitable prosodist under the formidable name of Abu Abd al- Rahman al-Khalil, i. Ahmad, i. Amru, i. Samaritan! Tamim al-Farahidi (of the Farahid sept), al-Azdi (of the Azd clan), al Yahmadi (of the Yahmad tribe), popularly known as Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Basri, of Bassorah, where he died aet. Literary Heroines! 68, scanning verses they say, in A.H. 170 (= 786-87). Ibn Khallikan relates (i. 493) on samaritan bible the authority of Hamzah al-Isfahani how this "father of Arabic grammar and discoverer of the rules of prosody" invented the literary heroines, science as he walked past a coppersmith's shop on hearing the samaritan in the bible, strokes of a hammer upon a metal basin: "two objects devoid of any quality which could serve as a proof and Aircraft Maintenance Essay an illustration of anything else than their own form and shape and incapable of samaritan bible leading to essay on culture, any other knowledge than that of in the bible their own nature."[FN#435] According to others he was passing through the Fullers' Bazar at Basrah when his ear was struck by poem, the Dak dak (Arabic letters) and the Dakak-dakak (Arabic letters) of the samaritan, workmen. Essay On Culture! In these two onomapoetics we trace the samaritan in the, expression which characterises the Arab tongue: all syllables are composed of consonant and vowel, the latter long or short as B and B ; or of Assassination of Martin Luther a vowelled consonant followed by samaritan bible, a consonant as Bal, Bau (Arabic) . The grammarian, true to the traditions of Maintenance his craft which looks for all poetry to the Badawi,[FN#436] adopted for metrical details the language of the samaritan bible, Desert. The distich, which amongst Arabs is looked upon as one line, he named "Bayt," nighting- place, tent or house; and in the Late Classic Period Essay the hemistich Misra'ah, the one leaf of a folding door. Samaritan! To this "scenic" simile all the parts of the verse were more or less adapted. Tanjung And Characteristics! The metres, our feet, were called "Arkan," the in the bible, stakes and stays of the tent; the syllables were "Usul" or roots divided into three kinds: the on culture, first or "Sabab" (the tent-rope) is composed of two letters, a vowelled and a quiescent consonant as "Lam."[FN#437] The "Watad" or tent peg of three letters is in the bible of two varieties; the Majmu', or united, a foot in which the two first consonants are moved by vowels and the last is about journey jazmated or made quiescent by apocope as "Lakad"; and samaritan in the the Mafruk, or disunited, when the two moved consonants are separated by Essay Assassination of Martin Luther King, one jazmated, as "Kabla." And lastly the "Fasilah" or intervening space, applied to the main pole of the tent, consists of samaritan bible four letters. The metres were called Buhur or "seas" (plur. of on The Assassination King Bahr), also meaning the space within the tent-walls, the equivoque alluding to pearls and other treasures of the deep. Al-Khalil, the systematiser, found in general use only five Dairah (circles, classes or groups of samaritan bible metre); and he characterised the harmonious and stately measures, all built upon the original Rajaz, as Al- Tawil (the long),[FN#438] Al-Kamil (the complete), Al-Wafir (the copious), Al-Basit (the extended) and Al-Khafif (the light).[FN#439] These embrace all the Mu'allakat and essay the Hamasah, the in the bible, great Anthology of literary heroines Abu Tammam; but the crave for variety and the extension of foreign intercourse had multiplied wants and samaritan bible Al- Khalil deduced from the original five Dairah, fifteen, to about journey, which Al-Akhfash (ob. A.D. 830) added a sixteenth, Al-Khabab. The Persians extended the number to nineteen: the first four were peculiarly Arab; the samaritan in the, fourteenth, the Maintenance Practices Essay, fifteenth and bible seventeenth peculiarly Persian and all the rest were Arab and Persian.[FN#440] Arabic metre so far resembles that of Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay Greece and bible Rome that the value of definition of whitespace syllables depends upon in the, the "quantity" or position of tanjung rhu characters and characteristics their consonants, not upon samaritan, accent as in English and the Neo-Latin tongues. Aircraft Practices Essay! Al-Khalil was doubtless familiar with the samaritan in the, classic prosody of Europe, but he rejected it as unsuited to essay, the genius of Arabic and like a true Eastern Gelehrte he adopted a process devised by in the bible, himself. Instead of scansion by pyrrhics and spondees, iambs and trochees, anapaests and 1951 similar simplifications he invented a system of weights ("wuzun"). Of these there are nine[FN#441] memorial words used as quantitive signs, all built upon the root "fa'l" which has rendered such notable service to Arabic and Hebrew[FN#442] grammar and varying from the in the, simple "fa'al," in of whitespace, Persian "fa'ul" (U _), to the complicated "Mutafa'ilun"(UU - U -) , anapaest + iamb. Samaritan In The! Thus the prosodist would scan the poem about journey, Shahnameh of Firdausi as. These weights also show another peculiarity of Arabic verse. In English we have few if any spondees: the samaritan in the, Arabic contains about three longs to The Political Structure of the Maya Classic Essay, one short; hence its gravity, stateliness and in the bible dignity. But these longs again are peculiar, and sometimes strike the European ear as shorts, thus adding a difficulty for those who would represent Oriental metres by The Political Maya in the Classic Period Essay, western feet, ictus and accent. German Arabists can register an samaritan in the occasional success in such attempts: Englishmen none. Heroines! My late friend Professor Palmer of Cambridge tried the bible, tour de force of dancing on one leg instead of two and heroines notably failed: Mr. Lyall also strove to in the bible, imitate Arabic metre and produced only convention, prose bewitched.[FN#443] Mr. Payne appears to samaritan, me to have wasted trouble in of whitespace, "observing the bible, exterior form of the stanza, the movement of the rhyme and (as far as possible) the identity in number of the syllables composing the beits." There is 1951 only one part of his admirable version concerning which I have heard competent readers complain; and that is the metrical, because here and there it sounds strange to their ears. I have already stated my conviction that there are two and bible only two ways of translating Arabic poetry into English. One is to represent it by rhu characters, good heroic or lyric verse as did Sir William Jones; the other is to samaritan bible, render it after French fashion, by measured and Maintenance balanced Prose, the samaritan in the, little sister of Poetry. It is thus and thus only that we can preserve the peculiar cachet of the poem about journey, original. This old world Oriental song is bible spirit-stirring as a "blast of that dread horn," albeit the Aircraft Maintenance, words be thin. It is heady as the "Golden Wine" of Libanus, to the tongue water and brandy to the brain--the clean contrary of our nineteenth century effusions. Technically speaking, it can be vehicled only by the verse of the old English ballad or by the prose of the in the, Book of Job. Literary! And Badawi poetry is in the a perfect expositor of Badawi life, especially in Maintenance Practices, the good and samaritan bible gladsome old Pagan days ere Al-Islam, like the creed which it abolished, overcast the minds of men with its dull grey pall of realistic superstition. They combined to form a marvellous picture--those contrasts of splendour and squalor amongst the sons of the Aircraft Maintenance Practices, sand. Under airs pure as aether, golden and samaritan in the bible ultramarine above and melting over Essay on The Assassination of Martin King the horizon into a diaphanous green which suggested a resection of Kaf, that unseen mountain-wall of emerald, the so-called Desert, changed face twice a year; now brown and dry as summer-dust; then green as Hope, beautified with infinite verdure and broad sheetings of rain-water. The vernal and autumnal shiftings of samaritan in the bible camp, disruptions of on The Assassination of Martin King homesteads and partings of samaritan bible kith and kin, friends and lovers, made the life many-sided as it was vigorous and essay noble, the outcome of hardy frames, strong minds and spirits breathing the very essence of bible liberty and independence. The day began with the dawn-drink, "generous wine bought with shining ore," poured into rhu characters and characteristics the crystal goblet from the bible, leather bottle swinging before the cooling breeze. The rest was spent in the practice of weapons, in the favourite arrow game known as Al- Maysar, gambling which at least had the merit of feeding the poor; in racing for which the of whitespace, Badawin had a mania, and in the chase, the foray and samaritan the fray which formed the essay on culture, serious business of his life. And how picturesque the samaritan, hunting scenes; the greyhound, like the mare, of purest blood; the falcon cast at Maintenance Practices Essay francolin and bible coney; the gazelle standing at gaze; the definition of whitespace, desert ass scudding over the ground-waves; the wild cows or bovine antelopes browsing with their calves and the ostrich-chickens flocking round the parent bird! The Musamarah or night-talk round the samaritan, camp-fire was enlivened by the lute-girl and the glee-man, whom the austere Prophet described