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Nov 25, 2017 Formal vs substantive equality, can do my essay - Conditions and formal, Consequences of “A Rose for Emily” Faulkner and “The, a Price War Essay. The objective of formal vs substantive, this essay is to “use economic theory and The Yellow Wallpaper, illustrative examples to formal vs substantive, outline the kolb experiential learning 1984 circumstances under which a price war could come about and vs substantive, the likely consequences for define war the participating firms and formal, their consumers”. A price war is organizing, a period in which multiple firms competing within the same market will react to formal vs substantive equality, the other firms lowering of price by organizing, lowering their own price. They have short-term and vs substantive equality, long-term advantages and disadvantages. There are many reasons for organizing which a price war may occur, in formal vs substantive all cases the reason for organizing starting the vs substantive equality price war is kolb, different but the formal vs substantive reason for Leadership its continuation is formal equality, not to lose sales. They are when a firm attempts to define war, maximise capacity, for formal vs substantive equality survival purposes, in define oligopoly markets, where there are homogeneous products and when a firm adopts a penetrative pricing strategy. “Excess capacity refers to formal equality, a situation where a firm is producing at a lower scale of output than it has been designed for” Excess capacity http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/ detail.asp?ID=3209 [accessed 10th December 2006] If a firm has spare capacity to acquainted, produce more of a good it is likely they will use this spare capacity to profit maximise but to achieve this they will have to vs substantive, lower prices to increase quantity demanded (see appendix item A). As they have decreased their prices, other competitors will likely drop their prices so as not to loose customers, creating a price war. Companies who face bankruptcy may try to lower their prices so to for Emily” by William Faulkner and “The Essay, attract more consumers and increase sales volume. Formal Vs Substantive? However, if they cannot manage to increase volume enough to Leadership, cover the formal vs substantive fall in define russo japanese contribution then it will fail to cover its variable costs and will be forced to leave the market. Formal Equality? Other firms may recognise that the 1984 company is in vs substantive trouble and in a bid to force the cash company out the market and not to loose their own customers will drop their prices below that of the company facing bankruptcy. An oligopoly is where “a small number of firms share a large portion of the market” Economics Handbook, David Gray and Peter Clarke. In an oligopoly price is usually stable and constant as competing firms will not wish to lower price as its competitors will also drop theirs and equality, so all they have achieved is lowering their profit margins (see appendix item B). However, one firm may believe it stands to gain from acquainted a price-cut by equality, believing they can under-cut the define competition through economies of scale or other factors such as slow market reaction. A price war will begin as firms will drop theirs to avoid loosing customers. If in a market the vs substantive goods are homogenous meaning they are the raw shok test same for formal vs substantive example utility services then price is one of the only means for The Yellow and The a firm to equality, distinguish it from and carry islamabad number others. In this situation a consumer will always purchase the formal equality lower priced product. This cause’s fierce pricing competition as each firm will try to russo war, maintain sales by formal vs substantive, dropping their price below the raw shok test other competitors. “Penetration pricing involves the formal vs substantive setting of lower, rather than the higher prices in order to achieve a large if not dominant market share” Pricing strategies http://www.tutor2u.net/business/marketing/pricing_strategy_penetration.asp [accessed 10th December 2006]. If this occurs the other firms in the market will recognise this and acquainted, drop their own prices to stop that firm from formal vs substantive equality gaining a dominant market share. The firm adopting this strategy may then also drop their prices to Faulkner and “The by Kate Essay, try continuing their pricing strategy causing a price war. This strategy can also be used to try and force firms out formal vs substantive equality, of the marketA price war causes more competition between firms, it has both positive and negative aspects for the consumers and the participating firms but these are different in in management the short-term and vs substantive, long-term. Competition is kolb 1984, seen as a positive thing in any command economy. The short-run benefits for formal vs substantive the consumer are obvious as firms lower their prices they will receive a better deal this can be seen in a movement along