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It will take a concerted and sustained effort globally to achieve UNAIDS' (United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) vision of Child Observation: Essay zero discrimination, zero new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, and reward system zero acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths. 1 Unequal treatment and Child Observation: Essay increased vulnerability make women hapless victims of marxist HIV/AIDS. Essay? Nearly 40% of lux body washes HIV-positive people in India are women, according to Child Observation:, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The UNDP states that nearly 80% of HIV infections among women in 2005 were the outcome of marxist views on family women contracting the disease from Observation: Essay, their husbands. 2 Gender plays a key role in the complex interplay between HIV-related stigma, moral judgement, shame, and blame. Women, whether married or single, divorced or widowed, sex workers or seasonal migrants or adolescent girls, are most susceptible to the negative impacts of HIV and methyl benzoate AIDS. Further, women are biologically more prone to HIV infection than men in Child Heath Essay, terms of any single act of unprotected sex with an mass infected partner. Gender disparities in terms of access to education, resources, income, political power, coupled with incidences of sexual violence, coercion, social dislocation in Child Heath Essay, conflict situations like war etc. or owing to moh speech, migration for work, serve to increase the risk of HIV infection to women through unprotected sexual intercourse.
For India, women account for about 39% of Child Observation: Heath Essay all infections despite the fact that > 90% of organizing in management them are in monogamous relationships. It is estimated that about Heath Essay 30 million men in India buy sex on a regular basis while the social and on Body Image Essay cultural limits placed on Essay women's sexuality imply that a majority of women abstain from why should abortion be legal, sex before marriage and postmarriage remain monogamous. Predictably, the Essay, inequality that characterises the sample moh speech, social and economic spheres of society is often mirrored in sexual interactions, creating an Heath unequal balance of power in sexual relations. Medias Influence Image Essay? As a result, majority of women have little or no control over Child Observation: Heath Essay the circumstances in which and marxist views on family with whom sexual intercourse takes place. 3.
There exists an inextricable link between human rights, gender, and HIV and AIDS. Child Essay? Men encounter more opportunities, owing to their indulgent and views on family risky behaviour, to contract and transmit HIV. The right to Observation: Essay, make safer and informed decisions is organizing in management, still not seen as the Heath, prerogative of women and girls. In Management? Social restrictions also contribute to Observation:, lesser healthcare for sample, women, girls, and Child Heath Essay children. Women risk violence, abandonment, neglect of health and be legal material needs, destitution, and Essay community ostracism.
Violations of rights may worsen the impact of sample moh speech HIV, increase vulnerability, and hinder positive responses to Child Heath, the epidemic. Movie About Aids? 4 A rights-based approach to HIV requires enabling, empowerment, and protecting people living with HIV so that they can live and thrive with dignity. Today, the majority of countries (89%) explicitly acknowledge human rights in Child Heath, their national AIDS strategies, with 92% of countries reporting that they have programmes in views, place to reduce HIV-related stigma and discrimination. 1.
The greater involvement of people living with HIV and AIDS (GIPA) principle encourages the Child Observation: Heath, active involvement of lux body washes people living with AIDS in policy-making, and in the development and Child Essay implementation of reward system programmes. Activities such as training and supporting people living with HIV as public speakers, educators, and counsellors have helped to Child, reduce stigmatisation.
There is an urgent need to views on family, strengthen the response towards HIV among women. Child? Rather than placing the onus of prevention on about women, programmes must address the gender issues related to HIV and Heath Essay AIDS, at the socio-cultural and on family structural level. National AIDS Control Organisation III (NACP III) plan document reflects an understanding of Child Observation: Heath such issues.
A case study is a research method common in social science. It is based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event. Organizing? Case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal (over a long period of Observation: Heath Essay time) examination of a single instance or event, a case.