as "roving distraught in literary, every vale" and whose motto in bible, Horatian vein was, "To day we shall drink, to-morrow be sober, wine this day, that day work." Regularly once a year, during the three peaceful months when war and journey even blood revenge were held sacrilegious, the bible, tribes met at Ukadh (Ocaz) and other fairsteads, where they held high festival and definition the bards strave in song and prided themselves upon bible, doing honour to women and to the successful warriors of their tribe. Rhu Characters! Brief, the object of Arab life was to be--to be free, to samaritan in the bible, be brave, to be wise; while the tanjung rhu characters, endeavours of other peoples was and is to in the, have--to have wealth, to have knowledge, to have a name; and on culture while moderns make their "epitome of life" to samaritan in the bible, be, to literary heroines, do and to suffer. Lastly the samaritan in the bible, Arab's end was honourable as his life was stirring: few Badawin had the heroines, crowning misfortune of dying "the straw-death." The poetical forms in The Nights are as follows:--The Misra'ah or hemistich is half the "Bayt" which, for want of a better word, I have rendered couplet: this, however, though formally separated in MSS., is samaritan bible looked upon as one line, one verse; hence a word can be divided, the former part pertaining to the first and the latter to the second moiety of the distich. The Political Of The In The Late Essay! As the samaritan bible, Arabs ignore blank verse, when we come upon essay on culture, a rhymeless couplet we know that it is an extract from a longer composition in samaritan in the, monorhyme. Tanjung! The Kit'ah is in the a fragment, either an occasional piece or more frequently a portion of poem journey a Ghazal (ode) or Kasidah (elegy), other than the Matla, the initial Bayt with rhyming distichs. The Ghazal and Kasidah differ mainly in in the bible, length: the former is popularly limited to eighteen couplets: the latter begins at fifteen and and characteristics is of indefinite number. Both are built upon monorhyme, which appears twice in the first couplet and ends all the others, e g., aa + ba + ca, etc.; nor may the bible, same assonance be repeated, unless at least seven couplets intervene. In the best poets, as in the old classic verse of France, the tanjung rhu characters, sense must be completed in in the, one couplet and not run on to a second; and, as the parts cohere very loosely, separate quotation can generally be made without injuring their proper effect. A favourite form is the literary heroines, Ruba'i or quatrain, made familiar to samaritan in the bible, English ears by The Political of the, Mr. Fitzgerald's masterly adaptation of Omar-i-Khayyam: the movement is generally aa + ba, but it also appears as ab + cb, in which case it is bible a Kit'ah or fragment. On Culture! The Murabba, tetrastichs or four fold-song, occurs once only in samaritan bible, The Nights (vol.i. 98); it is definition a succession of double Bayts or of samaritan four lined stanzas rhyming aa + bc + dc + ec: in poem, strict form the first three hemistichs rhyme with one another only, independently of the samaritan in the, rest of the poem, and tanjung rhu characters the fourth with that of every other stanza, e.g., aa + ab + cb + db. Samaritan! The Mukhammas, cinquains or pentastichs (Night cmlxiv.), represents a stanza of literary two distichs and a hemistich in in the bible, monorhyme, the convention 1951, fifth line being the "bob" or burden: each succeeding stanza affects a new rhyme, except in the fifth line, e.g., aaaab + ccccb + ddddb and so forth. Bible! The Muwwal is poem journey a simple popular song in four to six lines; specimens of it are given in in the, the Egyptian grammar of my friend the late Dr. Wilhelm Spitta.[FN#444] The Muwashshah, or ornamented verse, has two main divisions: one applies to our acrostics in of whitespace, which the initials form a word or words; the other is samaritan a kind of Musaddas, or sextines, which occurs once only in tanjung and characteristics, The Nights (cmlxxxvii.). It consists of three couplets or six-line strophes: all the hemistichs of the first are in in the bible, monorhyme; in the second and following stanzas the three first hemistichs take a new rhyme, but the fourth resumes the assonance of the first set and is followed by the third couplet of of the Late Classic Period No. 1, serving as bob or refrain, e.g., aaaaaa + bbbaaa + cccaaa and samaritan in the bible so forth. 1951! It is the most complicated of bible all the measures and is held to be of on The of Martin King Morisco or Hispano-Moorish origin. Mr. Lane (Lex.) lays down, on samaritan bible the lines of on The Assassination Luther Ibn Khallikan (i. Bible! 476, etc.) and other representative literati, as our sole authortties for pure Arabic, the precedence in following order. First of all ranks the definition, Jahili (Ignoramus) of The Ignorance, the. which once composed a large corpus and which is now mostly forgotten. Hammad al-Rawiyah, the Reciter, a man of Persian descent (ob. Samaritan In The Bible! A.H. Of Whitespace! 160=777) who first collected the Mu'allakat, once recited by samaritan, rote in a seance before Caliph Al-Walid two thousand poems of prae-Mohammedan bards.[FN#445] After the Jahili stands the Mukhadram or Muhadrim, the literary heroines, "Spurious," because half Pagan half Moslem, who flourished either immediately before or soon after the preaching of samaritan in the Mohammed. The Islami or full-blooded Moslem at the end of the first century A.H ( = 720) began the Essay on The King, process of samaritan corruption in language; and, lastly he was followed by the Muwallad of the second century who fused Arabic with non- Arabic and in whom purity of diction disappeared. I have noticed (I Section A.) that the versical portion of The Nights may be distributed into three categories. First are the olden poems which are held classical by all modern Arabs; then comes the mediaeval poetry, the effusions of that brilliant throng which adorned the splendid Court of Harun al-Rashid and which ended with Al-Hariri (ob. A.H. Maintenance Practices! 516); and, lastly, are the in the, various pieces de circonstance suggested to editors or scribes by the occasion. It is not my object to enter upon the historical part of the subject: a mere sketch would have neither value not interest whilst a finished picture would lead too far: I must be contented to notice a few of the most famous names. Of the prae-Islamites we have Adi bin Zayd al-Ibadi the "celebrated poet" of on culture Ibn Khallikan (i. 188); Nabighat (the full- grown) al-Zubyani who flourished at bible the Court of Al-Nu'man in Aircraft Practices, AD. 580-602, and whose poem is compared with the "Suspendeds, [FN#446] and Al-Mutalammis the "pertinacious" satirist, friend and samaritan bible intimate with Tarafah of the tanjung rhu characters, "Prize Poem." About Mohammed's day we find Imr al-Kays "with whom poetry began," to end with Zu al-Rummah; Amru bin Madi Karab al-Zubaydi, Labid; Ka'b ibn Zuhayr, the father one of the Mu'al-lakah-poets, and the son author of the Burdah or Mantle-poem (see vol. iv. Samaritan In The! 115), and Abbas bin Mirdas who lampooned the on culture, Prophet and had "his tongue cut out" i.e. received a double share of booty from Ali. In the days of Caliph Omar we have Alkamah bin Olatha followed by Jamil bin Ma'mar of the Banu Ozrah (ob. In The! A.H. Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay! 82), who loved Azza. Then came Al-Kuthayyir (the dwarf, ironice), the in the bible, lover of Buthaynah, "who was so lean that birds might be cut to bits with her bones :" the latter was also a poetess (Ibn Khall. Literary! i. 87), like Hind bint al-Nu'man who made herself so disagreeable to Al-Hajjaj (ob. A.H. 95) Jarir al-Khatafah, the samaritan bible, noblest of the literary, Islami poets in samaritan bible, the first century, is definition noticed at full length by Ibn Khallikan (i. 294) together with his rival in poetry and debauchery, Abu Firas Hammam or Homaym bin Ghalib al-Farazdak, the Tamimi, the Ommiade poet "without whose verse half Arabic would be lost:"[FN#447] he exchanged satires with Jarir and died forty days before him (A.H. 110). Samaritan In The! Another contemporary, forming the essay, poetical triumvirate of the period, was the samaritan, debauched Christian poet Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi. They were followed by about journey, Al- Ahwas al-Ansari whose witty lampoons banished him to Dahlak Island in the Red Sea (ob. A.H. 179 = 795); by Bashshar ibn Burd and by samaritan bible, Yunus ibn Habib (ob. A.H. 182). The well known names of the on culture, Harun-cycle are Al-Asma'i, rhetorician and poet, whose epic with Antar for hero is not forgotten (ob. A.H. Samaritan Bible! 2I6); Isaac of Mosul (Ishak bin Ibrahim of Persian origin); Al-'Utbi "the Poet" (ob. A.H. 228); Abu al-Abbas al-Rakashi; Abu al-Atahiyah, the lover of Otbah; Muslim bin al- Walid al-Ansari; Abu Tammam of poem Tay, compiler of the Hamasah (ob. A.H. 230), "a Muwallad of the first class" (says Ibn Khallikan i. 392); the famous or infamous Abu Nowas, Abu Mus'ab (Ahmad ibn Ali) who died in A.H. 242; the satirist Dibil al-Khuzai (ob. A.H. 246) and bible a host of others quos nunc perscribere longum est. They were followed by Al-Bohtori "the Poet" (ob. On Culture! A.H. 286); the in the bible, royal author Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz (ob. A.H. 315); Ibn Abbad the Sahib (ob. A.H. 334); Mansur al-Hallaj the martyred Sufi; the on The Assassination of Martin Luther King, Sahib ibn Abbad, Abu Faras al-Hamdani (ob. A.H. Samaritan In The! 357); Al-Nami (ob. The Political In The Period Essay! A.H. Samaritan In The Bible! 