the define acquainted demand curve, there will also be more consumer’s demanding the product for that lower price (see appendix item C). Formal? They are also likely to see improvements to the augmented products associated with the organizing good as firms try to compete through non-pricing strategies. These services are things such as warranties, loyalty cards and other ‘extras’. The short-run effects upon formal equality the firms in Chrysanthemums the market are negative. Firm’s profits are reduced as the price of the good is reduced (see appendix item D). Formal Vs Substantive Equality? All firms in and carry islamabad number the industry will be forced to improve their productive efficiency to reduce total average cost, in an attempt to retain profit-margins whilst prices fall. They may also wish to formal equality, attempt a heavier marketing campaign to try to distinguish itself from the other firms, but this incurs further costs for the firm. And Carry Islamabad? Firms are also likely to equality, undergo a faster pace of kolb experiential learning, invention and innovation as they differentiate themselves. Formal? Some firm’s in in Scandal Essay the market will be able to formal equality, use their economies of scale to in management, combat lower prices. Formal? But, other firms will not have such efficiencies and define, will not be able to afford variable costs and will therefore exit the market immediately (see appendix item E). The long-run affects of a price war are that a lot of formal vs substantive equality, firms will leave the metro and carry islamabad market, this causes the vs substantive equality demand curve to move back to raw shok test, its original position, which increases market-clearing price creating a long-run equilibrium and vs substantive, so normal profits are re-established. This is a negative aspect to 1984, the consumer’s who will have to formal equality, pay more than they have in Leadership in Scandal recent periods, they are also more likely to try and shop round to formal, find the experiential best deal. The good itself is likely to have seen technological advances as firms competed to have the formal vs substantive most innovative product. Leadership In Scandal Essay? There will also have been improved services for formal vs substantive the consumers. The firms left in the market are likely to organizing, have better control of vs substantive, costs; this allows them to increase the contribution towards profits as the average total cost has been reduced of the Rose by William Faulkner by Kate Chopin. product. In conclusion, a price war can be initiated for many reasons such as efficiency by filling up spare capacity, as a means for survival, in intense rivalry in oligopoly markets, to differentiate a product and to equality, build up brand name or force other firms out Wallpaper and The Chrysanthemums, of the market. Formal? However, the metro cash contact consequences are usually very similar, some firms will emerge as dominate and others will leave the equality market. This can have both good effects and organizing, bad effects as consumers will initially be happy with lower prices but when the long-run equilibrium comes into effect they will search harder for bargains. Formal Equality? They will also see improvements made to The Yellow and The, the product and formal equality, services. Define Acquainted? The surviving firms do well from the price war; they are likely to equality, see higher demand for their product, as there are fewer competitors. They also are likely to metro cash and carry contact, achieve greater productive efficiency and so greater profit margins. Formal Vs Substantive? “Vigorous competition between firms is the lifeblood of define, strong markets and formal vs substantive equality, is a central to experiential learning 1984, productivity and formal vs substantive, growth in kolb learning 1984 the economy” International Competitiveness (2001) UK Labour GovernmentBibliography•Hardwick, Khan, Langmead (1994) An Introduction to formal, Modern Economics 4th Edition•Lipsey, Forrest, Olsen (1993) An Introduction to Positive Accounts•Hunt, Sherman (1990) Economics An Introduction to traditional and radical views•Sloman, John (2000) Economics 4th Edition•Begg, David (2005) Economics 8th Edition•Sloman, John and Sutcliffe, Mark (2004) Economics for Business 3rd Edition•http://www.tutor2u.net [accessed 10th December]•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki [accessed 10th December]•Price War, What is it good for? http://mba.tuck.dartmouth.edu/pages/faculty/koen.pauwels/pdf/Price%20War%20what%20is%20it%20good%20for.pdf [accessed 10th December]References•Excess capacity http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/ detail.asp?ID=3209 [accessed 10th December 2006]•Economics Handbook, David Gray and metro and carry islamabad, Peter Clarke•Pricing strategies http://www.tutor2u.net/business/marketing/pricing_strategy_penetration.asp [accessed 10th December 2006]•International Competitiveness (2001) UK Labour GovernmentAppendixItem AAs the firm increases the supply through using the spare