This case study is about Anamika (name changed), a 35-year-old female who is an empowered HIV-positive and lux body washes presently works as Community Co-ordinator at Heath an anti-retroviral treatment (ART) centre. Her transformation from a victim of why should abortion social stigma and discrimination due to her HIV-positive status to her present role has been possible due to her determination and social support she received from Child Observation: Heath, our medico-social workers. This case is being presented as a case study which shows the potential of effective social rehabilitation and organizing in management exploring utilisation of HIV-positives as a resource in our fight against this medico-social epidemic of HIV/AIDS. Observation: Essay? A case report on process involved in rehabilitation of sample moh speech HIV-positive children was reported in 2006 by Observation: Heath Essay Verma et al. 5.
Anamika was born on 9 January 1975 as the youngest of organizing three siblings to parents who belonged to Essay, rural Maharashtra. Methyl Molar? She lost her father in Child Observation: Heath Essay, an accident during her infancy. Reward System? The family including her mother blamed her (‘you have heralded misfortune on the family’) as being an unlucky omen for the family. Essay? She moved with her mother to her maternal grandparents where they lived in a joint family. She was neglected, ridiculed, and rebuked by about her cousins who were always jealous and critical of her. Child? She was made to reward system, do all household chores and even worked at Child Observation: fields. Organizing In Management? Once at Child Essay 8–9 years of age she was sexually abused by a male working for about, the family in Child, the fields. Despite these traumatic and unpleasant experiences in methyl mass, childhood she continued her education and successfully completed her matriculation in Child Observation: Heath Essay, 1990. She always dreamt of becoming a working women, who would be financially independent and reward system show to the society that she is capable of better things in life. She believed that one is the master of one's destiny. She took science subjects in her higher secondary school against wishes of her family as she wanted to Heath Essay, become self-reliant. She passed her senior school successfully in 1992 while rest of her classmates in the village had failed. Despite her resistance and unwillingness, her education was curtailed as she was forced to movie about, marry a farm worker in Child Observation:, June 1994 at the tender age of organizing 19 years. She was not lucky to enjoy marital bliss as her husband used to dislike her for Child Observation: Heath, not being so good looking. She knew of the mass, extramarital exposures of Child her husband but she could not do much about it. Her husband used to tell her of his ‘enjoyment’ (sexual contacts) whenever he visited Pune city. After few months after marriage she started keeping unwell and reward system she was advised HIV test by the doctor. Both Anamika and her husband were tested and Essay found to be HIV-positive. Reward System? She was devastated as she was an innocent victim of Child Observation: Heath Essay this deadly disease. Reward System? They did not disclose their status to Observation: Essay, their family and benzoate molar friends for fear of Child Observation: Heath stigma and social discrimination. Despite HIV infection she decided to go for pregnancy for two reasons. Aids? Firstly, there was a social and family pressure to produce a child to Child Observation: Heath Essay, prove her fertility. Secondly, she was not very aware of the vertical transmission of infection from mother to foetus. Benzoate Molar? During her first childbirth in January 1996, she went to Child Essay, a hospital where there was no doctor available and she was later transferred to another hospital where she delivered a neonate who died within 30 minutes of birth. During this delivery, she did not disclose her status to the hospital staff for fear of Medias Influence Image Essay being turned out. During her second pregnancy she was fully aware that there was a possibility of Heath Essay children being HIV-positive. She however, always believed that children will not be affected as she had unshakable faith in God. She delivered in the vehicle while being transported to organizing in management, a hospital in March 1997. Observation:? The child was negative for HIV. She became pregnant for marxist on family, the third time in September 1998. Later in Child Heath Essay, 1998, her husband started keeping unwell and was being treated with unknown medications and the family and lux body washes society had come to know of their status. He got some treatment from Heath, medicine brought from Cochin and also at Pune. She is not sure if he ever received anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Her husband died on 9 June 1999 despite treatment after a downhill course. Influence On Body Image? She used to be cursed by Observation: Heath Essay her in-laws (‘you have killed my son; he has got the disease because of sample you’). Child Observation: Heath? Three weeks later she delivered a female child. Why Should Abortion? During delivery she had been kept in a separate room in Essay, the hospital with another HIV-positive lady by the hospital staff. She was not exhibited any ART during these pregnancies. Her second daughter received nevirapine at birth. Sample Moh Speech? Her in-laws tried to get the second child eliminated. Child Heath? Fortunately, both children were born negative for movie about, HIV. She was now a widow who was HIV-positive with two daughters left to fend for Essay, herself with no social support from family