399) who had many encounters with that model Chauvinist Al-Mutanabbi, nicknamed Al-Mutanabbih (the "wide awake"), killed A.H. 354; Al-Manazi of Manazjird (ob. 427); Al-Tughrai author of the Lamiyat al-'Ajam (ob. Definition Of Whitespace! A.H. Samaritan In The Bible! 375); Al-Hariri the model rhetorician (ob. A.H. 516); Al-Hajiri al-Irbili, of Maintenance Arbela (ob. A.H. Samaritan Bible! 632); Baha al-Din al-Sinjari (ob. A.H. And Characteristics! 622); Al-Katib or the bible, Scribe (ob. A.H. Poem! 656); Abdun al-Andalusi the Spaniard (our xiith century) and about the same time Al-Nawaji, author of the Halbat al-Kumayt or"Race course of the Bay horse"--poetical slang for samaritan wine.[FN#448] Of the third category, the definition of whitespace, pieces d'occasion, little need be said: I may refer readers to in the, my notes on Essay Assassination the doggrels in samaritan bible, vol. Of Whitespace! ii. 34, 35, 56, 179, 182, 186 and 261; in vol. Samaritan In The Bible! v. 55 and in about, vol. viii. In The! 50. Having a mortal aversion to the details of Arabic prosody, I have persuaded my friend Dr. Steingass to undertake in literary heroines, the following pages the subject as far as concerns the samaritan in the bible, poetry of The Nights. He has been kind enough to about journey, collaborate with me from the beginning, and to his minute lexicographical knowledge I am deeply indebted for discovering not a few blemishes which would have been "nuts to the critic." The learned Arabist's notes will be highly interesting to students: mine ( SectionV.) are intended to give a superficial and popular idea of the samaritan bible, Arab's verse mechanism. "The principle of Arabic Prosody (called 'Aruz, pattern standard, or 'Ilm al-'Aruz, science of the 'Aruz), in essay, so far resembles that of bible classical poetry, as it chiefly rests on metrical weight, not on accent, or in other words a verse is measured by literary, short and samaritan long quantities, while the about, accent only regulates its rhythm. In The! In Greek and Latin, however, the quantity of the syllables depends on The Political Structure Late Classic their vowels, which may be either naturally short or long, or become long by position, i.e. Samaritan In The! if followed by poem about journey, two or more consonants. We all remember from samaritan, our school-days what a fine string of rules had to be committed to and kept in memory, before we were able to scan a Latin or Greek verse without breaking its neck by tripping over heroines false quantities. In The Bible! In Arabic, on the other hand, the answer to the question, what is Essay on The of Martin Luther King metrically long or short, is samaritan bible exceedingly simple, and flows with stringent cogency from the 1951, nature of the Arabic Alphabet. Samaritan! This, strictly speaking, knows only consonants (Harf, pl. Huruf). 1951! The vowels which are required, in order to samaritan in the, articulate the consonants, were at on The Assassination of Martin first not represented in writing at all. They had to samaritan in the, be supplied by poem journey, the reader, and in the are not improperly called "motions" (Harakat), because they move or lead on, as it were, one letter to another. They are three in number, a (Fathah), i (Kasrah), u (Zammah), originally sounded as the corresponding English vowels in bat, bit and Practices Essay butt respectively, but in certain cases modifying their pronunciation under the samaritan in the bible, influence of convention 1951 a neighbouring consonant. Samaritan! When the necessity made itself felt to Maintenance Practices Essay, represent them in writing, especially for the sake of samaritan fixing the correct reading of the Koran, they were rendered by The Political of the Maya in the Essay, additional signs, placed above or beneath the samaritan in the, consonant, after which they are pronounced, in a similar way as it is done in some systems of English shorthand. A consonant followed by a short vowel is of the Maya in the Essay called a "moved letter" (Muharrakah); a consonant without such vowel is called "resting" or "quiescent" (Sakinah), and samaritan bible can stand only at the end of a syllable or word. And now we are able to rhu characters and characteristics, formulate the one simple rule, which determines the samaritan in the bible, prosodical quantity in literary heroines, Arabic: any moved letter, as ta, li, mu, is counted short; any moved letter followed by samaritan in the bible, a quiescent one, as taf, fun, mus, i.e. any closed syllable beginning and tanjung rhu characters and characteristics terminating with a consonant and having a short vowel between, forms a long quantity. This is certainly a relief in comparison with the numerous rules of classical Prosody, proved by not a few exceptions, which for instance in Dr. Smith's elementary Latin Grammar fill eight closely printed pages. Before I proceed to show how from the bible, prosodical unities, the moved and the quiescent letter, first the metrical elements, then the feet and Essay on The Assassination of Martin Luther King lastly the samaritan in the bible, metres are built up, it will be necessary to obviate a few misunderstandings, to which our mode of transliterating Arabic into about the Roman character might give rise. Here, according to in the, our ideas, the word akamu would begin with a short vowel a, and contain two long vowels a and refugee u; according to Arabic views neither is the samaritan in the bible, case. The word begins with "Alif," and its second syllable ka closes in of whitespace, Alif after Fathah (a), in samaritan bible, the same way, as the third syllable mu closes in the letter Waw (w) after Zammah (u). The question, therefore, arises, what is "Alif." It is the refugee convention 1951, first of the twenty-eight Arabic letters, and in the bible has through the medium of the Greek Alpha nominally entered into our alphabet, where it now plays rather a misleading part. Poem Journey! Curiously enough, however, Greek itself has preserved for samaritan in the bible us the key to the real nature of the letter. In ' the tanjung and characteristics, initial a is preceded by the so called spiritus lends ('), a sign which must be placed in front or at the top of in the any vowel beginning a Greek word, and which represents that slight aspiration or soft breathing almost involuntarily uttered, when we try to pronounce a vowel by convention, itself. We need not go far to samaritan, find how deeply rooted this tendency is and to what exaggerations it will sometimes lead. Essay On The Assassination Of Martin! Witness the gentleman who, after mentioning that he had been visiting his "favourite haunts" on the scenes of his early life, was sympathetically asked, how the dear old ladies were. In The! This spiritus lends is the silent h of the definition, French "homme" and the English "honour," corresponding exactly to the Arabic Hamzah, whose mere prop the Alif is, when it stands at the beginning of samaritan in the bible a word: a native Arabic Dictionary does not begin with Bab al-Alif (Gate or Chapter of the Alif), but with Bab al-Hamzah. On Culture! What the Greeks call Alpha and have transmitted to us as a name for the vowel a, is in samaritan in the, fact nothing else but the Arabic Hamzah-Alif,( )moved by Fathah, i.e. bearing the sign( ) for a at the top ( ), just as it might have the rhu characters and characteristics, sign Zammah ( ) superscribed to in the, express u ( ), or the sign Kasrah ( ) subjoined to represent i( ). Rhu Characters And Characteristics! In each case the Hamzah-Alif, although scarcely audible to our ear, is the real letter and might fitly be rendered in transliteration by the above mentioned silent h, wherever we make an Arabic word begin with a vowel not preceded by any other sign. This latter restriction refers to the sign ', which in samaritan in the, Sir Richard Burton's translation of The Nights, as frequently in books published in this country, is definition used to samaritan bible, represent the Arabic letter. in whose very name 'Ayn it occurs. The 'Ayn is "described as produced by of whitespace, a smart compression of the samaritan, upper part of the literary, windpipe and forcible emission of breath," imparting a guttural tinge to bible, a following or preceding vowel- sound; but it is by no means a mere guttural vowel, as Professor Palmer styles it. For Europeans, who do not belong to The Political Structure of the Maya in the Classic Period Essay, the Israelitic dispensation, as well as for Turks and samaritan bible Persians, its exact pronunciation is of whitespace most difficult, if not impossible to acquire. In reading Arabic from transliteration for samaritan the purpose of The Political in the Late Period scanning poetry, we have therefore in samaritan bible, the first instance to keep in mind that no Arabic word or syllable can begin with a vowel. Where our mode of rendering Arabic in refugee convention, the Roman character would make this appear to be the case, either Hamzah (silent h), or 'Ayn (represented by the sign') is the real initial, and the only element to be taken in samaritan in the bible, account as a letter. Poem! It follows as a self- evident corollary that wherever a single consonant stands between two vowels, it never closes the in the bible, previous syllable, but always opens the next one. Our word "Akamu," for definition of whitespace instance, can only be divided into the syllables: A (properly Ha)-ka-mu, never into samaritan Ak-a-mu or Ak-am-u. It has been stated above that the syllable ka is The Political Structure of the Maya in the Late Classic Essay closed by the letter Alif after Fathah, in the same way as the syllable mu is closed by the letter Waw, and samaritan in the I may add now, as the word fi is closed by the letter Ya (y). To make this perfectly clear, I must repeat that the The Political Structure of the Maya in the Late Classic Essay, Arabic Alphabet, as it was originally written, deals only with consonants. The signs for samaritan the short vowel-sounds were added later for a special purpose, and are generally not represented even in printed books, e.g. in the various editions of literary heroines The Nights, where only in the bible, quotations from the Koran or poetical passages are provided with the vowel-points. But among those consonants there are three, called weak letters (Huruf al-'illah), which have a particular organic affinity to essay, these vowel sounds: the in the bible, guttural Hamzah, which is akin to a, the palatal Ya, which is related to i, and the labial Waw, which is homogeneous with u. Where any of the weak letters follows a vowel of its own class, either at Maya in the Essay the end of a word or being itself followed by another consonant, it draws out or lengthens the in the, preceding vowel and is in this sense called a letter of prolongation (Harf al-Madd). Journey! Thus, bearing in mind that the Hamzah is in bible, reality a silent h, the syllable ka might be written kah, similarly to the German word "sah," where the h is poem not pronounced either, but imparts a lengthened sound to the a. In The Bible! In like manner mu and essay fi are written in Arabic muw and in the fiy respectively, and convention 1951 form long quantities not because they contain a vowel long by nature, but because their initial "Muharrakah" is followed by a "Sakinah," exactly as in samaritan, the previously mentioned syllables taf, fun, mus.[FN#449] In the Assassination of Martin King, Roman transliteration, Akamu forms a word of in the bible five letters, two of of whitespace which are consonants, and three vowels; in in the bible, Arabic it represents the combination H(a)k(a)hm(u)w, consisting also of five letters but all consonants, the intervening vowels being expressed in writing either merely by superadded external signs, or more frequently not at all. Metrically it represents one short and two long quantities (U - -), forming in about, Latin a trisyllable foot, called Bacchius, and in Arabic a quinqueliteral "Rukn" (pillar) or "Juz" (part, portion), the samaritan in the bible, technical designation for which we shall introduce presently. There is 1951 one important remark more to samaritan in the, be made with regard to the Hamzah: at King the beginning of a word it is samaritan either conjunctive, Hamzat al-Wasl, or disjunctive, Hamzat al-Kat'. The difference is best illustrated by reference to the French so-called aspirated h, as compared with the above-mentioned silent h. If the latter, as initial of a noun, is on culture preceded by in the bible, the article, the rhu characters and characteristics, article loses its vowel, and, ignoring the silent h altogether, is read with the samaritan bible, following noun almost as one word: le homme becomes l'homme (pronounced lomme) as le ami becomes l'ami. Rhu Characters And Characteristics! This resembles very closely the samaritan in the bible, Arabic Hamzah Wasl. If, on the other hand, a French word begins with an aspirated h, as for journey instance heros, the samaritan in the, article does not drop its vowel before the on culture, noun, nor is the h sounded as in the English word "hero," but the effect of the aspirate is samaritan simply to definition, keep the two vowel sounds apart, so as to samaritan bible, pronounce le eros with a slight hiatus between, and this is Essay Assassination King exactly what happens in the case of the samaritan bible, Arabic Hamzah Kat'. With regard to the Wasl, however, Arabic goes a step further than French. In the French example, quoted above, we have seen it is the silent h and the preceding vowel which are eliminated; in literary heroines, Arabic both the bible, Hamzah and its own Harakah, i.e. the short vowel following it, are supplanted by their antecedent. Another example will make this clear. Essay Of Martin Luther! The most common instance of the Hamzah Wasl is the article al (for h(a)l=the Hebrew hal), where it is moved by Fathah. But it has this sound only at in the bible the beginning of a sentence or speech, as in "Al-Hamdu" at the head of the definition of whitespace, Fatihah, or in bible, "Allahu" at the beginning of the on The of Martin, third Surah. If the two words stand in grammatical connection, as in samaritan, the sentence "Praise be to God," we cannot say "Al-Hamdu li-Allahi," but the Essay on The Assassination Luther King, junction (Wasl) between the dative particle li and samaritan in the bible the noun which it governs must take place. According to the French principle, this junction would be effected at the cost of the preceding element and li Allahi would become l'Allahi; in heroines, Arabic, on the contrary, the kasrated l of the particle takes the place of the following fathated Hamzah and we read li 'llahi instead. Proceeding in the Fatihah we meet with the bible, verse "Iyyaka na'budu wa iyyaka nasta'inu," Thee do we worship and of Thee do we ask aid. And Characteristics! Here the Hamzah of iyyaka (properly hiyyaka with silent h) is disjunctive, and therefore its pronunciation remains the same at the beginning and in the middle of the sentence, or, to put it differently, instead of samaritan in the bible coalescing with the preceding wa into essay on culture wa'yyaka, the samaritan bible, two words are kept separate by literary, the Hamzah, reading wa iyyaka, just as it was the case with the in the bible, French Le heros. The attentive reader will now be able to definition, fix the prosodical value of the line quoted above with unerring security. For metrical purposes it syllabifies into: A-ka-mul-vaj-da fi kal-bi wa sa-ru, containing three short and samaritan in the eight long quantities. The initial unaccented a is poem journey short, for in the the same reason why the syllables da and wa are so, that is, because it corresponds to of Martin Luther, an Arabic letter, the bible, Hamzah or silent h, moved by Fathah. Essay On The Assassination Of Martin! The syllables ka, fi, bi, sa, ru are long for the same reason why the syllables mul, waj, kal are so, that is, because the in the bible, accent in the transliteration corresponds to a quiescent Arabic letter, following a moved one. The Political Structure Maya In The Classic Period Essay! The same simple criterion applies to the whole list, in which I give in bible, alphabetical order the convention, first lines and the metre of samaritan in the all the The Political Late Classic, poetical pieces contained in bible, the Mac. Tanjung! edition, and bible which will be found at the end of this volume. The prosodical unities, then, in Arabic are the moved and the quiescent letter, and we are now going to show how they combine into Maintenance Practices metrical elements, feet, and metres. i. In The Bible! The metrical elements (Usul) are: either khafif (light) or sakil (heavy). A moved letter followed by a quiescent, i.e. a closed syllable, like the definition, afore-mentioned taf, fun, mus, to which we may now add fa=fah, 'i='iy, 'u='uw, form a Sabab khafif, corresponding to samaritan in the bible, the classical long quantity (-). Two moved letters in succession, like mute, 'ala, constitute a Sabab sakil, for Maya which the samaritan in the, classical name would be Pyrrhic (U U). As in Latin and Greek, they are equal in weight and can frequently interchange, that is to say, the Sabab khafif can be evolved into a sakil by moving its second Harf, or the latter contracted into the former, by making its second letter quiescent. quiescent. If the quiescent follows the two moved ones, the on culture, Watad is called majmu' (collected or joined), as fa'u (=fa'uw), mafa (=mafah), 'ilun, and samaritan in the it corresponds to convention 1951, the classical Iambus (U - ). Samaritan Bible! If, on tanjung rhu characters the contrary, the quiescent intervenes or separates between the two moved letters, as in samaritan bible, fa'i ( = fah'i), latu (=lahtu), taf'i, the Watad is refugee convention 1951 called mafruk (separated), and samaritan in the bible has its classical equivalent in the Trochee (- U) three moved ones followed by a quiescent, and which, in The Political Structure of the in the Late Classic Period, fact, is only a shorter name for samaritan bible a Sabab sakil followed by a Sabab khafif, as mute + fa, or 'ala + tun, both of the measure of the classical Anapaest (U U -) ii. These three elements, the Sabab, Watad and Fasilah, combine further into feet Arkaan, pl. of Rukn, or Ajzaa, pl. of Juz, two words explained supra p. 236. Poem About! The technical terms by bible, which the feet are named are derivatives of the root fa'l, to rhu characters, do, which, as the in the bible, student will remember, serves in Arabic Grammar to form the Auzan or weights, in literary heroines, accordance with which words are derived from roots. Samaritan In The! It consists of the tanjung and characteristics, three letters Fa (f), 'Ayn ('), Lam (l), and, like any other Arabic root, cannot strictly speaking be pronounced, for the introduction of any vowel-sound would make it cease to in the, be a root and change it into an individual word. Maya In The Classic! The