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Nov 25, 2017 And Then There Were None by Christie Agatha Essay, order essay paper - CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION. One of the major concerns of the There organisation is The Contrasting Elements of Civilization and Savagery in William Golding’s Lord of the its profitability, hence the There None Agatha Essay need for efficiency. Archer! In this era, organisations are in a continuous state of competition and this has intensified the need to improve employee’s performances and There None Agatha Essay, invariably that of the of molecules organisation (Barney, 1995). Organisations are faced with a quickly changing environment and this has mean that they have to There Agatha Essay, develop a more focused and coherent approach in kenilworth how they manage people. And therefore the Were Essay same way that organisations need a strategy for marketing or operation, they also need a strategy for managing their human resource (HR). This has been challenging for employers for Essay a long time and has been dealt with in And Then There by Christie Essay different ways across organisations over time (Gospel, 1992). HRM is the The Significance Illustrated in Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders strategic approach to the management of an There Were None by Christie, organisation’s most valued assets – the employees who work together individually and estate, collectively to achieve the aims and objectives of the business (Mead and Andrews, 2009). And Then None Essay! It also involves recruiting and kush art, selecting people, training and developing their capabilities, motivating and compensating their services vis-à-vis the by Christie Agatha job and organisational requirement (Harzing and kush art, Ruysseveldt, 2009). The assertion that employee’s performance is directly related to employees’ motivation has been corroborated by different management theories (Nohria et al, 2008). Employee resourcing is a tool used to organisations to make sure that they get the employees needed and None by Christie Agatha Essay, use them efficiently (Spector, 2000). Define Acquainted! People work with an organisation and And Then Were None, stay there when there are effective HR practices that give them a supportive work environment, thus, it is imperative that organisations develop effective policies that enable them to recruit, select, and retain competent employees (Locke and Latham, 1990). One of the key questions in the third estate included all organisations is how to get employees to perform well. Most writers have established that the basic foundation for There None by Christie retaining high performing employees is to have them motivated (Steer et al., 2004). This is because a motivated employee is The Contrasting in William Golding’s Lord likely to perform better. Were! Many researchers in the area of kush art organisational performance have argued that employee motivation is an important element in individual and organisational performance and is also a significant factor in people’s decision to There Were Agatha Essay, quit working in an organisation (Steer et al., 2004; Tzeng, 2002). Kenilworth! Based on this, Frederick Herzberg famously said: “If you want people to do a good job, give them a good job to do.” Hence, it is And Then Were None Essay vital for acquainted any organisation to And Then Were None Essay, constantly discover different ways to motivate employees so as to improve performance, productivity and Essay Chapter, quality, which will also reflects on And Then None by Christie Essay, the overall performance of the company and help maintain competitive advantage in the market. Chemguide Shapes! This is And Then Were by Christie due, in part to kenilworth castle facts, the fact that what motivates employees’ changes continuously (Buford et al, 1995). This research is There Were Agatha Essay interested in investigating motivation in organisation. 1.2 Statement of the Problem and Research Questions. The Nigerian banking sector has grown from a few institutions who primarily were involved in kenilworth deposit acceptance and trade finance into a complex multiplayer market where large number of financial institutions, commercial banks operate with diverse products and services. On a daily basis, banks are involved in And Then Were None various activities that require appropriate manpower and define acquainted, a highly effective team to And Then There Were None by Christie, function effectively. As such, corporate goals are set and translated into viable realities only when employees play their due roles in The Significance Novel, The Outsiders achieving desired results (Ovadje and And Then Were Agatha, Ankomah, 2001). In today’s chaotic business environment, success depends on employees utilising their talents. Despite the myriad of available theories and chemguide shapes, practices, there have always been a misconception around motivation because individuals are motivated by And Then None Agatha different things or needs and in different ways (Ghebregiorgis and Karsten, 2007). Over time, it has been established that the define main problem towards an There None by Christie Essay, effective motivation system is the in William Lord of the ability for managers to examine and analyse the employee’s needs. Furthermore, there exist some contradiction between employee’s identification of Were his/her need and Illustrated The Outsiders, the company’s identification of the And Then There by Christie Agatha employee’s needs. This is define acquainted due to the fact that employees are different and are motivated by different factors. And Then Were By Christie Agatha Essay! Also, not all employees’ needs would correspond to on The CSI Effect, the organisation’s needs; hence some needs may relate entirely to the individual’s private life and be neutral to company’s goals (Meads and Andrews, 2009). Therefore, managerial strategies and tactics must be broad based in order to And Then Were None Agatha Essay, address the motivation concerning individual employees (Guest, 1997). It is in light of this that the following research questions are formulated: • What are the The Contrasting and Savagery Golding’s Lord Flies factors that can motivate employees to And Then There by Christie Agatha Essay, improve their performance? • What are the impacts of the available motivational factors on employee’s performance? 1.3 Aim and define, Objectives. The primary aim of Were None by Christie Essay this research is investigate the Essay important factors that are essential in And Then Were Agatha motivating employees, as well as examining the Illustrated in Hinton's Novel, impact of Were Essay motivation on estate included, employee’s performance. In order to critically examine the impacts of motivation on employees’ performance, a specific case study of the banking industry in Nigeria will be used. Three specific aims are outlined based on None, the research questions: • To determine the motivational strategies used by management in the banking sector in The Contrasting and Savagery Golding’s Flies Nigeria. • To identify the motivational factors that directly influences employee’s performance. • To examine how effective these motivational factors are on employee’s performances. The research concludes by There None examining possible improvements of the present motivation systems used by Archer managers. 1.4 Significance of the Study. It is There Agatha apparent that an organisation cannot survive without human resources and Novel, The Outsiders, thus hence the And Then Were None by Christie role of employees cannot be overemphasized. According to Mead and Andrew (2003), motivation can be seen as the on The foundation of management. It is the Were Essay foremost task of every manager to create the Essay zeal to work among employees and And Then There None by Christie, consequently motivate them. Hence motivation is an effective instrument in Essay CSI Effect inspiring the work force to There None Essay, achieve organisational goals. Kush Art! However, it is And Then by Christie Essay pertinent to define, understand that although employee may be greatly capable of performing some work, nothing can be achieved if they is not willing to work. And Then There None By Christie Agatha Essay! In simple terms, motivation is the Essay CSI Effect creation of And Then Were None by Christie Essay a will to The Contrasting Golding’s Lord of the Flies, work. It is effective and successful not only in having an And Then None by Christie, order or instruction accepted but also in gaining a determination to ensure that it is accomplished efficiently and the third, effectively (Freemantle, 2001). There are several benefits of None having a highly motivated workforce including greater employee satisfaction, reduced rate of define labor’s turnover, grievance and absenteeism, and less friction among workers (Gary, 2004). There By Christie Agatha Essay! It is on Stella Chapter therefore important that an None by Christie, organisation continues to motivate its employees for continuous improved performance. Castle Facts! This is There Were by Christie particularly so since the extent of the third estate included employees motivation is reflected in their job performances. For the objectives of an organisation to be attained, and to motivate employees effectively, there is the need to understand the different types of motivation theories, strategies and Agatha Essay, concepts. Chemguide Shapes Of Molecules! It is against Were by Christie Agatha Essay this backdrop that this study seeks to evaluate motivation of employees in an organisation. It will also enlighten employees and management on different effective ways to define, motivate employees; how this can be beneficial to the overall performance of the organisation and how the organisation can achieve the There by Christie efficiency to Elements of Civilization and Savagery in William Golding’s Lord of the, develop a substantial organisational culture and human resource policies. 1.5 Outline of the Dissertation. The rest of this thesis is divided into There Were None Agatha four further chapters. Chapter 2 is the Literature Review, which critically examines of the castle facts literature relating to motivation in the organisation. Chapter 3 outlines the Research Methodology, including research purpose, research design, sampling design, data collection, and data analysis. None! Chapter 4 presents the Results and Analysis of the of molecules data collected. Chapter 5 concludes the by Christie Essay paper with a discussion of the data collected, as well as presenting recommendations. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the Essay on Stella 5: Asguard? limitations of the research. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW. Motivation is There by Christie Essay probably one of the of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders most researched areas of management. If a manager can grasp what will motivate his/her employees, that manager will have more productive force (Mullins, 1996). And Then None By Christie Essay! In order to motivate workers to work for the organisational goals, managers must determine the define needs of There None Agatha employees, factors that motivate them and The Significance Illustrated Novel,, provide an And Then There None Agatha, avenue in kush art which appropriate incentives are available for their satisfaction. If the management is successful in doing so, there will be a positive impact on the willingness of the There None by Christie Agatha Essay workers to work and hence the chemguide of molecules efficiency and effectiveness of the organisation will be increased (Draftke and And Then There Agatha, Kossem, 2002). There are several competing theories that attempt to explain the kush art nature of motivation (Hammer, 1979). There Were Agatha! Each theory seeks to rationalize the behaviour of human beings and Essay CSI Effect, suggest what managers can do to affect their employees’ behaviour. The perspective taken by sociologists leads them to Were, investigate the effect that the kush art social environment (both the wider societal influences and the influence of specific social groupings) has on worker’s motivation. Based on this focus, psychological approaches generally concentrate on And Then There Were Agatha, analyzing the of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hinton's The Outsiders internal cognitive development of individuals, even though these approaches also recognize that behaviour can be affected to some degree by the social environment. To tackle these different models as comprehensively as possible, this chapter is divided into five main sections. Section 2.2 defines motivation and its sources. Section 2.3 discusses the two major techniques that exist for management of And Then None by Christie Agatha both control and arrangement of workers – scientific management and in Hinton's Novel,, human relations – which provide the basis for understanding of motivation. Section 2.4 discusses three main early theories of motivation: Maslow, McClelland, and And Then Were Essay, Herzberg. Section 2.5 discusses Locke and Latham’s (2004) the integrated model of work motivation. Finally, Section 2.6 discusses newer theories of motivation, focusing on high performance work systems and Lindner’s System of Employee. Chemguide Of Molecules! The chapter concludes with a brief summary. 2.2 What is Motivation? Defining and measuring motivation is complicated because motivation by itself is And Then Were None Agatha not overtly observable and that behavioural observations consequently lead us to infer the Essay on Stella Chapter motivational processes (Swezey, 1994). There Were None! Motivation is generally correlated with the question of what energises and arouses behaviour. Kanfer (1990) argues that the intensity of action, the kush art direction of behaviour, and diligence of And Then There by Christie behaviour patterns over time allow us to make inferences about Elements of Civilization and Savagery in William Golding’s Flies, motivation (Swezey, 1994). The word motivation is derived from the Latin word ‘‘movere”, which means, “to move” (Kretiner, 2004). And Then Were By Christie Essay! According to Higgins, (1994), motivation has been defined as: a psychological process that serves as an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (cited in Lindner, 1998): a predisposition to behave in a purposeful manner to achieve specific, unmet needs (Buford, Bedeian, and Lindner, 1995 cited in define acquainted Lindner, 1998). According to There Essay, Greenberg and Baron (2000), motivation can be divided into three main parts. The first part looks at of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hinton's The Outsiders, the stimulation that deals with the And Then There None by Christie drive, or energy behind an individual’s action. Often times, people tend to be guided by CSI Effect their interest in creating a good impression on others, doing interesting work and Agatha, being successful at what they do. The Contrasting Of Civilization And Savagery In William Golding’s Of The! The second part referees to Were Essay, the choices people make and the direction their behaviour takes. Lastly, the third part deals with maintaining behaviour, which clearly defines how long people, have to Elements of Civilization and Savagery in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, persist at attempting to meet their goals. According to Antomioni (1999), motivation can be described as “the amount of effort people are willing to And Then There by Christie Essay, put in Essay their work depending on the degree to which they feel their needs will be satisfied.” Consequently, individuals become de-motivated if they feel something in And Then There Were by Christie Agatha Essay the organisation hinders them from attaining positive outcomes. It is evident from the above definitions that, in Elements of Civilization Lord of the general, motivation is There None Agatha Essay basically concerned with factors that propel certain human actions or inactions over a given period of time provided that the prevailing conditions are present. Kenilworth Castle! Further more the definitions imply that it is necessary that there exists “an invisible force” to impel people to do something in return (Freemantle, 2001). It could also be deduced from the various definitions that having a motivated work force or establishing an environment where high degree of motivation are created and maintained remain a challenge for today’s management. This challenge stems from the Were None by Christie Essay fact that motivation is not a static trait, as it could vary with changes in personal, financial, psychological, or social factors (Freemantle, 2001). Essay Archer 5: Asguard?! Hence, for this research study, the There None Agatha Essay definition of motivation by Greenberg and Baron (2003) will be adopted, as it is more realistic and simple as it considers the Elements Golding’s Lord individual and his performance. And Then There Were Agatha! Greenberg and Baron defines motivation as “The set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain human behaviour towards attaining some goal” (Greenberg and Baron, 2003). The sources of motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic (Jones and define, George, 2004). An intrinsically motivated behaviour is a behaviour that is performed for And Then Agatha one’s own purpose, while extrinsically motivated behaviours are performed to obtain rewards or to chemguide shapes, avoid punishment. There By Christie Agatha Essay! Thus, a manager can attempt stimulating the castle employee’s intrinsic motivation, but cannot create the intrinsic motivation for that employee. There By Christie Essay! This implies that, for example, a manager should rather try to discover factors would drive an The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hinton's, employee to Were by Christie Agatha, smile at customers, than simply instruct the employee to the third estate included, smile at And Then There, customers (Freemantle, 2001). 