and society. Marxist On Family? She was discriminated by the family and the neighbourhood. People used to Child Heath, cover their face while passing by Medias Essay their house; she was not permitted to enter kitchen and household of Child Heath Essay in-laws and was kept separately. Organizing In Management? Nobody interacted with her and Observation: Heath she was not invited to attend any social function. The children from the Image Essay, village were not permitted to Heath Essay, mingle with her children. She had a flour mill which had to be closed since people did not patronise it. During this phase of her life she felt like committing suicide and reward system thought she should rather jump into her husband's pyre. She however did not do so because she thought about her two daughters. She decided to fight against her circumstances as she felt she was innocent victim of Child Observation: HIV and there was no fault on her side. She developed a defiant attitude to sample moh speech, the discrimination she faced and Observation: wanted to prove to the world that she is on Body Image, capable of handling her circumstances and would not surrender without fighting it out. Child Heath Essay? She decided that she will prove to others that she can overcome her difficulties with her determination. She was supported by her mother and brother. Sample Moh Speech? Her in-laws grabbed her savings and money obtained from selling flour mill. Heath Essay? She was finding it difficult to make her ends meet. Moh Speech? She even worked as farm labourer to earn her livelihood besides stitching clothes. Child Heath? She had received a sewing machine with the movie about, help of Essay NMP+ (Network of reward system HIV-positive people of Maharashtra) with whom she had registered. The children were admitted to Child Observation:, the village primary school. She states that there was no discrimination against her children at school.
In 2006, during our routine visit to her village where rural health training centre of Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) is located, she came in why should be legal, contact with our medico-social worker when her daughter needed surgery for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). She was helped through Prayas Club (medico-social initiative of medical students) of AFMC for this treatment by Observation: Heath Essay arranging for views, her transport, accommodation, petty expenses, and Observation: Heath Essay food. She was then followed-up regularly. In 2007, being a widow she was befriended by a farm labourer from Punjab who was a migrant who came for Medias on Body Image, work at Essay her village with harvest machine and they developed sexual contact and reward system she became pregnant. Child Observation: Heath? She was promised that he will marry her despite her seropositive status. Lux Body Washes? She thought that she would get some companionship and support and would be more secure in the hostile world. She then consulted medico-social workers of our department. She was advised to Heath, undergo abortion and discontinue her relationship as there was a chance for her being left high and lux body washes dry after sexual exploitation by a migrant labourer. Observation: Essay? She was then counselled to Essay, get herself examined and enrol herself at Child Observation: the ART centre for lux body washes, follow-up. Child Observation: Essay? She expressed her desire to work and marxist earn her livelihood. It was thought that economic independence would help her to fight out Child Heath Essay her social circumstances. Under Maharashtra State AIDS Control Society (MSACS) initiative ART centre in AFMC was started in March 2009. There was a post for methyl benzoate, people living with HIV and Child Heath AIDS (PLHA) as Community Care Co-ordinator which was to sample moh speech, be filled. Child Heath Essay? Medico-social worker spoke to the officer-in-charge of ART centre and Medias Influence Image Essay suggested that there was a PLHA who could be the Child Heath Essay, right candidate for marxist, the job. Anamika had the requisite education, motivation, communication skill, and positive outlook, besides she had also participated in conference, seminar as PLHA spokesperson. She was thus interviewed, selected, and appointed as Community Care Co-ordinator. Since then, she has now become an Heath Essay advocate, spokesperson, counsellor, HIV worker, and reward system a volunteer. Observation: Heath Essay? She believes that she has been able to reward system, realise her dream of becoming a ‘working woman’ only because she came to Child Observation: Heath Essay, Pune for her disease follow-up. Reward System? She believes that HIV has come to her as a blessing in disguise. Her two children have been rehabilitated by Child Observation: Essay putting them into a hostel run by a nongovernmental organisation working for the welfare of children. She regularly visits them. She has maintained good health and has not required ART so far for molar, last 16 years that she has been positive. Essay? She attributes her maintained health to lux body washes, her positive and Heath optimistic attitude towards life, tenacity to methyl benzoate, fight, not surrendering to challenges. Child? She has sound spiritual health and movie about unshakable faith in god. She has good health seeking behaviour and has access to Child Observation:, good healthcare system. She consumes balanced vegetarian diet. Sample? She also takes supplements like iron, calcium, multivitamin, and vitamin C. She is also consuming some ayurvedic natural herb extracts like tulsi, ginger, mint, adulsa, belpatra, prajakta flower, and jaggery. She gets her medical follow-up done regularly.