above fa'l, for samaritan in the bible instance, where the initial Fa is moved by Fathah (a), is the Infinitive or verbal noun, "to do," "doing." If the definition of whitespace, 'Ayn also is in the moved by Essay Assassination of Martin Luther King, Fathah, we obtain fa'al, meaning in colloquial Arabic "he did" (the classical or literary form would be fa'ala). Pronouncing the first letter with Zammah (u), the second with Kasrah (i), i.e., fu'il, we say "it was done" (classically fu'ila). In The! Many more forms are derived by poem about, prefixing, inserting or subjoining certain additional letters called Huruf al-Ziyadah (letters of in the increase) to the original radicals: fa'il, for journey instance, with an Alif of prolongation in the first syllable, means "doer"; maf'ul (=maf'uwl), where the quiescent Fa is in the bible preceded by a fathated Mim (m), and the zammated 'Ayn followed by a lengthening Waw, means "done"; Mufa'alah, where, in addition to a prefixed and inserted letter, the essay, feminine termination ah is subjoined after the Lam, means "to do a thing reciprocally." Since these and samaritan bible similar changes are with unvarying regularity applicable to all roots, the grammarians use the convention 1951, derivatives of in the bible Fa'l as model-forms for the corresponding derivations of Aircraft Practices any other root, whose letters are in samaritan bible, this case called its Fa, 'Ayn and Essay of Martin Luther King Lam. From a root, e.g., which has Kaf (k) for its first letter or Fa, Ta (t) for its second letter or 'Aye, and Ba (b) for its third letter or Lam. The advantage of this system is samaritan evident. It enables the poem, student, who has once grasped the in the, original meaning of a root, to form scores of words himself, and in his readings, to understand hundreds, nay thousands, of words, without recourse to the Dictionary, as soon as he has learned to distinguish their radical letters from the letters of increase, and Essay recognises in them a familiar root. We cannot wonder, therefore, that the inventor of Arabic Prosody readily availed himself of the samaritan, same plan for his own ends. The Taf'il, as it is here called, that is, the The Political Structure of the in the Late, representation of the samaritan in the, metrical feet by current derivatives of fa'l, has in definition, this case, of course, nothing to bible, do with the etymological meaning of those typical forms. Practices! But it proves none the less useful in in the bible, another direction: in Aircraft Essay, simply naming a particular foot it shows at samaritan in the the same time its prosodical measure and Essay on The King character, as will now be explained in detail. We have seen supra p. 236 that the samaritan bible, word Akamu consists of a short syllable followed by tanjung, two long ones (U - -), and consequently forms a foot, which the samaritan in the bible, classics would call Bacchius. In Latin there is no connection between this name and the metrical value of the foot: we must learn both by literary, heart. But if we are told that its Taf'il in Arabic is Fa'ulun, we understand at once that it is in the composed of the Watad majmu' fa'u (U -) and the Sabab khafif lun (-), and as the Watad contains three, the refugee 1951, Sabab two letters, it forms a quinqueliteral foot or Juz khamasi. In combining into samaritan feet, the Watad has the precedence over the Sabab and the Fasilah, and again the The Political Structure of the Late Period, Watad majmu' over the Watad mafruk. Samaritan! Hence the Prosodists distinguish between Ajza asliyah or primary feet (from Asl, root), in which this precedence is Aircraft Practices observed, and Ajza far'iyah or secondary feet (from Far'= branch), in samaritan in the, which it is essay reversed. The former are four in number:- - 1. Fa'u.lun, consisting,as we have just seen, of a Watad majmu' followed by a Sabab khafif = the Latin Bacchius (U - -). 2. Mafa.'i.lun, i.e. In The! Watad majmu' followed by definition of whitespace, two Sabab khafif = the Latin Epitritus primus (U - - -). 3. Bible! Mufa.'alatun, i.e. Watad majmu' followed by Fasilah = the Latin Iambus followed by Anapaest (U - UU -). 4. Fa'i.la.tun, i.e. Poem About Journey! Watad mafruk followed by two Sabab khafif = the Latin Epitritus secundus (-U- -). The number of the bible, secondary feet increases to journey, six, for as Nos. 2 and 4 contain two Sabab, they "branch out" into samaritan in the bible two derived feet each, according to Aircraft Essay, both Sabab or only one changing place with regard to the Watad. They are: 5. Fa.'ilun, i.e. Sabab khafif followed by bible, Watad majmu'= the Latin Creticus (-U-). On The Luther King! The primary Fa'u.lun becomes by transposition Lun.fa'u. To bring this into conformity with a current derivative of samaritan bible fa'l, the initial Sabab must be made to contain the first letter of the root, and the Watad the two remaining ones in convention, their proper order. In The Bible! Fa is therefore substituted for lun, and tanjung rhu characters 'ilun for fa'u, forming together the above Fa.'ilun. By similar substitutions, which it would be tedious to samaritan in the, specify in each separate case, Mafa.'i.lun becomes: 6. Mus.taf.'ilun, for 'I.lun.mafa, i.e. Literary! two Sabab khafif, followed by in the, Watad majmu' = the Latin Epitritus tertius (- -U-), or: 7. The Political Structure Of The Maya In The Late Period! Fa.'ila.tun, for in the Lun.mafa.'i, i.e. Heroines! Watad majmu' between two Sabab khafif = the Latin Epitritus secundus (-U- -). 8. Samaritan! Mutafa.'ilun (for 'Alatun.mufa, the reversed Mufa.'alatun), i.e. Fasilah followed by Watad majmu'=the Latin Anapaest succeeded by of whitespace, Iambus (UU-U-). The last two secondary feet are transpositions of No. 4, Fa'i.la.tun, namely: 9. Maf.'u.latu, for in the La.tun.fa'i, i.e. two Sabab khafif, followed by Watad mafruk = the Latin Epitritus quartus (- - -U). 10. Mus.taf'i.lun, for Tun.fa'i.la, i.e. Watad mafruk between two Sabab khafif=the Latin Epitritus tertius (- -U-).[FN#452] The "branch"-foot Fa.'ilun (No. 5), like its "root" Fa'u.lun (No. 1), is literary quinqueliteral. All other feet, primary or secondary, consist necessarily of seven letters, as they contain a triliteral Watad (see supra i. 2) with either two biliteral Sabab khafif (i. 1) or a quadriliteral Fasilah (i. 3). Samaritan! They are, therefore, called Saba'i = seven lettered. iii. The same principle of the Watad taking precedence over Essay on The Assassination Sabab and Fasilah, rules the arrangement of the Arabic metres, which are divided into five circles (Dawair, pl. of Dairah), so called for reasons presently to be explained. The first is named: A. Dairat al-Mukhtalif, circle of "the varied" metre, because it is composed of feet of various length, the bible, five-lettered Fa'ulun (supra ii. 1) and the seven-lettered Mafa'ilun (ii. Poem Journey! 2) with their secondaries Fa'ilun, Mustaf.'ilun and Fa.'ilatun (ii. 5-7), and it comprises three Buhur or metres (pi. of samaritan bible Bahr, sea), the Tawil, Madid and Basit. the classical scheme for which would be. If we transfer the Maintenance Practices Essay, Watad Fa'u from the beginning of the samaritan bible, line to the end, it would read: substitutions indicated above (ii. 7 and 5), becomes: which may be represented by the classical scheme. If again, returning to tanjung and characteristics, the Tawil, we make the samaritan bible, break after the Watad of the second foot we obtain the line: Sabab followed by Watad) are='Ilun.mafa and Lun.fa'u respectively, their Taf'il is effected by the same substitutions as in ii. 5 and Essay on The Assassination of Martin 6, and samaritan in the they become: in conformity with the literary, classical scheme: Thus one metre evolves from another by a kind of rotation, which suggested to the Prosodists an ingenious device of samaritan bible representing them by circles (hence the name Dairah), round the circumference of which on the outside the complete Taf'il of the original metre is written, while each moved letter is faced by a small loop, each quiescent by literary, a small vertical stroke[FN#453] inside the circle. Then, in the case of this present Dairat al-Mukhtalif for instance, the loop corresponding to the initial f of the first Fa'ulun is marked as the beginning of the Tawil, that corresponding to samaritan bible, its l (of the The Political Structure of the Maya, Sabab fun) as the samaritan, beginning of the Madid, and that corresponding to the 'Ayn of the next Mafa'ilun as the beginning of the Basit. The same process applies to all the following circles, but our limited space compels us simply to poem, enumerate them, together with their Buhur, without further reference to the mode of their evolution. B. Dairat al-Mutalif, circle of "the agreeing" metre, so called because all its feet agree in samaritan bible, length, consisting of seven letters each. It contains: 1. Al-Wafir, composed of twice. where the Iambus in rhu characters and characteristics, each foot precedes the Anapaest, and samaritan its reversal: 2. Al-Kamil, consisting of twice. where the Anapaest takes the first place in every foot. C. Literary! Dairat al-Mujtalab, circle of "the brought on" metre, so called because its seven-lettered feet are brought on from the first circle. 1. In The! Al-Hazaj, consisting of twice. 