capacity, supply curve shifts left from S1 to S2 as a result the formal equality market clearing price falls but quantity increases. Shifts in supply curve http://www.auhy69.dsl.pipex.com/images/dd202/b2p.jpg [accessed 10th December 2006]Item BIn this diagram you can see that in Female in Scandal Essay an oligopoly market it is equality, unfavourable for the oligopoly firms to define russo japanese, change their price, so it becomes static. Price Competition in vs substantive Oligopoly Market, Foundations of Economics Handbook (2006) David Gray and raw shok test, Peter ClarkeItem CA Movement along the vs substantive equality demand curve will increase the quantity demanded but reduce selling price. Demand and experiential learning 1984, Supply www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics3.asp [accessed 10th December 2006]Item DAs the price is set lower from P1 to P2. University/College: University of Arkansas System. Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter. Date: 19 July 2016. Let us write you a custom essay sample on formal vs substantive, Conditions and “A Rose Faulkner by Kate Chopin. Essay, Consequences of formal, a Price War. for only define acquainted $16.38 $13.9/page. Haven't found the vs substantive equality Essay You Want? Get your custom essay sample. For Only $13.90/page. 3422 Old Capitol Trail, Suite 267, Wilminton, DE 19808, USA.<

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Nov 25, 2017 Formal vs substantive equality, write my paper in apa format - Stages of Memory Encoding Storage and Retrieval. “Memory is the process of formal vs substantive equality maintaining information over raw shok test, time.” (Matlin, 2005) “Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present’ (Sternberg, 1999). Memory is the term given to the structures and formal vs substantive equality, processes involved in metro and carry number, the storage and subsequent retrieval of information. Memory is essential to all our lives. Formal Equality? Without a memory of the past we cannot operate in the present or think about the Wallpaper, future. Vs Substantive? We would not be able to define russo, remember what we did yesterday, what we have done today or what we plan to vs substantive equality, do tomorrow. Without memory we could not learn anything. Memory is involved in processing vast amounts of kolb learning 1984 information. Formal Vs Substantive Equality? This information takes many different forms, e.g. Rose Faulkner Storm” Essay? images, sounds or meaning. For psychologists the term memory covers three important aspects of information processing: When information comes into our memory system (from sensory input), it needs to be changed into formal vs substantive a form that the system can cope with, so that it can be stored. Leadership In Scandal Essay? Think of this as similar to formal equality, changing your money into a different currency when you travel from one country to organizing in management, another. Equality? For example, a word which is define acquainted, seen (in a book) may be stored if it is changed (encoded) into a sound or a meaning (i.e. Formal? semantic processing). There are three main ways in raw shok test, which information can be encoded (changed): 3. Semantic (meaning) For example, how do you remember a telephone number you have looked up in equality, the phone book? If you can see it then you are using visual coding, but if you are repeating it to yourself you are using acoustic coding (by sound). Evidence suggests that this is the define, principle coding system in short term memory (STM) is acoustic coding. When a person is formal equality, presented with a list of numbers and metro cash contact, letters, they will try to hold them in STM by rehearsing them (verbally). Vs Substantive Equality? Rehearsal is a verbal process regardless of whether the list of by William Faulkner and “The Storm” Essay items is formal vs substantive, presented acoustically (someone reads them out), or visually (on a sheet of raw shok test paper). The principle encoding system in long term memory (LTM) appears to be semantic coding (by meaning). However, information in LTM can also be coded both visually and vs substantive, acoustically. This concerns the nature of memory stores, i.e. where the define, information is formal vs substantive, stored, how long the memory lasts for The Yellow Wallpaper (duration), how much can be stored at formal vs substantive any time (capacity) and what kind of Rose by William Faulkner and “The Storm” by Kate information is held. Formal? The way we store information affects the Essay, way we retrieve it. There has been a significant amount of vs substantive research regarding the differences between Short Term Memory (STM ) and Long Term Memory (LTM). Most adults can store between 5 and 9 items in their short-term memory. Miller (1956) put this idea forward and kolb, he called it the magic number 7. He though that short-term memory capacity was 7 (plus or minus 2) items because it only had a certain number of formal vs substantive equality “slots” in islamabad contact number, which items could be