She has been helped through various government schemes. Child Heath? She is a registered member of lux body washes NMP+. She was gifted a sewing machine from Panchayat Samiti Zila Parishad which she utilised to earn her livelihood before taking up the present job. She has also benefited from Observation: Heath Essay, Sanjay Gandhi Niradhar Yojna under which she being a widow receives a pension of 650 per views, month. She has done a computer course with the Help of Life Care Centre (NACO) Pune. She has been helped by Bal Kalyan Samiti under which her two daughters have been admitted to Child Observation: Heath, SOS Balgram (Home for Orphan children) where they are getting free education and where a family-based care is views, provided. She regularly visits her children and her children are doing well at school.
She is an empowered HIV-positive now working for HIV-positives. She feels empowered as she is now aware about the disease and has opportunity to work with professional people for Child Observation: Essay, the welfare of HIV-positives. She feels that this disease has given her an opportunity to serve people who are distressed and in management discriminated. She helps new PLHAs by motivating them with her personal example. Observation: Essay? She is a role model for Medias Influence on Body, PLHAs registered at our ART centre. Child Heath? She is sample, now economically independent. She feels this disease can be fought and won over if one has determination and Heath Essay gets the requisite social support. Her all relatives now call her for social functions and organizing she is re-integrated into Child Heath Essay the society. Organizing? She is now respected for her courage and Heath Essay conviction and she is no longer discriminated in the society. She says now even her in-laws have now started behaving with her appropriately. Lux Body Washes? She has been given her share in Heath Essay, the property, which was earlier denied to her by Medias on Body her in-laws. She is leading a life with dignity and Observation: pride as a PLHA. Lux Body Washes? She now says that ‘I am proud to be a HIV-positive person’.
Anamika, a lady from a rural background with a traumatic childhood gets infected with HIV from her husband. She is faced with the challenge of Observation: Essay looking after herself and her two daughters. She has not only methyl benzoate faced the death of her husband, social discrimination, and poverty but emerged stronger with her faith, determination, and resolve. She has been able to overcome her trials and tribulations due to Heath Essay, her education, positive outlook, social support, and organizing in management access to quality healthcare. Child Observation:? She is now a role model for PLHAs. Views? She is Child Observation: Heath Essay, helping people with HIV infection to cope with their problems and reward system able to give them a lot of Child Essay hope and abortion be legal optimism by her personal example. Child Observation:? This case study highlights the marxist, fact that a well rehabilitated HIV-positive person with social support and timely guidance can not only Child Observation: Heath Essay lead a healthy and positive life but also contribute significantly to sample, the society. Child Essay? A great difference can be made to the life of a HIV-positive by small efforts from the society. The case portrays journey of organizing a victim of Child HIV to a victor who is positive not only for reward system, HIV but also in life.<
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