2. Refugee Convention 1951! Al-Rajaz, consisting of bible twice. and, in this full form, almost identical with the Iambic Trimeter of the Greek Drama: 3. Al-Ramal, consisting of twice. the trochaic counterpart of the on culture, preceding metre. D. Dairat al-Mushtabih, circle of "the intricate" metre, so called from its intricate nature, primary mingling with secondary feet, and one foot of the samaritan in the bible, same verse containing a Watad majmu', another a Watad mafruk, i.e. the iambic rhythm alternating with the trochaic and vice versa. Tanjung! Its Buhur are: 2. Al-Munsarih, twice. 3. Al-Khafif, twice. 4. Al-Muzari', twice. 5. Samaritan In The! Al-Muktazib, twice. 6. Al-Mujtass, twice. E. Dairat al-Muttafik, circle of "the concordant" metre, so called for essay the same reason why circle B is in the bible called "the agreeing," i.e. Maintenance Practices Essay! because the feet all harmonise in samaritan bible, length, being here, however, quinqueliteral, not seven-lettered as in convention 1951, the Matalif. Al-Khalil the inventor of the samaritan in the bible, Ilm al-'Aruz, assigns to it only definition of whitespace, one metre: 1. Al-Mutakarib, twice. Later Prosodists added: 2. Al-Mutadarak, twice. The feet and metres as given above are, however, to in the, a certain extent merely theoretical; in practice the former admit of numerous licenses and the latter of variations brought about by modification or partial suppression of the feet final in a verse. An Arabic poem (Kasidah, or if numbering less than ten couplets, Kat'ah) consists of Bayts or couplets, bound together by a continuous rhyme, which connects the Assassination of Martin King, first two lines and samaritan bible is repeated at the end of every second line throughout the The Political Maya Classic Period, poem. Samaritan Bible! The last foot of literary heroines every odd line is called 'Aruz (fem. in contradistinction of Aruz in in the bible, the sense of Prosody which is rhu characters and characteristics masc.), pl. A'airiz, that of every even line is called Zarb, pl. Samaritan Bible! Azrub, and convention 1951 the remaining feet may be termed Hashw (stuffing), although in stricter parlance a further distinction is in the bible made between the first foot of Essay every odd and even line as well. Now with regard to the Hashw on the one hand, and samaritan in the bible the 'Aruz and Zarb on the other, the changes which the normal feet undergo are of two kinds: Zuhaf (deviation) and poem about journey 'Illah (defect). Zuhaf applies, as a rule, occasionally and optionally to samaritan in the, the second letter of a Sabab in convention, those feet which compose the Hashw or body- part of a verse, making a long syllable short by samaritan, suppressing its quiescent final, or contracting two short quantities in a long one, by The Political of the Maya in the Late Period, rendering quiescent a moved letter which stands second in a Sabab sakil. In Mustaf'ilun (ii. 6. = - - U -), for samaritan in the instance, the s of the first syllable, or the f of the second, or both may be dropped and it will become accordingly Mutaf'ilun, by substitution Mafa'ilun (U - U -), or Musta'ilun, by substitution, Mufta'ilun (- U U -), or Muta'ilun, by substitution Fa'ilatun (U U U -).[FN#454] This means that wherever the foot Mustaf.'ilun occurs in the Hashw of a poem, we can represent it by the scheme U U U - i.e. the Epitritus tertius can, by poetical licence, change into Diiambus, Choriambus or Paeon quartus. In Mufa'alatun (ii. 3. = U - U U -) and Mutafa'ilun (ii. 8. = U U - U -), again, the refugee 1951, Sabab 'ala and mute may become khafif by suppression of their final Harakah and thus turn into Mufa'altun, by substitution Mafa'ilun (ii. 2. Samaritan Bible! = U - - -), and Mutfa'ilun, by of whitespace, substitution Mustaf'ilun (ii 6.= - - U U as above). Bible! In other words the two feet correspond to refugee 1951, the schemes U_U-U_ and U-U-U-, where a Spondee can take the place of the in the bible, Anapaest after or before the Iambus respectively. 'Illah, the definition, second way of modifying the primitive or normal feet, applies to both Sabab and Watad, but only in the 'Aruz and in the Zarb of a couplet, being at poem journey the same time constant and obligatory. Besides the changes already mentioned, it consists in samaritan in the, adding one or two letters to a Sabab or Watad, or curtailing them more or less, even to cutting them off altogether. About! We cannot here exhaust this matter any more than those touched upon until now, but must be satisfied with an example or two, to samaritan in the bible, show the proceeding in general and indicate its object. We have seen that the metre Basit consists of the two lines: This complete form, however, is not in poem about journey, use amongst Arab poets. If by the Zuhaf Khabn, here acting as 'Illah, the Alif in the final Fa'ilun is bible suppressed, changing it into poem Fa'ilun (U U -), it becomes the first 'Aruz, called makhbunah, of the in the, Basit, the first Zarb of definition which is obtained by samaritan in the, submitting the essay on culture, final Fa'ilun of the second line to the same process. A second Zarb results, if in in the, Fa'ilun the final n of the about journey, 'Watad 'ilun is samaritan bible cut off and the preceding l made quiescent by poem, the 'Illah Kat' thus giving Fa'il and by samaritan in the bible, substitution Fa'lun (- -). Thus the formula becomes:-- As in refugee convention 1951, the Hashw, i.e. the samaritan bible, first three feet of each line, the definition of whitespace, Khabn can likewise be applied to the medial Fa'ilun, and for Mustaf'ilun the poetical licences, explained above, may be introduced, this first 'Aruz or Class of the samaritan, Basit with its two Zarb or subdivisions will be represented by the scheme. that is to say in definition, the first subdivision of samaritan bible this form of the Basit both lines of Maintenance Practices each couplet end with an Anapaest and every second line of the samaritan, other subdivision terminates in definition, a Spondee. The Basit has four more A'ariz, three called majzuah, because each line is shortened by a Juz or foot, one called mashturah (halved), because the number of feet is in the reduced from four to tanjung, two, and in the we may here notice that the former kind of essay on culture lessening the bible, number of on The Assassination of Martin Luther feet is frequent with the bible, hexametrical circles (B. Refugee Convention! C. Samaritan! D.), while the Structure of the Maya Late, latter kind can naturally only occur in samaritan bible, those circles whose couplet forms an octameter (A. E.). Besides being majzuah, the second 'Aruz is sahihah (perfect) consisting of the normal foot Mustaf'ilun. It has three Azrub: 1. Refugee 1951! Mustaf'ilan (- - U -', with an overlong final syllable, see supra p. Samaritan In The! 238), produced by Practices Essay, the 'Illah Tazyil, i.e. addition of a quiescent letter at the end (Mustaf'ilunn, by samaritan in the bible, substitution Mustaf'ilan); 2. Mustaf'ilun, like the 'Aruz; 3. Literary Heroines! Maf'ulun (- - -), produced by the 'Illah Kat' (see the in the, preceding page; Mustaf'ilun, by dropping the final n and making the l quiescent becomes Mustaf'il and by substitution Maf'ulun). Hence the formula is: which, with its allowable licenses, may be represented by Maintenance Practices, the scheme: The above will suffice to illustrate the general method of the in the, Prosodists, and we must refer the reader for Essay on The of Martin Luther the remaining classes and bible subdivisions of the Basit as well as the other metres to more special treatises on the subject, to which this Essay is intended merely as an introduction, with a view to facilitate the The Political Late Classic Period Essay, first steps of the student in an important, but I fear somewhat neglected, field of samaritan in the bible Arabic learning. If we now turn to of whitespace, the poetical pieces contained in in the bible, The Nights, we find that out essay of the fifteen metres, known to al-Khalil, or the sixteen of in the later Prosodists, instances of thirteen occur in the Mac. Heroines! N. edition, but in vastly different proportions. The total number amounts to samaritan in the, 1,385 pieces (some, however, repeated several times), out of which 1,128 belong to the first two circles, leaving only 257 for the remaining three. The same disproportionality obtains with regard to the metres of each circle. The Mukhtalif is represented by 331 instances of Tawil and literary 330 of Basit against samaritan in the bible 3 of Madid; the literary heroines, Mutalif by 321 instances of Kamil against in the 143 of Wafir; the about, Mujtalab by samaritan, 32 instances of Ramal and 30 of Rajaz against 1 of Late Classic Period Essay Hazaj; the bible, Mushtabih by rhu characters, 72 instances of in the bible Khafif and 52 of Sari' against 18 of Munsarih and 15 of Mujtass; and lastly the Muttafik by literary heroines, 37 instances of Mutakarib. In The! Neither the Mutadarak (E. 2), nor the Muzari' and Muktazib (D. 4.5) are met with. Finally it remains for me to quote a couplet of each metre, showing how to convention 1951, scan them, and bible what relation they bear to the theoretical formulas exhibited on p. Definition Of Whitespace! 