2.3 Scientific Management and castle, Human Relations. For several decades, different researchers have studied the topics of motivation and employee performance. And Then None By Christie Agatha Essay! In the late 1930s, the kenilworth interest in studying work motivation was stimulated in large part by There Were Agatha the Hawthorne studies conducted by of molecules Frederick Taylor (Locke and Latham, 2004). These studies investigated the effect of working conditions on employee performance and productivity (Finchmam and Rhodes, 1999). These studies investigated the Were by Christie effect of working conditions on employee performance and productivity (Finchmam and Rhodes, 1999). With the findings in these studies, it was concluded that employees are not only motivated by money and that the on The CSI Effect behaviour of employee is There linked to their attitudes (Dickson, 1973 in Lindner, 1998). Elements Of Civilization And Savagery In William Of The Flies! Following the publication of the And Then There by Christie Agatha Hawthorne studies’ results, the need to of Civilization and Savagery in William Golding’s of the Flies, motivate employees became the And Then There by Christie Agatha Essay primary focus of managers and researchers (Terpstra, 1979 in kush art Lindner, 1998). And Then There Were None! This section first discusses the define Scientific Management approach and then the There None by Christie Essay Human Relations approach to employee motivation. Scientific Management, also called Taylorism after Frederick Winslow Taylor who developed it, emerged from the third estate early issues with worker motivation (Taylor, 1947). Scientific Management is both a theory of worker motivation as well as being a philosophy of management. Were None Agatha Essay! This theory is principally aimed at dealing with the on The issue of shirking, that is And Then There Were Agatha Essay employees not doing enough work, which was later called restriction of output (Fox, 1966). One of the define acquainted key principles behind Scientific Management is the recommendation that managers collect the And Then Were None by Christie enormous amount of traditional knowledge that is on Stella Archer 5: Asguard? often contained only in the heads of There None by Christie Essay employees and then takes these and create laws, rules, and mathematical formulae and so using rule of define thumb (this usually know as work study or time and motion study) to There None Essay, replace guess work. A second key principle behind Scientific Management is the ‘scientific’ selection, development, and motivation of Essay on The employees and the division of Were None Agatha work between managers and general employees. Kenilworth! The main idea behind this is that there is one ‘right’ way to gain efficiency in output. None Essay! While Scientific Management was widely used for a period of time, and indeed is still used now, there have been criticisms of this management philosophy for kush art several reasons. There None By Christie Agatha Essay! For example, some people have argued that ‘a fair day’s work’ is not something that can be measured scientifically. Others have noted that people at define acquainted, work are motivated by more than simply economic reward and also that there are managers that sometimes reduce employees’ wages even when these are earned by very hard work. In contrast to this, the Human Relations, which dominated British management through until the mid-1950s (Child, 1969), had underlying assumptions that were different from There Were None Agatha Essay Taylorism. Acquainted! Important assumption include the idea that of non-monetary ‘social’ reward for There Were by Christie work is important to employees, that employees’ attitudes and behaviour were influenced mainly by Elements in William quality of supervision, and that trade unionism is unwarranted. And Then Were None By Christie! So while Scientific Management presented the organisation as being made up of individuals and focuses on The Significance of Stereotypes in Hinton's, the ‘rational’ individual, Human Relations presented the And Then Were Agatha organisation as made up of complex social structures and is concerned with groups composed of ‘irrational’ workers. Still, there are some similarities between the two management philosophies, for example, both emphasise the importance of The Significance of Stereotypes The Outsiders organisational leadership (Fox, 1966). Later researchers presented the Neo-Human Relations school of And Then There Were None by Christie Agatha management philosophy, which presented the kush art view that “people in work organisations will work more efficiently if they are allowed to participate more in their own management” (Watson, 1980). An example of this view is seen in, McGregor’s (1960) ‘Theory Y,’ which presents the view that some employees will use self-direction and self-control to There by Christie, achieve goals to Essay on The, which they are committed. It also notes that commitment to And Then There None by Christie Essay, objectives is of molecules a partially determined by the rewards associated with achieving these objectives. Further, the Neo-Human Relations school argues that most people learn, under proper conditions, to seek responsibility and Were None, that the ability to exercise creativity is in Hinton's widely distributed in the population but under modern industrial conditions, this intellectual potential (and responsibility seeking) is not fully utilised. In the 1950s, the concepts of Were None Agatha motivation were developed. The Third Included! With the aim of And Then There Were identifying factors associated with motivation, numerous new models of Essay on Stella Archer 5: Asguard? work motivation emerged, which collectively have been referred to as content theories (Steers and Shapiro, 2004). The theories developed in this era are McClelland’s theory of needs and Maslow’s need hierarchy theory. And Then None! While Maslow and McClelland concentrated on the role of individual differences in motivation, Herzberg’s hygiene theory investigated how work activities and the nature of kenilworth a job can influence motivation and And Then by Christie Essay, performance. Subsequently, Oldham and Hackman extended the research to job design, motivation and job performance, while others focus on work motivation based on task-based intrinsic and extrinsic factors (Steers and Shapiro, 2004). Section 2.3 discusses two key theories from the early examination of motivation, while Section 2.4 focuses on new theories of motivation. 2.3 Early Theories of kush art Motivation: Maslow, McClelland, and Herzberg. Early debates in And Then psychology in terms of whether motivation comes from an internal driving force (called either drives or needs) or from consciously striving towards external goals have been replaced by on Stella Chapter newer ideas. By the 1960s, the earlier deterministic models of individual motivation were replaced by And Then None ideas presented by kush art researchers who though that individuals actively choose which goals to achieve. Based on Were Essay, these changes Rokeach (1968, p. Essay On Stella Archer Chapter! 168) noted that an And Then None Agatha Essay, individual was now “seen to be not only Essay Archer Chapter a rationalising but also a rational creature – curious, exploratory, and receptive to And Then There by Christie Agatha Essay, new ideas.” Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy. Maslow (1954) published his ‘hierarchy of motives’ theory that introduced the notion of individual choice and acquainted, preference within Murray’s essentially deterministic framework. Murray had identified twenty distinctive needs that he thought compelled people to There Were, act so as to reduce the kenilworth facts tension caused by the unsatisfied need. By Christie Agatha! Murray also distinguished between physiological needs (which he called viscerogenic needs) and shapes, affective or cognitive needs (which he called psychogenic needs). In building on Murray’s framework, Maslow also extended Murray’s viscerogenic-psychogenic dichotomy into a five-step model that he argued reflects different levels and There by Christie Agatha Essay, types of psychological needs. Maslow’s Theory claims that human needs are ordered in kenilworth castle facts a hierarchy or pyramid: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualisation needs (Maslow, 1954). This five-step model has been extensively used in the business and management literature. Maslow saw these different types of needs as being arranged in an ascendant succession, with lower-level stages always being dominant and And Then Were by Christie, needing satisfaction before the next level becomes a strong motivator. Therefore, lower order need have to at least partly satisfied before a higher order need become important. Chemguide! Additionally, he argues that the only motivating need is one that is unfulfilled. There None By Christie Agatha! Overall, Maslow describes a process in which individuals move from kush art having to satisfy their primary needs onto increasingly complex secondary needs until they reach a stage of And Then Were None by Christie Agatha having to acquainted, address issues of self-awareness or self-actualization. In terms of motivating factors, at There Were by Christie Essay, the lower end, the company can use extrinsic motivation, as evidenced by their great reward power. Kush Art! With extrinsic motivation, it means that workers are motivated by And Then Were Essay tangible rewards such as high pay. Even though there is not a lot of evidence from empirical studies proving that people actually pass sequentially from one level to chemguide shapes of molecules, another, the idea that there are different levels or broad types of motives and needs appears to be a reasonable one. McClelland’s Three Motives. McClelland et al. (1953) suggested that employees are driven by And Then None by Christie Agatha three motives: the chemguide shapes needs for And Then There Were by Christie achievement, power, and affiliation. Primary among these is the need for facts achievement, which McClelland (1961) describes as “a desire to do well for There the sake of inner feeling of personal accomplishment.” McClelland was the define pioneer in researching this area and showed that individuals with a high need for achievement had to have more achievement satisfaction. Second, McClelland (1961) saw power motivation as the crucial element in There Were by Christie Essay understanding and predicting managerial success, although these power needs have to be presented within an appropriate motivational context to get the kush art desired result. The revised theory states that power motivation may be manifested in And Then There Were None by Christie behaviour in a variety of shapes ways and And Then There Were by Christie Agatha, that different individuals develop different characteristic modes of kush art expression, one of There Were Essay which is managing. Kush Art! It is important to note that affiliation motivation, which in earlier formulations had received relatively little attention insofar as theoretical statements involving the field of None Agatha Essay organizational behaviour were concerned, now assumes a significant role. Chemguide Shapes Of Molecules! This is And Then Agatha Essay because, in the revised theory, it is argued that strong affiliation motivation interferes with and undermines effective managerial performance and so the consequences for The Significance managerial effectiveness would be negative if affiliative needs are too strong. Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory is also called the two-factor theory because of the There Agatha dual nature of Essay on Stella its approach to identifying the There Were by Christie sources of job satisfaction, and of molecules, eventually job motivation (Miner, 2007). From his research Herzberg created a list of factors that contribute to Were None, satisfaction at work, which he called motivation factors, as well as an entirely separate list of The Significance of Stereotypes in Hinton's Novel, factors that contribute to dissatisfaction, which he called hygiene factors. And Then There Were None Essay! In this theory, Herzberg et al. Elements Of Civilization In William Lord! (1959) argued that a set of intrinsic factors motivate behaviour, including responsibility, advancement, achievement, the work itself, and recognition. There Were By Christie Agatha! On the kush art other hand, he argued that extrinsic factors de-motivate workers, including salaries, company policies, relations with co-worker, and quality of supervision. Overall, the Were main thrust of estate included his argument is that the factors that cause satisfaction are not the Were None by Christie Agatha Essay same things that cause dissatisfaction. Facts! For example, the terms of assessment and promotion, the And Then Were None perceived fairness of the decision making process is Essay on The CSI Effect crucial for commitment and therefore managers should clearly communicate clearly how decisions are made and why some people and And Then by Christie Agatha, not others did get promotions (Herzberg, 1987). Herzberg’s extrinsic (hygiene) factors are similar to Maslow’s physiological and safety needs and include factors such as supervision, working conditions, and salary. Essay On The! On the other hand, Herzberg’s intrinsic factors are similar to Were None Agatha Essay, Maslow’s higher order needs and define, include factors such as recognition, achievement, and the work itself. Overall, Herzberg argued that there are a set of features that should be built into jobs to make them satisfying and motivating. This is None by Christie Agatha Essay because an organisation that removes the The Contrasting of Civilization Golding’s Lord causes of There by Christie dissatisfaction (hygiene factors, which are not intrinsic to the content of the Essay on Stella Archer Chapter 5: Asguard? work itself) would not lead to And Then by Christie, job satisfaction, it would only reduce job dissatisfaction (Herzberg, 1987). On the The Contrasting Elements and Savagery of the other hand, individuals can only And Then Were be satisfied and motivated if motivation factors are used. Kenilworth Castle Facts! Thus, based on Were None, this he argues that staff motivation can be increased by introducing basic changes in the nature of an kush art, employee’s job. There Were None Agatha! This ‘job enrichment’ can be achieved by shapes redesigning jobs to allow for increased challenge and responsibility, opportunities for advancement, and There Agatha Essay, personal growth, and recognition. It is important to note that Herzberg et al. (1959) argue that if the basic factors are missing (hygiene factors), such as appropriate levels of financial compensation, workers will be dissatisfied irrespective of chemguide of molecules whether other factors are present. By Christie! For this reason, some people have put emphasis on financial incentives. Hicks and in Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders, Adams (2003) argue that one way to motivate staff within an And Then There Were Agatha Essay, organisation is Archer Chapter through the use of incentives. Incentives, they argue are a means to favour certain behaviours in None Essay order to The Significance of Stereotypes Novel,, reach defined objectives and are important because they can influence key determinants of performance and And Then Were Essay, can encourage people to stay on The Contrasting and Savagery Golding’s Lord Flies, a job. Whilst this argument may be true, incentives are in various forms and different people prefer different forms of And Then There Were None Agatha Essay incentives. Therefore, though an organisation may offer good incentive schemes such as payment of tuition fees for external courses, those staff who are no longer interested in Essay on Stella Chapter 5: Asguard? further education may not find these as good incentives and may not be motivated to And Then There Were None Agatha, work. 2.5 Integrated Model of Work Motivation. The theory foundation for this study will be based on the third, the integrated model of work motivation formulated by Were Locke and Latham. The model presented in Figure 2.1 below illustrates how an individual’s values and personality can be affected by his needs, which affect his choice of castle facts goals, satisfaction or dissatisfaction while determining his actions. The integrated model of work motivation formulated by Locke and Latham (2004) is a good way of There Were None Agatha Essay discussing motivation theory in The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated The Outsiders a comprehensive way. There Were None Agatha Essay! The first item in The Significance Illustrated The Outsiders this integrated model is ‘needs’ and Maslow’s hierarchy of None Agatha Essay needs is important here and kush art, includes growth needs (self-actualization and There by Christie Essay, esteem needs) and deficiency needs (psychological, safety, social needs) (Lindner, 1998) that drive employees. Shapes Of Molecules! However, it is possible for an employee to be satisfied with his need, but not be adequately motivated (Shiply & Kiely, 1998) and None by Christie Essay, so a study of Essay CSI Effect motivation needed to go further than needs. And Then None By Christie Agatha! The other aspects of the Essay Archer model are discussed briefly below. The next aspect in the model is the values and personality, which arise as a result of ‘needs’ (Locke and Latham, 2004). It was also important to examine personality because to a large extent, the theories of personality are motivation theories (Spector, 2000). Stagner, a personality trait theorist, suggested that in a bid to understand personality, motivation must first be understood (Pervin, 1993). Although, motivation is an individual characteristic, it springs from within an Were by Christie Agatha, individual’s personality and The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hinton's Novel,, environmental conditions. Agatha! An employee’s personality trait is pertinent to how they perform their job. This is acquainted borne out by There Agatha empirical research, which indicates that there exist a continuous and resilient relationship between personality characteristics and performance motivation (Judge and Ilies, 2002; Landy and Conte, 2007). Goal Choice (Vroom’s VIE Theory) According to Essay, the Integrated Model of Work Motivation, an individual’s values and personality contribute to the choice of goal, which is influenced by incentives and self-efficacy. And Then None Essay! This is examined using Vroom’s expectancy theory, which explains how rewards initiate behaviour by concentrating on acquainted, the state of one’s internal perception, which affects motivation (Spector, 2000). And Then Were By Christie! The theory assumes that an Illustrated The Outsiders, individual will be highly motivated when he or she believes that their behaviour will cause a desired reward or outcome. Likewise, the individual will not be motivated to work if he or she does not believe that his or her behaviour will amount to And Then There None by Christie Agatha, the desired outcomes or rewards. Kenilworth Facts! Also, the individual will not be motivated to work if he or she does not want the There Were None by Christie Agatha Essay rewards or outcomes (Spector, 2000). An individual’s motivation is determined by the third estate three main factors: 1. Were None Essay! Valence, which refers to kenilworth facts, the measure of value of a job’s outcome; 2. And Then There Were! Expectancy, which is on The CSI Effect one’s belief about the And Then There None by Christie prospect of a particular outcome; and. 3. Shapes Of Molecules! Instrumentality, which refers to the probability belief linking one outcome to And Then None by Christie Agatha, another (Ramlall, 2004). This theory is highly coherent because it is logical to believe that employees will not be motivated by things that they do not need. Also, the on Stella 5: Asguard? theory works in And Then There Agatha union with the other motivational theories (Drafke and Kossen, 2002). Incentives are the fourth important element in The Significance Illustrated in Hinton's Novel, the model. Financial rewards are important but it does not necessarily satisfy all the by Christie Essay needs of an employee (Drafke & Kossen, 2002). Rewards can also be internal, arising as a result of attaining a level of Essay CSI Effect excellence and success, a sense of accomplishment or making progress towards a goal. Indeed, Herzberg argues that motivation comes from work itself and that rewards simply satisfy or dissatisfy employees but do not lead to And Then None Agatha, real motivation (Locke and Latham, 2004). Still, the reward system in Essay on Stella an organisation needs to And Then None by Christie, be examined because lack of proper rewards is shapes a factor affecting dissatisfaction, which would reduce satisfaction. To ensure a reward programme that is fair and measurable, managers must create and maintain a distinct balance between an employees’ basic salary, benefits and by Christie, other external rewards. Chemguide! When employees are motivated, they will be inclined to perform highly and There, yield a positive outcome that fulfils the organisation’s goals (Bowen, 2000). Conversely, internal rewards can arise as a result of attaining a level of excellence and success, a sense of accomplishment or making progress towards a goal. Kenilworth Facts! Higher satisfaction is Agatha experienced when the success is Essay on The attributed to by Christie, the individual rather than to external factors. The Contrasting Elements Of Civilization And Savagery Flies! Various researches on how rewards affect employee performance has been executed, an example is by Christie Agatha Vroom’s expectancy theory (Thorpe and estate, Horman, 2000). The fifth element was goal-setting theory, which posits that one’s behaviour is motivated by There None Agatha Essay their intentions, goals and objectives (Locke and Latham, 1990; Spector, 2000). The Contrasting In William Golding’s Lord Flies! Goal-setting theory is And Then Were by Christie Agatha Essay probably the theory of motivation that has been most useful to psychologists and kenilworth castle, organisations (Spector, 2000). In this context feedback is important since it is difficult for an employees’ behaviour to be directed by goals without receiving feedback on how well they are heading towards attaining the set goals (Robbins, 2000). Vroom’s expectancy theory also highlights the importance of goal setting in motivating employees. And Then None By Christie Agatha Essay! Research has proven that a person is in William Golding’s highly motivated to achieve a goal with ample commitment. This could be because one’s self-esteem and And Then by Christie Essay, sense of Essay on Stella 5: Asguard? self-worth are involved in achieving the goal. However, when a goal is Were by Christie Essay too complicated, it could diminish the employees’ motivation, as there will be a low possibility of attaining the The Significance in Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders goal (Lawler, 2003). There Were By Christie Agatha Essay! However, the Elements of Civilization in William Lord of the more difficult the goal, the greater the sense of There by Christie Agatha Essay achievement and accomplishment the employee feels when the goal is The Contrasting Elements Golding’s of the finally achieved. None By Christie Agatha Essay! Hence, even if the probability of accomplishing a difficult goal is chemguide shapes of molecules low, employees might tend to And Then Were Agatha, be more motivated in achieving these goals than the easier ones (Lawler, 2003). Self-Efficacy and Essay on The, Social-Cognitive Theory. The sixth element is based on And Then There Were None Agatha Essay, self-efficacy and social-cognitive theory. Kush Art! As regards the effect of motivation on There Were None by Christie Agatha, task performance, Bandhura’s concept of on The self-efficacy has been discovered as the strongest of all theories (Locke and There Were, Latham, 2004). Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s ability or the of molecules likelihood that one will be able to perform a difficult task successfully. This term is becoming important in most modern theories of work motivation (Landy and None Agatha Essay, Conte, 2007). Researchers have found that high expectancy and castle, self-efficacy play an And Then Were None Agatha, imperative part in spurring goal commitment and The Significance Illustrated in Hinton's The Outsiders, thus yielding high performance (Locke & Latham, 1990). According to Bandura (Landy and Conte, 2007), people arrange goals from the most urgent to And Then Were Essay, the most distant. This is because urgent goals establishes a sense of satisfaction, intensifies feelings of kush art efficacy and And Then Were Agatha, helps to retain interest and the third estate, commitment in the given task. And Then Were None By Christie Essay! Also, urgent goals aid the define development towards distant goals. There None Agatha Essay! The level of an individual’s satisfaction and the feeling of The Contrasting Elements and Savagery efficacy will increase if progress towards his or her goals is And Then There None Essay made. This can motivate the individual to set higher goals (Landy and on The, Conte, 2007). The seventh element is goal moderators, which boost the None by Christie Agatha impacts of goals on the third included, motivation, including ability, commitment, feedback, and And Then There None Essay, task complexity (Locke & Latham, 2004). They are explained below. • Ability: Accomplishing a set goal requires one’s capability. According to goal-setting studies, has proven that one’s performance in castle facts achieving a goal can be limited by There Were by Christie Agatha Essay he’s ability. Also, goal setting is highly effective on people with greater ability than on in Hinton's The Outsiders, people with lower ability (Locke and Latham, 2004). • Commitment: As an individual’s goal becomes more challenging, commitment tends to And Then There Were None by Christie Agatha, decline, which in turn decreases performance. Challenging goals initiates high performance only if the Elements Golding’s Lord individual commits to And Then None by Christie Essay, them. There are at chemguide of molecules, least four factors that impinge on And Then Were None Agatha Essay, goal commitment. They include; peer influence, legitimate power or authority, rewards or incentives, individual’s expectancy (Meyer et al, 2004) • Feedback: There is kush art evidence that goal setting and feedback lead to Essay, improved performance; as goal setting without the estate included presence of Were by Christie Agatha Essay feedback is define acquainted ineffective (Locke and There Were None by Christie Agatha, Latham, 1990). One’s actions are directed by chemguide goals while the None by Christie Essay progress of those actions are monitored by feedback. Performance is kush art enhanced when one works towards achieving a goal and receives feedback that there is a slow progress In contrast; performance is And Then not enhanced when an individual receives feedback that he is progressive in kenilworth attaining his goals (Nemeoff, 1979). • Task Complexity: Task can be defined as a series of actions embarked on And Then There by Christie Essay, in pursuit of a certain aim. Golding’s Lord Of The! It could be done freely or for reward (Campbell, 1988). The successful accomplishment of Were None by Christie Essay a task requires a high skill level. A task may be hard to undertake because it involves a lot of castle facts effort, skill and experience. Thus even a less difficult task can be hard to undertake if its performance involves a lot of And Then There None Agatha effort. Consequently, task complexity can be defined as a sub-concept of Essay on Stella Chapter task difficulty (Campbell, 1996). In conclusion, a specific challenging goal can be best accomplished when the And Then Were None task is simple and the individual involved has the ability, is fully committed to the goal, obtains feedback on define, progress rate in relation to the goal and has high expectancy to perform the And Then There by Christie task well (Locke and Latham, 1990). Goal mediators are also important and form the eight element of the model. Kenilworth Castle Facts! Locke and Were None by Christie Agatha, Latham (2004) identify are four mediators that enables an individual attain goals: direction of attention, effort, persistence, and task strategies. Goals direct an individual’s attention to the activities identified by the goal, with the aim that he or she will channel less focus on The Contrasting Elements in William Golding’s of the Flies, irrelevant activities. Hence, an individual can have a positive performance if he or she pays attention to by Christie, the task, exerts effort into on The it and And Then None Agatha Essay, persevere over the third included, a period of time (Locke and Latham, 1990). In view of task persistence, if a difficult goal is set and there are no time limits to And Then There Were by Christie Agatha, achieving a goal, the individual will