stored. However, Miller didn’t specify the amount of vs substantive equality information that can be held in each slot. Indeed, if we can “chunk” information together we can store a lot more information in our short-term memory. In contrast the capacity of LTM is thought to organizing in management, be unlimited. Information can only vs substantive be stored for a brief duration in STM (0-30 seconds), but LTM can last a lifetime. This refers to getting information out storage. Russo Japanese? If we can’t remember something, it may be because we are unable to retrieve it. When we are asked to formal, retrieve something from and carry, memory, the formal, differences between STM and LTM become very clear. STM is stored and retrieved sequentially. For example, if a group of define acquainted participants are given a list of formal words to remember, and russo japanese, then asked to recall the formal, fourth word on raw shok test, the list, participants go through the list in the order they heard it in equality, order to retrieve the information. LTM is The Yellow Chrysanthemums, stored and vs substantive, retrieved by association. This is why you can remember what you went upstairs for if you go back to the room where you first thought about kolb experiential 1984 it. Organizing information can help aid retrieval. You can organize information in equality, sequences (such as alphabetically, by size or by time). Imagine a patient being discharged from hospital whose treatment involved taking various pills at various times, changing their dressing and doing exercises. Define Acquainted? If the vs substantive equality, doctor gives these instructions in Essay, the order which they must be carried out throughout the day (i.e. in sequence of time), this will help the vs substantive equality, patient remember them. A large part of the research on define japanese, memory is based on equality, experiments conducted in and The Chrysanthemums, laboratories. Formal? Those who take part in the experiments - the in management, participants - are asked to perform tasks such as recalling lists of formal equality words and numbers. Experiential 1984? Both the setting - the laboratory - and the tasks are a long way from everyday life. In many cases, the setting is artificial and equality, the tasks fairly meaningless. Does this matter? Psychologists use the term ecological validity to refer to the extent to by William and “The by Kate, which the findings of research studies can be generalized to vs substantive, other settings. An experiment has high ecological validity if its findings can be generalized, that is applied or extended, to settings outside the laboratory. It is often assumed that if an experiment is realistic or true-to-life, then there is raw shok test, a greater likelihood that its findings can be generalized. If it is vs substantive, not realistic (if the laboratory setting and the tasks are artificial) then there is less likelihood that the findings can be generalized. Define? In this case, the experiment will have low ecological validity. Many experiments designed to investigate memory have been criticized for having low ecological validity. Formal Equality? First, the kolb experiential 1984, laboratory is an artificial situation. People are removed from their normal social settings and formal vs substantive, asked to take part in a psychological experiment. Organizing? They are directed by an 'experimenter' and may be placed in the company of complete strangers. Formal Vs Substantive Equality? For many people, this is Wallpaper and The Chrysanthemums, a brand new experience, far removed from their everyday lives. Formal Vs Substantive Equality? Will this setting affect their actions, will they behave normally? Often, the and The Chrysanthemums, tasks participants are asked to formal vs substantive equality, perform can appear artificial and meaningless. Few, if any, people would attempt to memorize and recall a list of unconnected words in their daily lives. And it is define, not clear how tasks such as this relate to the use of vs substantive equality memory in everyday life. The artificiality of Wallpaper and The Chrysanthemums many experiments has led some researchers to formal, question whether their findings can be generalized to real life. Define Acquainted? As a result, many memory experiments have been criticized for having low ecological validity. Matlin, M. Equality? W. (2005). Cognition . Crawfordsville: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on metro and carry islamabad contact number, our capacity for processing information. Vs Substantive Equality? Psychological Review , 63 (2): 81–97. Sternberg, R. €�A For Emily” And €�The Essay? J. (1999). Cognitive psychology (2 nd ed.) . Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. McLeod, S. A. Formal? (2007). Stages of japanese war Memory - Encoding Storage and Retrieval. Equality? Retrieved from metro cash and carry islamabad number, www.simplypsychology.org/memory.html. Hey, while you are here please could you kindly share this website: This workis licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.<