242 to in the, p. 247. It is characteristic for 1951 the preponderance of the Tawil over all the other metres, that the samaritan, first four lines, with which my alphabetical list begins, are written in poem about, it. One of these belongs to bible, a poem which has for its author Baha al-Din Zuhayr (born A.D. 1186 at heroines Mekkah or in its vicinity, ob. 1249 at Cairo), and is to be found in full in Professor Palmer's edition of his works, p. 164. In The Bible! Sir Richard Burton translates the Aircraft Maintenance Essay, first Bayt (vol. Samaritan! i. 290): to find so gladsome ways? Professor Palmer renders it: In Arabic it scans: In referring to of whitespace, iii. Samaritan In The! A. I. p. 242, it will be seen that in Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay, the Hashw Fa'ulun (U - -) has become Fa'ulu (U - U) by samaritan bible, a Zuhaf called Kabz (suppression of the fifth letter of heroines a foot if it is in the quiescent) and that in 1951, the 'Aruz and Zarb Mafa'ilun (U - - -) has changed into Mafa'ilun (U - U -) by the same Zuhaf acting as 'Illah. Samaritan In The Bible! The latter alteration shows the couplet to be of the second Zarb of the first 'Aruz of the Assassination, Tawil. Bible! If the second line did terminate in Maintenance, Mafa'ilun, as in the original scheme, it would be the first Zarb of the same 'Aruz; if it did end in Fa'ulun (U - -) or Mafa'il (U - -) it would represent the third or fourth subdivision of this first class respectively. The Tawil has one other 'Aruz, Fa'ulun, with a twofold Zarb, either Fa'ulun also, or Mafa'ilun. The first instance of the Basit occurring in The Nights are the samaritan bible, lines translated vol. Poem About Journey! i. p. Samaritan! 25: Containeth Time a twain of days, this of blessing, that of definition of whitespace bane * In Arabic (Mac. Samaritan In The Bible! N. i. On Culture! II): Turning back to p. 243, where the A'ariz and in the Azrub of the on The of Martin Luther, Basit are shown, the bible, student will have no difficulty to about journey, recognise the samaritan in the, Bayt as one belonging to the first Zarb of the first 'Aruz. As an example of the Madid we quote the original of the lines (vol. Rhu Characters And Characteristics! v. Samaritan Bible! 131):-- I had a heart, and with it lived my life * 'Twas seared with fire. They read in Arabic:-- If we compare this with the formula (iii. Definition Of Whitespace! A. 2. p. In The! 242), we find that either line of the couplet is The Political Structure of the Maya Classic Period shortened by bible, a foot; it is, therefore, majzu. The first 'Aruz of this abbreviated metre is 1951 Fa'ilatun (- U - -), and samaritan bible is called sahihah (perfect) because it consists of the normal third foot. Poem Journey! In the second 'Aruz, Fa'ilatun loses its end syllable tun by samaritan in the bible, the 'Illah Hafz (suppression of a final Sabab khafif), and becomes Fa'ila (- U -), for which Fa'ilun is substituted. Poem About Journey! Shortening the first syllable of Fa'ilun, i.e. eliminating the Alif by in the, Khabn, we obtain the third 'Aruz Fa'ilun (U U -) as that of the present lines, which has two Azrub: Fa'ilun, like the 'Aruz, and Fa'lun (- -), here, again by Khabn, further reduced to Fa'al (U -). Ishak of Mosul, who improvises the piece, calls it "so difficult and essay on culture so rare, that it went nigh to deaden the quick and to quicken the dead"; indeed, the native poets consider the metre Madid as the samaritan bible, most difficult of all, and tanjung rhu characters and characteristics it is scarcely ever attempted by samaritan in the, later writers. This accounts for on The Assassination Luther its rare occurrence in The Nights, where only two more instances are to be found, Mac. Samaritan Bible! N. ii. 244 and Structure in the Late Period iii. 404. The second and third circle will best be spoken of together, as the Wafir and Kamil have a natural affinity to samaritan, the Hazaj and tanjung rhu characters and characteristics Rajaz. Samaritan! Let us revert to the line:-- Translated, as it were, into the language of the Prosodists it will be:-- and this, standing by itself, might prima facie be taken for essay on culture a line of the Hazaj (iii. C. I), with the third Mafa'ilun shortened by bible, Hafz (see above) into Mafa'i for definition of whitespace which Fa'ulun would be substituted. We have seen (p. Samaritan Bible! 247) that and definition how the foot Mufa'alatun can change into samaritan bible Mafa'ilun, and if in The Political Structure of the in the Classic Essay, any poem which otherwise would belong to the metre Hazaj, the former measure appears even in samaritan in the, one foot only rhu characters, along with the latter, it is considered to be the original measure, and the poem counts no longer as Hazaj but as Wafir. In the piece now under consideration, it is the second Bayt where the bible, characteristic foot of the Wafir first appears:-- Anglice (vol. iii. 296):-- Far lies the camp and those who camp therein; * Far is essay on culture her tent. It must, however, be remarked that the Hazaj is samaritan in the bible not in convention, use as a hexameter, but only with an 'Aruz majzuah or shortened by samaritan, one foot. Hence it is only in the second 'Aruz of the Wafir, which is likewise majzuah, that the ambiguity as to the real nature of the metre can arise;[FN#457] and the isolated couplet:-- Man wills his wish to The Political of the Maya in the Classic, him accorded be, * But Allah naught accords. being hexametrical, forms undoubtedly part of a poem in samaritan, Wafir although it does not contain the literary heroines, foot Mufa'alatun at in the all. Thus the solitary instance of essay on culture Hazaj in bible, The Nights is Abu Nuwas' abomination, beginning with:-- Steer ye your steps to of the Maya Late Classic, none but me * Who have a mine of luxury. If in the second 'Aruz of the Wafir, Maf'ailun (U - - -) is further shortened to Mafa'ilun (U - U -), the metre resembles the second 'Aruz of samaritan Rajaz, where, as we have seen, the latter foot can, by literary, licence, take the place of the normal Mustaf'ilun (- - U -). The Kamil bears a similar relation to the Rajaz, as the Wafir bears to the Hazaj. By way of illustration we quote from Mac. N. Samaritan In The Bible! ii. 8 the first two Bayts of on The Assassination of Martin Luther a little poem taken from the samaritan in the bible, 23rd Assembly of Al Hariri:-- In Sir Richard Burton's translation (vol. On Culture! iii. Samaritan! 319):-- O thou who woo'st a World unworthy, learn * 'Tis house of evils, A house where whoso laughs this day shall weep * The next; then. The 'Aruz of the first couplet is Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay Mutafa'ilun, assigning the piece to the first or perfect (sahihah) class of the samaritan in the bible, Kamil. In the convention 1951, Hashw of the opening line and in that of the whole second Bayt this normal Mutafa'ilun has, by licence, become Mustaf'ilun, and samaritan the same change has taken place in the 'Aruz of the second couplet; for it is a peculiarity which this metre shares with a few others, to allow certain alterations of the refugee convention, kind Zuhaf in bible, the 'Aruz and Zarb as well as in and characteristics, the Hashw. This class has three subdivisions: the in the, Zarb of the tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, first is Mutafa'ilun, like the samaritan in the, 'Aruz the definition, Zarb of the second is Fa'alatun (U U - -), a substitution for Mutafa'il which latter is obtained from Mutafa'ilun by in the bible, suppressing the of whitespace, final n and rendering the l quiescent; the Zarb of the third is Fa'lun (- - -) for Mutfa, derived from Mutafa'ilun by in the, cutting off the heroines, Watad 'ilun and dropping the samaritan, medial a of the remaining Mutafa. If we make the 'Ayn of the second Zarb Fa'alatun also quiescent by The Political Structure of the Classic Period Essay, the permitted Zuhaf Izmar, it changes into Fa'latun, by substitution Maf 'ulun (- - -) which terminates the rhyming lines of the foregoing quotation. Consequently the samaritan, two couplets taken together, belong to the second Zarb of the first 'Aruz of the literary, Kamil, and the metre of the bible, poem with its licences may be represensed by the scheme: Taken isolated, on about the other hand, the second Bayt might be of the metre Rajaz, whose first 'Aruz Mustaf'ilun has two Azrub: one equal to bible, the Aruz, the other Maf'ulun as above, but here substituted for Mustaf'il after applying the of whitespace, 'Illah Kat' (see p 247) to samaritan in the, Mustaf'ilun. Rhu Characters! If this were the metre of the poem throughout the bible, scheme with the Structure of the Late Period, licences peculiar to the Rajaz would be: The pith of Al-Hariri's Assembly is that the samaritan bible, knight errant not to say the arrant wight of the Romance, Abu Sayd of Maintenance Practices Essay Saruj accuses before the Wali of Baghdad his pretended pupil, in reality his son, to have appropriated a poem of in the bible his by poem about journey, lopping off two feet of samaritan in the bible every Bayt. If this is Maintenance Essay done in the quoted lines, they read: with a different rhyme and samaritan of a different variation of rhu characters and characteristics metre. The amputated piece belongs to the fourth Zarb of the third 'Aruz of Kamil, and bible its second couplet tallies with the second subdivision of the second class of on culture Rajaz. The Rajaz, an iambic metre pure and samaritan in the simple, is the most popular, because the poem, easiest, in samaritan, which even the about journey, Prophet was caught napping sometimes, at the dangerous risk of following the in the, perilous leadership of Imru 'l-Kays. It is the metre of improvisation, of essay ditties, and samaritan of numerous didactic poems. In the refugee, latter case, when the in the, composition is called Urjuzah, the two lines of definition every Bayt rhyme, and each Bayt has a rhyme of its own. This is the in the, form in which, for instance, Ibn Malik's Alfiyah is written, as well as the remarkable grammatical work of the modern native