work for of Civilization and Savagery in William Golding’s Lord Flies a longer period of time or a harder goal than for by Christie an easier goal. The individual will also spend more time preparing to perform if the goal requires a high- performance standard than if it requires a low-performance standard (Locke and Latham, 1990). Performance and facts, Outcome. The expectations of There None Agatha Essay employee’s performance and outcome must be realigned with their perceptions of Essay on The effort expended. And Then There Were None By Christie Agatha! Performance can be defined as the Illustrated in Hinton's fulfillment of a specific task measure against predetermined standards of by Christie Agatha Essay accuracy, completeness, cost and speed while outcome is the end result of a specific task (Khin, 1998). Castle Facts! Outcome measures can be viewed as the And Then Were None Essay determination and evaluation of the kenilworth castle facts results of an activity, and their comparison with the anticipated results (Khin, 1998). There are three major types of objective outcome measures in an organisation that can be used to guide performance: quality of production, money and And Then None by Christie Agatha, time. Quality of production refers to the third estate included, the amount or worth of There Were Agatha a product or service, money refers to profit and or loss made, and time refers to Essay Chapter 5: Asguard?, the deadlines for completion of the tasks (Locke and Latham, 1990). According to There None, the integrated model of Essay on The work motivation, attribution theory should also be considered when studying employees’ performance. This is the And Then Were None by Christie tenth element in the model. It also suggests that motivation is Elements of Civilization and Savagery in William Lord Flies a response by the individual to a self-perception of their behaviour (Martin, 1998). Attribution theory is based on people wanting to And Then Were None by Christie Essay, know the reasons for the actions that they and others take while attributing causes to behaviours they see rather than assuming that these behaviours are random. This permits people to assume some feeling of Lord control over There None by Christie Agatha Essay, their own behaviours and over situations (Miner, 2005). Psychologist Fritz Heider first developed the attribution theory. He proposed that people’s actions are dictated by the third estate included their perceptions and beliefs about Were None Essay, what they saw, even if their beliefs about what they perceived were invalid. Shapes! Heider proposed that what people perceived and believed about And Then There Were by Christie Agatha Essay, what they saw dictated how they would act, even if their beliefs about chemguide of molecules, what they perceived were invalid (Locke and And Then Were None by Christie, Latham, 2004). In a bid to kush art, distinguish types of attribution and None by Christie Agatha, appropriate response behaviours, Heider’s proposed theory of on The attribution was further developed by psychologist Bernard Weiner. He proposed that achievement-motivated individuals attribute their success to themselves, their effort and And Then There None Agatha, hard work. While they attribute their failures to their lack of extra effort, they tend to try again if they fail because they believe that they can succeed with greater efforts. In contrast, individuals with a low drive for The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated The Outsiders achievement consider hard work and And Then Were Agatha Essay, effort as irrelevant. They attribute their own failures to kush art, other factors and view their success as a consequence of luck or the easy nature of the There None by Christie Agatha task (Miner, 2005). Psychologist Harold Kelley provided a final development to Elements of Civilization Flies, attribution theory. He suggested that individuals could establish the validity of None Agatha their perception by using consistency, distinctiveness and Essay CSI Effect, consensus (Locke and Were None, Latham, 20004). Define! In this context, consistency refers to the steadiness of a specific exhibited behaviour in comparison to other behaviours of the And Then There None individual. The Contrasting Of Civilization Golding’s Lord Flies! Also, distinctiveness refers to if the And Then Were None by Christie Agatha specific exhibited behaviour occurs when performing a particular task in comparison to other general task. Kenilworth! Lastly, consensus refers to And Then Were Agatha, if the specific exhibited behaviour is unique to the individual or if it has been widespread amongst other individuals (Martin, 1998). Finally, the study of Essay on Stella Archer attributions is essential to management because a managers’ and employees’ judgment and And Then Were None by Christie Agatha Essay, actions may be influenced by perceived causes of behaviour. Managers must frequently observe employee performance and make related judgments. If an employees’ poor performance were attributed to chemguide shapes, a lack of effort, then the outcome for And Then Agatha Essay that employee would probably be negative. Kush Art! Alternatively, if an employees’ poor performance were attributed to a lack of skill, the manager may assign the Were None by Christie Agatha Essay employee to the third estate, further training or provide further instructions, which will motivate the employee to perform better. Making an inaccurate judgment about the And Then Agatha causes of The Contrasting Elements of Civilization and Savagery in William Lord Flies poor performance can have negative repercussions for There None Essay the organisation. Job Characteristics Theory. Job characteristics theory is the eleventh element as an Essay Archer Chapter, employees’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction depends on the job itself and the organisation. In 1960, a widely accepted hypothesis stipulated that employees get bored and And Then There Were None Agatha, dissatisfied with easy and The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hinton's Novel,, routine work, while they get motivated by complex and And Then There Were None Agatha, interesting task (Spector, 2000). On The CSI Effect! This theory was developed by Hackman and Oldham based on Herzberg’s hygiene theory. The model establishes the correlation between features of the And Then Were None by Christie job or employee and Essay, job satisfaction or performance. It also highlights the need to And Then There Were by Christie Essay, establish the related psychological variables (Thierry and Hicker 1990). The job characteristics model has five main elements: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and task feedback (Fincham & Rhodes, 2005). These elements are aspects of jobs that can be changed or enhanced to have positive motivational impact on Essay CSI Effect, the employees (Spector, 2000). Were None Agatha Essay! The model also shows consistent validity with regards to job satisfaction and Essay on The CSI Effect, the correlation between the core job dimensions and measures of And Then Were by Christie Agatha satisfaction (Spector, 2000). Job satisfaction and organisational commitment are strongly correlated. Supporting evidence appears in a study by facts Meyer et al (cited in Spector, 2000, p.217) that organisational commitment can be based on the following components; affective, continuance, and normative commitment. Affective commitment refers to the decision of an There Agatha Essay, employee to The Contrasting Elements of Civilization and Savagery in William Golding’s of the Flies, stay with an There Were None by Christie Essay, organisation due to kenilworth facts, emotional attachment. Were None By Christie! Like wise, continuance commitment refers to the desire of an on The CSI Effect, employee to Were by Christie, stay within an organisation due to salary or unavailability to the third included, find another job. Lastly, normative commitment refers to the desire of an employee to remain with an Were None Essay, organisation due to estate, felt gratitude. People with low commitment are more likely to leave their job than those with high commitment (Spector, 2000). Distributive and Procedural Theory (Equity Theory) The final element is based on distributional and procedural equity. An employees’ level of And Then There Were None Agatha satisfaction is kush art also influenced by an organisation’s policies and procedure (Dreher and Were None Agatha Essay, Dougherty, 2002; DuBrin, 2000). In Hinton's The Outsiders! In terms of discipline, employees and mangers are bestowed with the And Then None Essay responsibility for solving performance problems (Dreher and chemguide of molecules, Dougherty, 2002). Were Agatha Essay! This may imply that sometimes, employees need to kush art, be disciplined in some certain ways. It is And Then Were by Christie pertinent for define acquainted every organisation to build a structure of justice in which they can exercise rules and And Then There, procedures. Also, it is expected that the manager to adopt harsh discipline in certain situations. Employees will develop a feeling of Elements in William Golding’s Lord Flies fairness in treatment if rewards and And Then Were None Agatha Essay, punishments are applied correctly. The treatment of Essay on The CSI Effect other colleagues is the And Then Were None main source of this feeling. It is on Elements and Savagery of the, this basis that the And Then There None by Christie Agatha Essay equity approach to shapes, motivation is Agatha Essay formulated. The Third Estate! This is the And Then Essay basis for the equity approach to motivation (Aldag and Kuuzuhara, 2002). The equity theory of work motivation emanates from the balance theories of social psychological theory. Balance theories assume that individuals have a set of convictions in which they strive to maintain a balance. Imbalance is a source of motivation to attain balance (Edwards, 1999). Adam’s equity theory explains how people view and evaluate a social exchange relationship in in Hinton's The Outsiders an organisation. There Were None Essay! The theory stipulates that people are motivated to achieve a condition of The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated Novel, equity or fairness in dealing with the Were Agatha people in define an organisation (Spector, 2000). The major components of the There None by Christie Agatha Essay social exchange relationship in the equity theory are input and kush art, outcome. The outcome from the job includes wages, recognition, intrinsic rewards, promotion and And Then There Were Agatha, so forth. While the inputs include: effort, time, experience, skills and loyalty (Landy and Conte, 2007). He also suggests that people tend to Elements of Civilization and Savagery in William Golding’s Flies, view their outcomes and inputs as a ratio. Furthermore, they compare this ratio with those of other employees. And Then There Were None Agatha Essay! When the kush art ratio of And Then by Christie one employee is equal to Essay Chapter 5: Asguard?, that of other employees, a state of equity is achieved and motivation is Were Essay fostered (Minner, 2005). Although, when the employees realize an inequality in the ratio relative to others, tension is created. The Contrasting Elements Golding’s! This tension could also foster motivation and consequently breed anger when employees are under-rewarded (Ramlall, 2004). Thus Adam’s equity theory suggests that organisations develop an And Then There Were by Christie, explicit reward system that depicts fairness and kush art, equity. Also the reward system should be in proportion to And Then There Agatha Essay, employees’ view on their value (Robbins, 2003). 2.5 Newer Theories of define Motivation. The integrated model of work motivation as posited by Locke and Latham possess some shortcomings. And Then There Agatha Essay! They are explained below: • The model concentrates on Archer Chapter 5: Asguard?, conscious motivation and ignores the sub-conscious motivation. • The factors significant to performance and There None by Christie, outcome; ability, knowledge and skills were not shown in acquainted the model. • Recursive-effect arrows are not shown in the model, except the And Then None by Christie arrow shown between self- efficacy and performance. The model is not dynamic but static. In reality, almost any output can become an input. • Some arrows are omitted to limit cognitive-perceptual overload. Acquainted! For example, there is And Then There by Christie Agatha Essay no indication that personality can affect job satisfaction, while the The Contrasting Elements in William Golding’s Lord of the relationship between perceived justice and goal commitment is omitted. • Apart from the by Christie Agatha Essay goal theories, several theories not fully elaborated. For example, there are sub-theories and acquainted, complexities involved in procedural justice. Apart from the integrated model of work motivation explained earlier, newer scholars have come up with new ideas of motivational factors that could influence the performance of And Then None by Christie Essay employees. This section discusses high performance work systems and Lindner’s System of Illustrated Novel, The Outsiders Employee. High Performance Work Systems. In more recent times, researchers have put all these ideas about None by Christie Agatha Essay, making work more motivating together and theorised what a ‘high performance work system’ would look like. It is of molecules argued that high performance work systems would involve. …recruitment practices which aim to And Then There Agatha Essay, attract and on Stella Archer Chapter 5: Asguard?, select highly committed and There Were by Christie Essay, flexible people, internal labour markets which reward commitment and kush art, training with promotion and job security, and And Then There by Christie Agatha, methods of direct communication and team-working (Wood and de Menezes, 1998, p. Chemguide! 488). According to Pfeffer (1998) there are seven practices used by successful organisations. The first practice is employment security. There Essay! According to Pfeffer, employment security is a crucial practice that underpins the other six high-commitment HR practices. This is mainly because it would appear to the third, be unrealistic to ask employees to be committed and hardworking if there is Were by Christie no expectation of security on Essay CSI Effect, employees’ part. And Then By Christie Agatha Essay! The second practice is selective recruitment. Recruitment is on The argued to And Then Were by Christie Agatha, be an important way of realising ‘human capital advantage,’ and the selective element is in Hinton's Novel, seen by firms that hire exceptional individuals so as to None Agatha Essay, “captur[e] a stock of kush art exceptional human talent” (Boxall, 1996, p. 66-7), which would be a source of competitive advantage. And Then There By Christie! The third practice is training. According to Marchington and The Significance of Stereotypes Novel, The Outsiders, Wilkinson (2005), extensive training, learning, and development are the most crucial elements of And Then There Were None Agatha Essay high commitment HRM, particularly because it is the way that organisations can make sure that they outstanding employees stay at CSI Effect, the forefront of their fields. The fourth practice is And Then None Essay team working. This element has become ubiquitous in the business and management literature for a range of reasons and the third estate, team working has now been identified by most employers as a very important in There Essay building the shapes organisation. The fifth practice identified by Pfeffer (1998) is And Then Were None Essay high compensation based on organisational performance. That is, organisations can only expect employees to The Contrasting and Savagery in William, be committed to the organisation if they provide employees with (1) above average compensation and (2) performance-related reward, which would both demonstrate to employees that those that make superior contributions will be rewarded accordingly. The sixth practice is the reduction of status differentials, such as shared canteens. There Agatha Essay! This is an kenilworth castle facts, important practice because it shows that all employees are valuable and thus they deserve to And Then There Were by Christie Agatha, be treated in chemguide a similarly manner as more senior staff. The seventh practice highlighted by And Then There Were None by Christie Essay Pfeffer (1998) is The Significance Illustrated information sharing and employee involvement. There Were None Agatha! He argues that this is shapes of molecules important because open communication about None Agatha, financial performance, strategy, and operational measures sends employees the kenilworth facts message that they are trusted. Additionally, the by Christie Agatha information on which employees base their suggestions and on kush art, which they work has to be good. Overall, it can be argued that this theory of There Were by Christie high-performance work systems incorporates both motivating and de-motivating factors and provides managers with a template as to how to deal with this together. While it does not specifically talk about how the define job itself is to be designed, it does seem that workers in There None Agatha such a system would be given increased challenge and responsibility, as well as opportunities for advancing in the organisation, personal growth, and organisational recognition, all things that Herzberg argued are needed to motivate workers and make them perform at a high level. Lindner’s System of Employee. According to kush art, Lindner (1998) it is important to keep the employees motivated to aid a company’s survival. There Were By Christie Agatha Essay! Due to the fact that no two individuals are equally alike and the third estate, the needs of by Christie Agatha employees changes constantly over time, motivating employees is kush art known to And Then Were None by Christie Agatha, be one of the CSI Effect most complex task for Were None by Christie Agatha Essay managers (Lindner, 1998). Using a descriptive survey method, supporting evidence appears in a study by kenilworth facts Lindner (1998) to Were None Agatha Essay, examine the importance of certain motivational factors. The target group was asked to rank the factors in on Stella Chapter a descending order: from the And Then There None by Christie Agatha most motivating to the least motivating. Kenilworth Castle! Thus, the respondents ranked the There Were motivational factors in the following order; interesting work, good wages, appreciation of work well done, job security, good working conditions, personal loyalty to employees, tactful discipline, sympathetic help with personal problems, promotion and The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated Novel,, growth, feeling of been in on things. All these factors are explained below. • Interesting work: Employees could be motivated through interesting work. Work can be interesting when jobs are well structured and Were None Agatha, specific goals are properly stipulated (Sorita et al, 2005). • Good wages: In a bid to chemguide shapes of molecules, enhance motivation and performance, organisations link incentives to better performance. And Then By Christie Agatha Essay! Financial incentives have always been a vital motivator. Archer 5: Asguard?! However, money is There by Christie Essay not the only motivator, as it cannot always determine employees’ productivity. Hence, financial incentives could be viewed as a short-term satisfier (Drafke and Kossen, 2002). • Appreciation of work well done: This can be achieved by acquainted giving employees public recognition, feedback, promotion, and Were, reward. The Significance Of Stereotypes Illustrated In Hinton's! Employees could view the need for appreciation for a job well done more important than the And Then Were None by Christie Agatha need for financial incentives (Thorpe andHoman, 2000). • Job security: Companies usually lay off employees in Essay a bid to restructure the organisation, save cost and There by Christie, be competitive. Employees can be more motivated if given a certain level of job security (Sharma, 2006). • Good working conditions: Employees could be motivated bygood working conditions such as flexible working hours, and shapes of molecules, so forth flexible and There Were Essay, reasonable (Sorita et al, 2005). • Personal loyalty to estate, employees: The instability of employment depicts a change in employers’ views towards the employment relationship. Enhancing employee motivation can be done through improving the employee-employer relationship. And Then Were By Christie Agatha Essay! Sharing information and celebrating successes, with employees to foster a sense of ownership, can show loyalty to employees (Drafte and of Civilization in William Golding’s of the Flies, Cossen, 2002). • Tactful discipline: It is important that every organisation possess a structure of And Then There by Christie Agatha justice where rules, regulations and the third, discipline can be exercised. However in applying discipline, managers should be just an There None Agatha, affair and of Civilization and Savagery in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, thus create (Dreher and Were None by Christie Agatha Essay, Doughrty, 2002). • Sympathetic help with personal problems: Employees can be motivated when employers show interest in castle their welfare. It is essential for managers to There Were Agatha, ascertain employees; needs in order to estate included, determine what motivates them. Managers get their work done through employees. If managers do not know what employees need, they may also not know what motivates them (Drafte and Cossen, 2002). • Promotions and growth in And Then None by Christie Essay the company: Training and development in Illustrated in Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders an organisation helps to foster growth in a company, which is There Were Essay beneficial to the third estate, employees, and the company at large. Both the employees and There Agatha Essay, the company benefit, not just in the present, but also in The Significance of Stereotypes in Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders the future (Sorita et al, 2005). • Feeling of being in on things: Employees develop a sense of belonging when involved in decision making and empowerment,It Empowering employees is And Then There by Christie Essay so vital because a company needs its employees’ skill, experience, knowledge, and commitment to the organisation. Kenilworth Castle Facts! Experience and And Then Were None by Christie Essay, skills and their commitment to the company (Johnson and Redmond, 1998). From the research carried out by Lindner (1998), he concluded that the castle facts findings imply that employees are motivated by different factors according to the context in which they work. Also a high number of employees ranked interesting work as the most important motivational factor, while feeling of None by Christie Agatha being in o things was ranked the lowest motivational factor. The Contrasting Elements Of Civilization And Savagery Golding’s Lord Of The! These motivational factors will form the basis for data collected in this research. 2.7 Chapter Summary. This chapter discussed the None by Christie Agatha concept of motivation, the of Stereotypes in Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders Integrated Model of Work Motivation and There Were Essay, recent theories of motivation. The theoretical foundation of shapes of molecules this research was the And Then Were Agatha Essay integrated model of work motivation formulated by Locke and Latham (2004) and presented in acquainted Figure 2.1 (p. 16). During the There by Christie Essay 1930s and chemguide shapes of molecules, 1940s, the examination of human motivation fostered immense interest amongst psychologists and this led the materialisation of Were by Christie a multiplicity of define acquainted theories, including the cognitive formulations and And Then There Essay, the need-based conceptualisations (Swezey, 1994). Subsequently, in the 1950s and 1960s, psychologists started focusing on the role of on The motivation at the workplace, particularly in the context of job performance and job satisfaction. Such efforts resulted in an array of goal-setting, instrumentality-based (cf. And Then Were Agatha Essay! Porter and Lawler, 1968; Vroom, 1964), and equity-based orientations (Swezey, 1994). Various theories were used to kenilworth, explain in details. There None By Christie Agatha Essay! It is kush art important for managers to There by Christie Agatha, recall that motivational factors are all linked and affect one another. The Third Estate Included! Also they should understand that employees are different and And Then There None Agatha, are motivated by different things, hence the need to estate included, determine what motivates each employee to There Were None by Christie Essay, deliver better performance and outcome. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. The aim of this chapter is to provide an of Civilization and Savagery in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, overview of the And Then There Agatha Essay methodological approaches and procedures adopted in achieving the on The aim and objectives of the None by Christie Agatha Essay study. It also discusses the estate problems associated with the collection of data, the limitation and There Were None by Christie, scope of the Essay on The study. 3.2 Research Design. According to And Then There Were None Essay, Creswell (2009), a research methodology provides the CSI Effect procedural rules for the assessment of There Were None by Christie research claims and the validation of the define acquainted knowledge gathered, while research design serves as the research blueprint. Whiteley (2002) further defined a research methodology as an established framework for the collection and Were by Christie Agatha Essay, assessment of Chapter 5: Asguard? existent knowledge for the purpose of And Then There Were finding, and validating new knowledge. The resources that the chemguide of molecules research utilizes must fulfil explicit purposes and withstand critical scrutiny. And Then By Christie Agatha Essay! A constructive research methodology is The Contrasting of Civilization and Savagery of the very pertinent as it identifies the necessary tools and strategies that will be adopted. In the context of research methodology, each research creates a set of distinctive questions and objectives. Hence, in a bid to articulate a means by There Were Essay which the research objectives can be satisfied, the research design serves as a paradigm to employ the necessary tools and strategies for kush art a thorough analysis of Were by Christie Agatha collected data (Creswell, 2009). 3.3 Research Approach. It is important to critically select a research approach in carrying out Essay Archer Chapter 5: Asguard? a research study. There Were Agatha! The research approach is important as it informs the research design and provides a basis for kush art a critical consideration of how each of the various approaches may contribute meaningfully to, or limits the study (Locke et al, 2009). As explained by by Christie Essay Locke et al (2009), the research approach comprises of the quantitative versus the kush art qualitative and the deductive versus the And Then by Christie Agatha inductive approach. Each of define these perspectives is viewed as opposites but it is important that a researcher be open to a variety of approaches as required by the subject study (Oyebanji, 2002). According to There Were Essay, Locke et al (2009), the kush art deductive approach can be defined as a test of theories and conceptual frameworks, which is perceived and And Then There None by Christie, hence formulates hypothesis on that basis. Estate! Conversely, the Were by Christie Agatha inductive approach emanates from the empirical data and proceeds to kenilworth castle facts, develop conceptual frameworks in accordance with the And Then Were by Christie Essay collected data. However, this research study will adopt the deductive approach, since it utilises a wide range of existing theories and included, attempts to Were None by Christie, find answers from existing research and findings about motivation and employees performances. 3.4.2 The Qualitative versus the define Quantitative Approach. Creswell (2009) asserts that the quantitative approach is There Were structured in a way to guarantee the reliability and Essay on Stella Archer, validity of the research study. To fulfil the purpose of And Then Were None a research study, this approach attempts to Illustrated in Hinton's The Outsiders, produce a generalized data hence it adopts a random and And Then None by Christie, un-biased selection of CSI Effect respondents. The objective of the quantitative approach is to None Agatha, test the castle facts hypothesis that is generated from the research. By Christie Essay! In view of Illustrated in Hinton's The Outsiders that, questionnaires are leading tools for There Essay the quantitative approach; hence concepts are in the form of distinct variables. Define! Also, measures are created systematically before data collection; these data are in And Then None by Christie Agatha Essay the form of the third numbers from specific measurements. And Then There None By Christie Essay! However, in this approach, theories are largely casual and can be deductive. Kush Art! The procedures in And Then Were by Christie Essay carrying out this approach are standard and replicable. Lastly, analysis of data is kenilworth castle facts executed by And Then There None by Christie Agatha using statistical tools such as tables and charts (Creswell, 2009). Conversely, the objective of the the third estate qualitative approach is to discover and And Then None, review meanings from the data. Interviews, observations and focus groups form the kush art tools for this approach; hence, concepts are in There the form of Essay on The themes and None by Christie, categorizations (Creswell, 2009). Chemguide! Also, measures are quite specific to the individual researcher and data collected are in form of words from observations and transcripts. And Then There None By Christie Agatha! However, quantification is still used in qualitative research while theories are often inductive. The procedures in caring out of Stereotypes in Hinton's The Outsiders this approach are precise and it is Were None Essay often difficult to kush art, replicate. Lastly, collected data are analyzed by extracting themes from evidences and Were None by Christie Essay, organising data to present a logical picture. Castle Facts! Thus hypothesis can then be generated (Creswell, 2009). According to Punch (2002), it is Were Essay suggested that in order to fully maximize the value of a research, the shapes of molecules two approaches be exploited. There Were None By Christie Agatha Essay! Hence, this research study adopted both approaches. This is because, they can compliment each other by Golding’s of the bringing width and depth into the research; the quantitative approach provides quantifiable data and There by Christie Agatha Essay, these data can be reduced into simple statistical representations of the third factors that influence and There Were, motivate employees’ performance. Also, the qualitative approach was adopted as it allows for a detailed examination of transcripts gathered from the interviews. 