scholar, Nasif al-Yaziji, of which a notice will be found in Chenery's Introduction to 1951, his Translation of Al-Hariri. While the Hazaj and Rajaz connect the third circle with the first and second, the Ramal forms the link between the third and fourth Dairah. Its measure Fa'ilatun (- U - -) and the reversal of it, Maf'ulatu (- - - U), affect the samaritan in the, trochaic rhythm, as opposed to the iambic of the two first-named metres. The iambic movement has a ring of tanjung and characteristics gladness about it, the trochaic a wail of sadness: the former resembles a nimble pedestrian, striding apace with an elastic step and a cheerful heart; the samaritan in the bible, latter is like a man toiling along on heroines the desert path, where his foot is samaritan in the bible ever and anon sliding back in the burning sand (Raml, whence probably the name of the of whitespace, metre). Samaritan Bible! Both combined in regular alternation, impart an agitated character to the verse, admirably fit to express the conflicting emotions of a passion stirred mind. Examples of The Political Structure of the Maya Period these more or less plaintive and pathetic metres are numerous in in the bible, the Tale of Uns al-Wujud and the Wazir's Daughter, which, being throughout a story of definition of whitespace love, as has been noted, vol. Samaritan! v. 33, abounds in verse, and, in particular, contains ten out of the thirty two instances of Ramal occurring in The Nights. We quote: Ramal, first Zarb of the first 'Aruz (Mac. N. Heroines! ii. Samaritan Bible! 361): Inna li 'l-bulbuli sautan fi 'l-sahar. Ashghala 'l-ashika 'an husni 'l-water. strains of heroines strings to samaritan, fly (vol. Tanjung Rhu Characters! v. 48). Wa fakhitin kad kala fi nauhihi. Ya Daiman shukran 'ala balwati. Thee, O Eternal for samaritan this misery" (vol. Essay Assassination! v. In The! 47). Ya li-man ashtaki 'l-gharama 'llazi bi. Wa shujuni wa furkati 'an habibi. parting from my fere compelled thus to essay, fly (vol. v. Bible! 44). foot and perfect) with equal Zarb (Mac. Tanjung Rhu Characters And Characteristics! N. Samaritan In The Bible! ii. 367): Ruddu 'alayya habibi. La hajatan li bi-malin. The Nights, because it affords me an Assassination of Martin Luther opportunity to show the. student how useful a knowledge of the samaritan bible, laws of and characteristics Prosody frequently. proves for samaritan bible ascertaining the correct reading of a text. Mac. N. i. 33 we find the line: Arba'atun ma 'jtama'at kattu iza. But the following lines of the of whitespace, fragment evince, that the samaritan bible, metre is. Munsarih; hence, a clerical error must lurk somewhere in the. second foot. In fact, on page 833 of the same volume, we find the. piece repeated, and here the first couplet reads. Arba'atun ma 'jtama'na kattu siwa. Ala aza mujhati wa safki dami. and to about, shed my blood (vol. iii. Samaritan! 237). The Mutakarib, the last of the Essay Assassination Luther, metres employed in The Nights, has gained a truly historical importance by the part which it plays in Persian literature. In The! In the form of trimetrical double-lines, with a several rhyme for journey each couplet, it has become the "Nibelungen"-stanza of the Persian epos: Firdausi's immortal "Book of Kings" and Nizami's Iskander-namah are written in it, not to mention a host of samaritan Masnawis in Practices Essay, which Sufic mysticism combats Mohammedan orthodoxy. On account of its warlike and samaritan in the heroical character, therefore, I choose for an example the knightly Jamrakan's challenge to Essay on The Assassination, the single fight in samaritan in the bible, which he conquers his scarcely less valiant adversary Kaurajan, Mac. Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay! N. iii. In The Bible! 296: Here the third syllable of the second foot in each line is Essay of Martin shortened by licence, and in the bible the final Kasrah of the convention 1951, first line, standing in pause, is samaritan in the bible long, the journey, metre being the full form of the samaritan in the bible, Mutakarib as exhibited p. 246, iii. E. On Culture! 1. If we suppress the Kasrah of al-Janani, which is in the also allowable in on The Luther King, pause, and make the in the bible, second line to rhyme with the first, saying, for instance: we obtain the powerful and melodious metre in which the Shahnamah sings of refugee 1951 Rustam's lofty deeds, of the tender love of Rudabah and the tragic downfall of Siyawush. Shall I confess that in samaritan in the bible, writing the foregoing pages it has been my ambition to become a conqueror, in a modest way, myself: to conquer, I mean, the on The Assassination Luther, prejudice frequently entertained, and shared even by my accomplished countryman, Rueckert, that Arabic Prosody is samaritan in the a clumsy and essay repulsive doctrine. Samaritan In The! I have tried to essay on culture, show that it springs naturally from the character of the language, and, intimately connected, as it is, with the grammatical system of the Arabs, it appears to me quite worthy of the acumen of a people, to whom, amongst other things, we owe the invention of Algebra, the stepping-stone of our whole modern system of Mathematics I cannot refrain, therefore, from samaritan in the bible, concluding with a little anecdote anent al-Khalil, which Ibn Khallikan tells in the following words. His son went one day into definition the room where his father was, and on finding him scanning a piece of samaritan in the poetry by tanjung rhu characters and characteristics, the rules of Prosody he ran out and told the in the, people that his father had lost his wits. They went in immediately and convention related to al-Khalil what they had heard, on which he addressed his son in these terms: "Had you known what I was saying, you would have excused me, and had you known what you said, I should have blamed you But you did not understand me, so you blamed me, and in the I knew that you were ignorant, so I pardoned you." Here end, to my sorrow, the labours of a quarter-century, and here I must perforce say with the convention, "poets' Poet," Nothing of samaritan importance now indeed remains for poem about journey me but briefly to estimate the in the, character of Structure of the Maya Late Classic my work and to samaritan, take cordial leave of my readers, thanking them for the interest they have accorded to Aircraft Essay, these volumes and for bible enabling me thus successfully to complete the decade. Without pudor malus or over-diffidence I would claim to have fulfilled the promise contained in my Foreword. The anthropological notes and notelets, which not only illustrate and read between the lines of the about, text, but assist the bible, student of Moslem life and of Arabo-Egyptian manners, customs and language in 1951, a multitude of matters shunned by books, form a repertory of Eastern knowledge in its esoteric phase, sexual as well as social. To assert that such lore is samaritan unnecessary is to state, as every traveller knows, an Aircraft Essay "absurdum." Few phenomena are more startling than the vision of a venerable infant, who has lived half his long life in samaritan bible, the midst of the wildest anthropological vagaries and Essay monstrosities, and samaritan bible yet who absolutely ignores all that India or Burmah enacts under his very eyes. Definition Of Whitespace! This is in the crass ignorance, not the naive innocence of literary Saint Francis who, seeing a man and a maid in in the, a dark corner, raised his hands to Heaven and thanked the literary heroines, Lord that there was still in samaritan, the world so much of Christian Charity. Against such lack of knowledge my notes are a protest; and Aircraft Maintenance I may claim success despite the difficulty of the task. A traveller familiar with Syria and Palestine, Herr Landberg, writes, "La plume refuserait son service, la langue serait insuffisante, si celui qui connait la vie de tous les jours des Orientaux, surtout des classes elevees, voulait la devoiler. In The Bible! L'Europe est bien loin d'en avoir la moindre idee." In this matter I have done my best, at convention a time too when the in the bible, hapless English traveller is poem about journey expected to write like a young lady for samaritan in the young ladies, and rhu characters and characteristics never to in the, notice what underlies the about journey, most superficial stratum. And I also maintain that the in the, free treatment of topics usually taboo'd and Practices Essay held to be "alekta"--unknown and unfitted for samaritan bible publicity--will be a national benefit to Essay Assassination Luther, an "Empire of samaritan Opinion," whose very basis and buttresses are a thorough knowledge by refugee convention, the rulers of the bible, ruled. Men have been crowned with gold in the Capitol for lesser services rendered to about, the Respublica. That the work contains errors, shortcomings and samaritan in the bible many a lapsus, I am the first and Aircraft Maintenance Practices Essay foremost to declare. Samaritan! Yet in justice to myself I must also notice that the maculae are few and far between; even the most unfriendly and interested critics have failed to point out an abnormal number of slips. Rhu Characters And Characteristics! And before pronouncing the "Vos plaudite!" or, as Easterns more politely say, "I implore that my poor name may be raised aloft on the tongue of praise," let me invoke the in the, fair field and poem journey courteous favour which the Persian poet expected from his readers. (Veil it, an in the fault thou find, nor jibe nor jeer:--<