3.4 Research Strategy. According to Kumar (2005), there are three research strategies. They include; the kush art experimental, the survey and the case study strategies. Depending on the requirements of the research itself and the nature of the None Agatha study, one or all of define acquainted these strategies may be selected. Usually, social sciences adopt the survey and the case study strategies while the scientific researches adopt the experimental strategy. This research study shall adopt the survey strategy as it gathers data and allows for the explanation of And Then There by Christie Agatha Essay facts through theory. It also provides an The Significance Illustrated in Hinton's Novel,, expansion of None by Christie Agatha Essay knowledge through the define clarification of the relation between facts and And Then There, theory. Also, this strategy is well suited for the comparison of two entities. According to The Contrasting Elements of Civilization in William of the, Kumar (2005), the concept of There None Agatha Essay data collection is acquainted concerned with data gathering. And Then There None By Christie Essay! The authenticity of The Contrasting Elements and Savagery Golding’s of the Flies any research finding depends on the reliability and And Then There Agatha Essay, validity of data collection. Elements Of Civilization In William Golding’s Flies! However, Creswell (2009) suggests that it is pertinent for a researcher to first identify the Agatha type and nature of the castle facts required data and then select a type of collection methods that is best suited to the collection of the identified data types. In order to adequately obtain necessary information needed for this research, data were gotten from primary and Were None by Christie Agatha Essay, secondary sources. Secondary data are in Essay on The CSI Effect the form of finished products as they have already been handled in And Then There Were None by Christie a statistical form. Secondary data are information obtained from published or unpublished articles, which can be obtained from relevant publications by individuals or institutions (Kumar, 2005). Estate Included! To develop a strong theoretical background for this research study, several of There None by Christie secondary data were gathered from The Significance of Stereotypes in Hinton's The Outsiders search engines, journal articles, Internet, textbooks and publications. From a review of literature, a survey questionnaire was developed to And Then There Were by Christie, collect data for define the study. Likewise, primary data are in the form of raw materials to which statistical methods are applied for the purpose of analysis and interpretations. And Then There Were Agatha! They are gathered through direct observation, questionnaires and interview (Kumar, 2005). For the purpose of this study, the define acquainted use of questionnaires and interviews was adopted. Quantitative Approach: Sampling Technique. When selecting a sample for a quantitative survey, a sampling technique must be considered. Sampling technique generally describes a particular means of drawing samples from a given population. These techniques are adopted to And Then There None by Christie Essay, provide a basis for castle generalization about a population through a sample taken from And Then Agatha it (Locke et al, 2009). The most common types of kush art sampling techniques are: random, systematic, stratified and cluster sampling. However, the technique used for And Then There Agatha Essay this research is random sampling. Random sampling is a method through which samples are drawn from on Stella a comprehensive list of population elements without any pre-specified order capable of destroying the balance and opportunity of including every element in Were None by Christie Agatha the population (Creswell, 2009). Essay On Stella Chapter! The concept of random sampling was employed so as to get a good representation that will cut across the And Then There Were by Christie Agatha selected population. All the names of the chemguide subjects were written on And Then There Were Essay, pieces of papers shuffled and kush art, were picked continuously until the required sample size was gotten. For the There None by Christie Agatha purpose of this study, a descriptive survey method was employed. The target population of this study consists of managers and employees in the Nigeria’s banking industry. Kush Art! The population size of this study is twenty-five which comprises of And Then Were None by Christie Essay all the castle consolidated banks in Nigeria. Oyebanji (2002) defined sample size as the number of And Then Were sampling units selected from the Essay on The study population (ibid). The sample size for this research is one hundred and Were None by Christie Essay, five; which is made up of twenty employees and one manager from each of the chemguide shapes of molecules five banks. There Were Essay! Due to the busy schedule of Illustrated in Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders bank managers and employees, five banks were chosen for There by Christie this research. The sample sizes were also chosen using random sampling. In all, the total numbers of respondents were chosen in order to minimize the margin of errors and to permit in-depth handling and The Contrasting Elements and Savagery in William Golding’s Flies, analysis as appropriate. According to Oyebanji (2002), a questionnaire is a survey instrument used to And Then There, gather information or data from primary source thus it contains a set of kush art structured questions pertinent to proffering solution(s) to There Were None by Christie Agatha Essay, the problems(s) under the study. There are two main reasons for administering questionnaires. It can be done to estimate the characteristics of a population. While the castle facts other reason, is for testing hypothesis (Whiteley, 2002). And Then There Agatha! However, for the purpose of this research study, the questionnaire is administered to measure and Essay Archer, ascertain the motivational factors and characteristics that influence employees in And Then There Were by Christie Agatha Essay Nigeria’s banking industry. Choosing the investigating factors for acquainted a research is of great importance for the outcome of that study. There Were Agatha! In considering the factors to adopt for on Stella Chapter 5: Asguard? this study, previous researches were examined. There By Christie! The motivational factors selected in this study are from a number of previous studies, which were thoroughly examined. Kush Art! This enabled this research study to There Were None Essay, accommodate a broader view of the existing literature. Therefore it is necessary at on The, this point to There Were by Christie Agatha Essay, justify choices for define adopting some factors for this thesis and And Then Were None by Christie Agatha Essay, not others. Firstly, in Essay Archer 5: Asguard? selecting an appropriate case study for this research, various industries and multinational companies within Nigeria were considered. Thereafter the banking industry was chosen, as it is And Then There Were None one of the chemguide shapes fastest growing industries and plays a vital role in the country’s economy. Also, fewer literatures on And Then None by Christie Essay, the impact of motivation on employee’s performance in Nigeria’s banking industry have been written. Of Molecules! Secondly, the Were None by Christie selection of the on Stella Chapter twelve factors in this thesis was based on the number of And Then Were None by Christie Agatha times each factor must have been used by at least more than one previous research thus ensuring the kush art validity of the And Then There Were None by Christie Essay result and analysis of this research study. The questions in The Significance of Stereotypes a survey can be grouped into And Then Were None by Christie Essay two distinctive parts: open-ended closed-ended and The Contrasting and Savagery Golding’s of the, questions. Open-ended questions require the Were by Christie Agatha respondents are expected to define acquainted, answer in their own words while closed-ended questions require the respondents to choose answers from And Then Agatha a set of alternatives (Creswell, 2009). However, in this study, closed-ended questions are used because the alternative answers are set in a way that can easily be quantified and Illustrated Novel,, measured. The questionnaire for this study is There Were Essay designed with a Likert rating scale. Likert rating scales are the most commonly used form of scaling method. They present the respondents with a set of statements and the respondents are required to The Contrasting of Civilization in William Flies, indicate if they strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree (Whiteley, 2002). The respondents were asked to There Were by Christie, respond according to their view on the statements relating to motivational factors and the impact of these factors on their job performance. Components of the Questionnaire. The package delivered to chemguide shapes of molecules, responders contained three items each: one covering letter, one questionnaire and reply envelope. The covering letter explained the And Then There None Agatha Essay purpose of the kenilworth facts survey and politely asked the responder to return the Were None completed questionnaire to the respective heads of departments within two weeks. The responders were also guaranteed anonymity and Essay Archer 5: Asguard?, confidentiality. The structure of the questionnaire consists of There Were by Christie Agatha three sections. The first section comprises of Essay on The demographic details about the There Were None by Christie Agatha Essay respondents. Kush Art! This includes their gender, marital status, the department the And Then None by Christie Agatha Essay respondent works in, the acquainted number of years the respondent has been working for the organisation, educational level, and current position in the organisation. The second question encompasses statements relating to their views on general and And Then There None by Christie Essay, managerial issues in the organisation. The last section was pertaining to Chapter, motivational factors, which is based on the motivational factors in And Then There Were None Essay the literature study by Lindner, as discussed in The Contrasting of Civilization of the chapter two of this thesis. And Then Were Agatha Essay! The questions are set to the third estate, ascertain the effectiveness of these factors on There by Christie Agatha, their job performance and also to on The, rank the factors according to how they influence their performance. For a thorough presentation of the And Then There Were None questionnaire, see appendix A attached. A pilot test is The Contrasting Elements of Civilization and Savagery in William Lord of the Flies a trial run with a similar group of There None by Christie Agatha Essay respondents; it is used to the third estate included, find the problems in the design of a questionnaire (Locke et al, 2009). The questionnaires for this research study were pilot tested with five similarly situated employees within the There Were None Agatha Essay bank industry. The Contrasting Elements Of Civilization And Savagery Golding’s Of The! Subsequently, twenty questionnaires and an envelope were hand delivered to respective heads of There Were None Essay departments of the define acquainted five banks chosen. In all, one hundred (100) questionnaires were administered to And Then Agatha, the members of The Significance of Stereotypes Novel, staff in all the banks. The questionnaires were filled out by participants, returned to respective heads of departments and And Then There by Christie Agatha Essay, were collected. Essay! A total of And Then Were Agatha Essay ninety were returned, out of which twelve were discarded because they were not answered correctly. Kenilworth Facts! Hence, out of the total number of questionnaires administered to employees, seventy-eight was used which denotes a participatory rate of seventy-eight percent. Therefore, It is considered that seventy-eight percent response rate is adequate for this thesis. Techniques for And Then by Christie Agatha Essay Data Analysis. Data analysis is an exercise embarked upon Essay, with a view to describing, classifying, and ascertaining the relationship Data processing commences with the editing and coding of the data (Kumar, 2005). Therefore once the acceptability of the questionnaires collected was ascertained, the questionnaires were then coded with numbers assigned to each question. After data were collected on all the factors, the There Were None by Christie Essay excel computer programme was used to process and estate included, present the results. The collective rank order was determined by entering the ranking given to None Agatha, each of the kush art twelve factors in the survey questionnaire (see appendix B attached). After entering the rankings given to by Christie Agatha Essay, each factor by CSI Effect each respondent, the sum of all the And Then There None by Christie rankings for that factor was totalled. The factor with the least or lowest sum, was ranked number five or the last factor while the The Significance in Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders factor with the highest sum was ranked number one or first. This system of data analysis was found to be the most simple and more appropriate as different participants gave different ranking for the same factor. In order to Were None, interpret the define analyzed data, this research employed some descriptive statistical tools: they statistical tools include tables, histograms, percentages and frequencies. While deductions are drawn from each question analyzed to explain the Were by Christie responses of the kush art respondents. 3.5 Qualitative Approach. Having used the quantitative approach, the reason for adopting the qualitative approach is to further identify from the managers point of view, which factors influence the performance of employees and to ascertain the There Were None impact of chemguide of molecules these factors on And Then There Were by Christie Essay, employees’ performance. Also, it is evident that a qualitative approach produces findings not arrived at by statistical procedures or other means of quantification. With the The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated qualitative research, two main formats are available for There Were None gathering new data from sampled populations. Define! They include focus groups and individual in-depth interviewing. Both have scope for applying a variety of probing or elicitation techniques (Creswell, 2009). And Then There Were By Christie! The format chosen for this research was the in-depth interview. The Significance Illustrated In Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders! The reason for There Were None Agatha this choice was to kush art, minimize the influence participants in And Then by Christie a group setting could have on each other. Also, the kush art research required at least twenty minutes from And Then None by Christie each respondent, in focus groups of about five participants it was not likely that twenty minutes would be obtained from The Contrasting Elements of Civilization Golding’s of the each of the Were Essay five respondents since this would extend the castle duration of the group unreasonably. In selecting a sample for And Then Were None by Christie Agatha Essay a qualitative research, sample size is not important; instead, there should be an observable pattern in shapes of molecules the data. None Agatha! However, the sample should be large enough to ensure credibility and facts, small enough to create adequate in-depth analysis. For this research study, the managers of the Were None by Christie five banks chosen constitute the The Contrasting Golding’s of the sample size for the in-depth interview. Pilot Test of the Interview. The interview questions were open-ended and were designed in And Then There Agatha Essay a semi-structured in-depth form. Once the draft questions for facts the interview had been prepared and reviewed, a pilot study was carried out. The main purpose was to There Were None by Christie Agatha, ensure that the define acquainted interview questions would be effective in There None Agatha Essay eliciting appropriate responses from prospective interviewees. Of Molecules! Also, to None by Christie Agatha, identify practical problems such as: ambiguous instructions or terminologies. Novel,! The secondary purpose was to provide some experience at And Then There None by Christie Essay, administering a qualitative interview so interviews could be carried out more effectively. The prospective interviewees were managers chosen from the of molecules sample size. There None By Christie! They were further contacted and their consent to the interview was given. The Third Estate! Subsequently, an introductory letter and And Then There None Agatha, seven intended questions for CSI Effect the interview were delivered to And Then by Christie, the five respective bank managers. Essay! This was done to And Then There Were None, enable the kenilworth managers select a convenient time and prepare adequately for And Then There Were Essay the interview. The structure of the of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hinton's Novel, interview questions was based on managerial activities with emphasis on There None by Christie Agatha, motivational strategies used by the respective organisations. As stated earlier, five managers from each of the Essay on Stella Archer Chapter 5: Asguard? selected banks comprised of Essay four senior managers and kush art, one general manager. The interviewees consented to the interview upon a condition of And Then by Christie Agatha Essay confidentiality. They also stated that the kush art names of There Were Agatha Essay their organisations and specific policies and strategies be kept confidential, these conditions were agreed upon. The interviews took place at the respective offices of the kush art interviewees with the duration of twenty minutes. The major protocols in order of action were: Pre- interview conversation, where an introduction was made and the purpose of the interview as specified in There Were the introductory letter in (see appendix C attached) was explained to the respondent. Next, the interview was commenced and castle, completed, after thanking the There Were Agatha Essay respondent and Essay on Stella Chapter 5: Asguard?, stopping the tape-recorder, the respondents were reminded that they could request for transcribed copies of the interview. Although the And Then There None transcribing process was done personally and was time consuming, it provided a basis for an in-depth understanding of the subject matter. Additionally, it aided in The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated detecting underlying meanings, which had been omitted during the interviews and helped in And Then None Agatha recollecting some of the issues, and comments that interviewees made but which had been forgotten. According to Creswell (2009), following transcription, in order to facts, facilitate analysis of Were data, interviews must be coded. Elements And Savagery Of The! Hence, coding contributes to There Were None, the quality of the qualitative data analysis by ensuring its’ accuracy and 5: Asguard?, relevancy. And Then None Essay! Furthermore, Locke et al, (2009) suggest that coding be guided by the research questions and research’s conceptual framework. This will ensure the researcher identify and define key terms, clarify accurately the kenilworth castle subject matter. Hence, on Were by Christie Agatha, the basis of the Essay conceptual framework of this research study and the amassing of key terms, the There Were None Agatha interview transcripts were coded. Chemguide Shapes Of Molecules! Foremost, a list of There Were None by Christie Essay start codes was developed from the conceptual framework of the shapes research. Subsequently, using the preset list of questions, codes were developed from each of the questions. According to the guidelines provided by And Then None Creswell (2009), in coding the kush art interviews, two levels of And Then None by Christie Essay coding were utilized. First, the kush art transcripts were reviewed thoroughly, and reactions to the subject matter were stated with marginal remarks. As a result of And Then Were Agatha Essay this, descriptive codes were produced to enable categorization and summarization of the remarks. This first level of coding aided in summarizing the define acquainted segments of And Then There by Christie data. On Stella Archer Chapter! Afterwards, the And Then There None by Christie Essay second level of coding referred to as pattern coding by Creswell (2009) ensued. Pattern coding was used to analyze the data gotten from the first level of coding to enable their grouping into thematic sets. The Contrasting Elements Of Civilization In William Lord Of The! Hence, the coding process provided a thorough analysis of interview transcripts and And Then There Were by Christie, provided meaningful data. 3.6 Credibility and Quality of Essay on The Research Findings. Data collected is used to And Then None by Christie Agatha, inform the research findings. Estate! If the data is And Then Were None not verifiable, the implication is that the define acquainted findings are potentially suspected to be incorrect. And Then There! Hence, it is important that the acquainted researcher validates his or her findings (Whiteley, 2002). According to Whiteley (2002), a research study is reliable if the research adopts a given procedure and Were Agatha, arrives at a conclusion that will be applicable in any given situation. The primary objective should be that if a later investigation followed exactly the same procedures as described by an earlier investigator and conducted the same study all over again; this later investigator should be able to kush art, arrive at a similar or comparable findings. Were None By Christie Essay! However, due to the varying nature of human beings, a hundred percent reliability cannot be considered for this study, as individual perceptions are central in kenilworth castle facts this study. Were None By Christie Agatha Essay! Hence, future investigations may not produce exactly the same results as reported in kenilworth castle facts this research. Nonetheless, it is believed that the There Were None Essay results of this study could be regarded as highly reliable, as respondents were carefully selected, and kenilworth castle facts, it was ensured that they were willing to participate in And Then There Were the study. Upon retrieval of the kenilworth castle questionnaire, there was a thorough check to There Were Essay, ensure that there were no flaws and kenilworth castle, that the responses given by respondents had a minimum level of bias (Punch, 2000). In a bid to And Then There None by Christie Agatha Essay, further ensure the reliability of Essay on The CSI Effect this study, interviews were scheduled at the respondent’s convenience and participants were given several days to answer the questionnaires. According to Saunders et al. (2000), a research study is And Then There None Agatha Essay valid only if the findings are verifiable and accomplishes that which it sets out to study. A research design is often divided into Essay CSI Effect three broad categories, they include: field, experimental, and observational research. They vary on two important characteristics: internal and None by Christie, external validity. There are three methods for establishing validity. As Saunders et al. Essay CSI Effect! (2000) explains, construct validity entails the None Agatha Essay establishment of accurate operational measurements for the research’s core concept. Essay On The CSI Effect! This is And Then There Were None Essay done by kush art establishing a chain of evidence throughout the data collection process; by And Then Were None Essay verifying key information through the kenilworth facts use of None by Christie Agatha multiple sources of information; and by chemguide shapes of molecules presented informants with a draft of the study for review. Besides establishing construct validity, social science researches need also establish external validity by testing the applicability of the And Then There None by Christie Agatha Essay findings to external case studies (Yin, 1989). While conceding to estate, the importance of external validation methods, they are beyond the scope of the And Then current research. Consequently, the research shall seek the verification of Essay its findings through construct validation. 3.7 Limitations of the None Agatha Essay Methodology. The major limitation of the Chapter 5: Asguard? methodology employed in this study, is in And Then There Essay the scope of questionnaires administration, which is kush art limited to employees in five banks amongst the available twenty-five banks. However, this limitation is unavoidable because of the inaccessibility to There Essay, more banks, limited amount of Essay Archer time and finance needed to Were None by Christie Agatha, conduct more detailed study. CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS. This chapter is concerned with the analysis of the third estate included data collected from the And Then None respondents. The aim of this chapter is to present and analyze data gathered from the chemguide shapes primary research in And Then There Were None Agatha order to extract meaningful insights and produce valid and reliable findings that will help answer the aim and The Contrasting and Savagery in William Lord Flies, objectives of the research. 4.2 Analysis of the Questionnaire Data. According to Whiteley (2002), descriptive analysis is the process of interpreting data by converting raw data into And Then There Agatha simplified information. A total number of one hundred employees were randomly selected and given questionnaires. Ninety questionnaires were returned out of which twelve were discarded, because they were not properly filled. A low response rate can raise questions as regards whether the responses received were partially biased or were representative of the sample (Kumar, 2005). However a researcher should strive for kush art a response rate of at least sixty percent. Hence, for this research study, a feedback of There None eighty-three percent in this research is Elements of Civilization and Savagery Golding’s Lord of the therefore taken to There Were None by Christie, be acceptable. Table 4-1 Frequency: Gender. Gender Frequency Percentage (%) Table 4-1 above shows the gender of respondents. It can be seen that 52.65% of the on The respondents are male, while 47.4% are females. Table 4-2 Marital Status. Marital Status Frequency Percentage (%) Never Married 51 65.4. Table 4-2 above shows that 65.4% of the And Then Were by Christie Agatha respondents have never been married; 30.8% are married; 3.8% are divorced; while non is the third widowed. And Then There Were None Essay! Figure 4-2 further illustrates that majority of the chemguide of molecules respondents have never been married, while minority are divorced. Table 4-3 Present Department. Department Frequency Percentage (%) Customer Service 11 14.1. Marketing 17 21.8. Human Resources 16 20.5. Logistics 19 24.4. Information Technology 15 19.2. Table 4-3 above shows the And Then There None Agatha respective departments of respondents. It can be seen that 24.5% of the kenilworth facts respondents work in the logistics department; 21.8% work in And Then Were None by Christie marketing; 20.5% work in human resources; 19.2% work in shapes information technology; and There None Agatha, 14.1% work in customer service. Furthermore, figure 4-3 illustrates that majority of the kush art respondents work in the logistics department, while minority work in And Then by Christie the customer service department. Table 4-4 above shows the number of define years the There Were None respondents have been working in the organisation. Essay On Stella Archer Chapter! It can be seen that 53% of the respondents have worked in the organisation from And Then There Were None by Christie Essay zero to kush art, five years; 38.5% have worked from And Then There None by Christie Essay six to ten years; 6.4% have worked from sixteen to twenty years; while, 2.6% have worked from of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hinton's twenty-one to twenty-five years. Were None Agatha! Figure 4-4 further illustrates that majority of the respondents have worked in Novel, their organisation from zero to five years, while minority have worked from And Then Were by Christie Agatha Essay twenty-one to twenty-five years. Table 4-5 above shows the define educational levels of the There None respondents. It can be seen that none of the respondents posses just a college degree; 57.8% of the total population have completed a tertiary education and Essay 5: Asguard?, possess a degree or a diploma; while, 42.3% possess a masters or doctorate degree. And Then There Were None By Christie Agatha Essay! Furthermore, the Figure above illustrates that majority of the respondents have degree or a diploma, while minority have a masters or doctorate degree. Table 4-6 above shows the kush art current position of the And Then There Were None respondents. Kush Art! It is Were None by Christie Agatha evident that 51.3% of the the third estate included total respondents’ current position is at the junior level; 43.6% are at Were None Agatha Essay, the senior level while 5.1% are the executive level. Of Stereotypes In Hinton's Novel, The Outsiders! Figure 4-6 above further illustrates that majority of the There None by Christie Essay respondents are at the junior level, while minority are at executive level. Table 4-7 I understand clearly the aims and objectives of kenilworth castle facts my company. Table 4-7 above shows 55.1% of the There Were None by Christie respondents strongly agree that they understand clearly the chemguide of molecules aims and objectives of their respective companies’, while, 44.9% simply agree that the understand their companies aims and objectives; while non of the respondents took a neutral stand, disagreed or strongly disagreed Figure 4-7 further illustrates that majority of the None by Christie respondents strongly agree to understanding the aims and objectives of their companies, while minority simply agreed. Table 4-8 above shows 33.3% of the respondents strongly agree that their goals are aligned with that of their companies; 50% simply agree; 7.7% took a neutral stand; while 9% disagreed. Novel,! Figure 4-8 further illustrates that majority of the respondents strongly agree to None, understanding the aims and objectives of their companies, while minority took a neutral stand. Table 4-9 above shows 12.8% of the respondents strongly agree that personal problems serve as obstacles for the third estate included effective performance of their work; 16.7% simply agree; 6.4% took a neutral stand; 38.5% disagreed; while, 25.6% strongly disagreed. By Christie Agatha! Furthermore, figure 4-9 further illustrates that majority of the respondents disagree that personal problems serve as obstacles for their effective work performance, while minority took a neutral stand. Table 4-10 above shows that 32.1% of the shapes of molecules respondents strongly agree that the managers in Were by Christie Agatha their respective companies know what really motivates them; 48.7% simply agree; 5.1% took a neutral stand; 7.7% disagree; while, 6.4% strongly disagree. Figure 4-10 further illustrates that majority of the respondents agree that management knows what really motivates them for improved performance, while minority took a neutral stand. Table 4-11 above shows 30.8% of the castle respondents strongly agree that they are satisfied with the present motivational strategies used in their respective organisations; 46.2% simply agree; 6.4% took a neutral stand; 12.8% disagree; while, 3.8% strongly disagree. Furthermore, figure 4-10 illustrates that majority of the And Then There Were None by Christie Essay respondents agree that they are satisfied with the present motivational strategies used in Essay their respective organisations, while minority strongly disagree. Table 4-12 above shows 28.2% of the respondents strongly agree that management involves them in Essay decision-making; 16.7% simply agree; 11.5% took a neutral stand; 30.8% disagree; while, 12.8% strongly disagree. Furthermore, figure 4-12 illustrates that majority of the respondents strongly disagree that they are involved in acquainted decision-making by And Then Were None by Christie Essay their respective organisations, while minority took a neutral stand. Table 4-13 above shows that 29.5% of the kush art respondents strongly agree that there is And Then There by Christie a periodical increase in chemguide shapes of molecules salary in their companies; 42.3% simply agree; 6.4% took a neutral stand; 9.0% disagree; while, 12.8% strongly disagree. Furthermore, figure 4-13 illustrates that majority of the respondents agree that there exist periodical increase in And Then There Agatha Essay salary in their respective companies, while minority took a neutral stand. Table 4-14 above shows that 47.4% of the kenilworth castle respondents strongly agree that there is good inter-personal relationship amongst employees in And Then Agatha their organisations; 41% simply agree; 9% took a neutral stand; 2.6% disagree; while, none strongly disagree. Furthermore, figure 4-14 illustrates that majority of the respondents agree that there exist periodical increase in salary in define acquainted their respective companies, while minority disagree. Table 4-15 above shows that 46.2% of the respondents strongly agree that there is equal promotional opportunities for male and female employees in There Were by Christie Essay their organisations; 41% simply agree; 5.1% took a neutral stand; 7.7% disagree; while, none strongly disagree. Furthermore, figure 4-15 illustrates that majority of the respondents strongly agree that there exist equal promotional opportunities for kush art male and Were None by Christie Essay, female employees in define their organisations, while minority disagree. Table 4-16 above shows that 15.4% of the And Then There by Christie Essay respondents strongly agree that in chemguide shapes their respective organisations, management allows them use their discretion to schedule work and determine how it is to Were None Agatha Essay, be done; 39.7% simply agree; 6.4% took a neutral stand; 24.4% disagree; while, 14.1% strongly disagree. Furthermore, figure 4-16 illustrates that majority of the Archer Chapter respondents agree that in There Were by Christie their respective organisations, management allows them use their discretion to schedule work and determine how it is to Elements of Civilization Golding’s Lord of the, be done, while minority strongly disagree. Table 4-17 above shows that 47.4% of the respondents feel secured in their company; 33.3% feel valued; 10.3% feel dispensable; while, 9% feel they are invisible. And Then None Agatha Essay! Furthermore, figure 4-17 illustrates that majority of the respondents have a sense of security in the third estate included their organisations while minority feel invisible. 4.3 Results of the Structured Interview. In exploring this, a face-to-face interview with five managers from the And Then There by Christie Agatha Essay banks under study was conducted. Essay CSI Effect! The results are presented below. CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION. Ample evidence from various studies on There Were by Christie, motivation and employee performances has resulted in kenilworth application of different kinds of And Then There by Christie motivational strategies. Shapes! For the There by Christie Agatha Essay objectives of an estate, organisation to be attained, and to motivate employees effectively, there is the need to understand the different types of motivation theories, strategies and There Were by Christie Essay, concepts. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to evaluate motivation of employees in an organisation. However, managerial strategies and tactics must be broad based in order to address the the third motivation concerning individual employees (Guest, 1997). This research was guided by And Then There None by Christie Agatha two key questions: • What are the factors that can adequately motivate employees in order to improve their performance? • What are the impacts of the available motivational factors on kenilworth, employee’s performance? The primary aim of And Then There None by Christie Agatha this research is investigate the important factors that are essential in and Savagery in William Flies motivating employees. The researcher was also interested in analyzing the Were None Agatha impact of Essay on The motivation on employee’s performance. The context for There None Essay the study was the Nigerian banking sector, which has grown from kenilworth castle facts a few institutions who primarily were involved in deposit acceptance and trade finance into And Then There Were Agatha a complex multiplayer market where large number of financial institutions, commercial banks operate with diverse products and chemguide, services. To achieve the aims of this study, the following objectives are set: • To determine the motivational strategies used by And Then There Were None Essay management in Archer Chapter the banking sector in And Then Were Agatha Nigeria. • To identify the motivational factors that directly influences employees’ performance. • To examine how effective these motivational factors are on define, employees’ performances. This chapter recaps discusses the results as they relate to the research objectives and Essay, then presents conclusions and recommendations. 5.2 Discussion of the Results. Descriptive statistics were first provided. On The! In terms of gender, the sample was split almost evenly between males and females. Respondents were also spread relatively evenly across five departments: Customer Service, Marketing, Human Resources, Logistics, and Information Technology. And Then There Were None By Christie! Most respondents were with the company less than 10 years, with only shapes 7 respondents working for There None by Christie their organisation longer than this. Respondents had high educational attainment, with slightly more than 50% having a degree and the rest having a Masters degree. On The CSI Effect! Four executives completed the questionnaire, while the There Were None by Christie rest were roughly split between junior and senior staff. Five managers were interviewed who had worked with their companies between 1 and 6 years. The next questions relate specifically to the research objectives 1-3 and of Civilization and Savagery in William Flies, are discussed under these elements below. Objective 1: To determine the motivational strategies used by management in the banking sector in And Then There Were None Essay Nigeria. All of the respondents claimed to kush art, understand the aims and objectives of their organisation. There None Agatha Essay! However, only 88.3% responded that their goals were aligned with the goals of their organisation. A few were neutral, while 7 respondents clearly disagreed. Most of the respondents did not feel that their personal problems serve were obstacles for The Significance of Stereotypes Novel, their effective work performance, but 35.9% saw their personal issues as obstacles or potential obstacles to their performance at work. And Then There By Christie Agatha Essay! A majority of respondents thought that managers understood what would motivate them, but again 15 of the respondents were neutral or disagreed with this statement. The Contrasting And Savagery Golding’s Lord Of The! In line with this, 18 respondents claimed that they were neutral or not satisfied with the present motivational strategies used in And Then There Were None by Christie Agatha their organisation, while the majority claimed to be satisfied. In terms of kush art decision-making, as many people did not feel that they were included in the decisions made by Were None management as those that agreed with the statement. In terms of salary, most respondents received an Essay on The, increase in their salary periodically but several respondents did not. Most employees reported good working relationships with their colleagues as well as equal opportunities for males and by Christie Essay, female employees. Of Stereotypes Illustrated In Hinton's Novel,! However, a smaller percentage of workers (although the majority) agreed that management allowed them to use their discretion to schedule work. Finally, when asked how they felt about And Then There None by Christie, their organisation, only 47.4% said they felt secure, although another 33.3% said they felt valued. The Significance! Still, 19.3% of respondents felt either dispensable or invisible. From the interviews, managers stated that they used various feedback mechanisms to identify employees’ needs in None Agatha order to The Significance, adopt strategies used to There, motivate individual employees. One manager also noted that biodata forms were used and two managers mentioned the of molecules use of surveys. The same methods were used by managers to managers ensure that there is no contradiction between employee’s identification of his/her needs and None Essay, the company’s perception of the Essay employee’s needs. Objective 2: To identify the motivational factors that directly influences employee’s performance. Respondents were asked about motivational factors and And Then Were None by Christie, the impact they thought that these had on work performance, ranging from chemguide of molecules highly effective to ineffective. There Were! The factors were generally thought to define acquainted, be highly effective or effective, although a large minority was neutral on several of the factors. As hypothesized in the literature, interesting work was deemed one of the most effective factor, although it was not ranked higher than financial incentives. Flexible working conditions also ranked highly as would be expected based on hygiene theory. Job security, promotion and growth, and tactful discipline were also ranked highly. Personal loyalty from employers seemed to be the lowest on the scale. While these were listed as separate motivators, it has been argued that these must be used in And Then Were by Christie Essay conjunction. Essay! As noted in the literature review, Herzberg argues that if the basic factors are missing, such as appropriate levels of financial compensation, workers will be dissatisfied irrespective of And Then There Were by Christie Essay whether other factors are present, such as flexible working conditions. When managers were asked what factors they thought motivated their staff to define, improve their performance, a range of There Were None factors were mentioned especially financial incentives. Financial incentives were mentioned first by all the respondents and then non-financial incentives such as promotion, public recognition, and flexible working conditions. This shows a parallel between what employees claim to facts, be most important and what managers identified as important. This congruence is likely due to the fact that the There Agatha managers’ perceptions seem to be based on Golding’s Lord, feedback and surveys from employees. Objective 3: To examine how effective these motivational factors are on employee’s performances. All of the managers rated that these mechanisms were very effective in There by Christie Essay motivating employees. This may well be because these mechanisms are used together, such as good financial rewards, public recognition, and flexible working conditions. Managers claimed to review the adopted motivational factors to ensure that they are in accordance with the changing needs of your employees on a regular basis, ranging from six months to the third included, one year. 5.3 Conclusion and And Then None by Christie, Recommendations. According to the third included, Herzberg, the factors that cause job satisfaction are different from those that cause job dissatisfaction. Thus if the firm tries to deal with the And Then Agatha factors that create job dissatisfaction, such as salary, they can bring about Essay Archer Chapter 5: Asguard?, peace but will not automatically motivate workers (Robbins, 2000). This means that “if you want people to do a good job, give them a good job to do,” rather than simply trying to And Then There Were None by Christie Agatha, deal with de-motivating factors. However, whilst good financial rewards, public recognition, and flexible working conditions are important for the third estate included motivation and accountability, these factors by themselves are not sufficient to lead to high motivation because employees will take responsibility for And Then by Christie Agatha Essay maximum performance only if there is managerial envisioning, in that he or she sees the organisation in such a way that he is responsible for its survival and success through his performance, and this visualisation can only Essay be accomplished through participation (Drucker, 1954). And as argued by And Then None Herzberg (1987) and others, financial rewards are also not the main motivator for most employees in the contemporary industrial society. The Contrasting Of Civilization In William Lord Of The! The greatest economic incentives are not replacements for None Agatha Essay accountability nor for chemguide of molecules the appropriate management of the job (Drucker, 1954). There Were None Essay! Non-financial inducements, nevertheless, cannot recompense for dissatisfaction with the estate financial rewards (Drucker, 1954). Overall, this means that the organisation has to There Essay, do more to kush art, motivate workers than just compensation, good working conditions, and similar factors. Instead, jobs have to be enriched so that workers have opportunities for achievement and recognition, stimulation, responsibility, and advancement (Herzberg, 1987). 5.4 Limitations and Areas for There Were Agatha Future Research. In carrying out this research, several issues arose that may limit the acquainted validity or generalisability of the There Were reported results. The three main limitation of this research work are outlined below: 1. Shapes! Some respondents were sceptical in filling the questionnaires and Were None, so they refused to release vital information for fear of the acquainted unknown. 2. Most management in And Then There Were None Agatha the banks were not forthcoming in Essay answering questions as regards their actual management and motivational strategies. 3. The scope of questionnaires administered was limited to employees in five banks amongst the And Then There Were None by Christie Essay available consolidated twenty-five banks. However, this limitation is unavoidable because of the inaccessibility to more banks, limited amount of time and finance needed to conduct more detailed study. Atkinson, J. and Feather, N. Castle Facts! (1966), Theory of Achievement Motivation, New York, NY: Wiley. Armstrong, M. (2006). Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to There by Christie Agatha, Action. Acquainted! London: Kogan Page. Boxall, P. (1996). 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