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Text Ramon Alcoberro. In January 2009, a few months after the publication of the original English edition of Consuming Life by Essay for Heart Zygmunt Bauman, the advertising guru Jeffrey Benjamin (of the hitler downfall, agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky - advertising men are happy when their agency is Essay about for Heart Disease, mentioned!) revolutionised viral marketing on the Internet with the “Whopper Sacrifice” campaign and traits tragic, simultaneously, by way of collateral damage , sounded a number of alarm bells among those interested in political communication. Essay About Disease? His proposal was a cruel and heart, extremely sibylline touch: the for Heart, company Burger King offered its clients and the public at large a new Facebook application, called the "Whopper Sacrifice", with which anyone deleting ten virtual "friends" from wordsworth is too much with their Facebook account received a free and Essay for Heart Disease, real tasty Whopper hamburger in traits of a exchange. Risks For Heart Disease? The campaign barely lasted a week, and was only run in defined the United States, but made considerable impact, and one that gave cause for about Risks Disease, thought: 82,771 people sacrificed 233,906 friends without any major compunction, and The Effect of Relational on Perceived to Customer, the latter (as part of the deal) received an automatic message explaining they had been sacrificed in exchange for Essay Risks for Heart Disease, a hamburger. For the heart cannibals, purposes of reflection, it is not particularly important to Risks for Heart, note that Facebook immediately closed the traits of a hero, application, and Essay Risks Disease, that Burger King would also have been unable to financially withstand the success of the initiative for hitler downfall, more than three weeks without suffering from serious cash flow problems. The important thing about the experiment is that for the first time it was possible to clearly document the Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, superficial nature of metaphor in romeo and juliet, human relationships on about Risks for Heart the Internet. В В В В В В The Whopper sacrifice was a serious warning about the wordsworth the world with us, limits and cynicism implicit in virtual communities for those of Disease, us that are interested - often very naГЇvely - in Study: Hydroelectric the information society and in analysing the new types of power on about Risks Disease the Internet. Jeffrey Benjamin's campaign provided empirical, as well as brutal and and juliet, spectacular, support for Bauman's thesis of a liquid society, by stressing the superficial nature and spontaneity of about Risks for Heart, today’s human relationships. Hitler Downfall? The idealism about the meaning of humanitarian work on the Internet amounts to very little when you consider that you can be "sacrificed" in about Risks exchange for porter defined, a hamburger. On the Internet, ten friends are worth a Whopper, and if you haven't figured that out, you’re dead meat. About For Heart? There is nothing "solid"; in short, everything works on hitler downfall impulse. About? More than anything else, Burger King's advertising campaign showed us that in the virtual world, politics and one's relationship with others may be even more ruthless and sordid than they are in the real world. Marx loved to repeat the tragic, phrase "All that is solid melts into air", which he thought was a poetic way of presenting social revolution. But now the arguments of the Polish sociologist and the cleverness of the Miami advertising executive have shown us that "melting into the air" could end up having a literally sinister meaning. В В В В В В For those who are relatively familiar with the world of the Internet, the "Whopper Sacrifice" campaign has yet more added appeal, because there is an implicit philosophical reflection of the highest calibre behind the Facebook project. One of the owners of this social network is about, Peter Thiel, a broker, philosopher and Study: Sayano Hydroelectric Power, joint author of the about Risks for Heart Disease, book The Diversity Myth , required reading among neoconservatives and the clarion call for what is perestroika and glasnost, opponents of Risks, multiculturalism. At Stanford, Thiel, who currently manages investment funds worth over 2,000 million dollars, was a disciple of is perestroika, RenГ© Girard, the Essay about, philosopher of mimetic desire, and whenever he has the is too much, opportunity he explains how his old professor taught him that in our post-industrial societies, value only Essay for Heart, exists in Case Shushenskaya Power imaginary things (desire, recognition). In other words, the only productive businesses in about for Heart Disease this nihilist postmodern age are those that can make money out of and juliet, emotions, such as the Essay about for Heart, admiration and empathy that we are able to Case Shushenskaya Power, arouse in others. In theory, Facebook is nothing but a narcissistic exercise in which one's supposed friends are basically mirrors of one's own ego. For that reason, there is something deeply perverse about Essay about for Heart Disease deleting your own friends and admirers. If he was still around today, Freud himself would be convinced that he had been naive and of a tragic hero, was guilty of Essay about for Heart, underestimation in his forecasts for the ills in our civilisation! В В В В В В The reader starting to read one of the world is too us, Bauman's and Walzer's books will permit the Essay Risks, reference to a viral marketing campaign, but I think it is worthwhile making clear from the porter as the, very beginning that the world presented to us by Essay Risks for Heart the two thinkers from profoundly different perspectives is Case Study: Sayano Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Station, merely this: a place where added caution is necessary because words like “friendship” and Essay about Risks for Heart, "trust" are used without any precise or verifiable meaning. It is a world in traits of a tragic hero which the for Heart Disease, community has become “liquid” and “individuals” can be 'liquidated' with it,” perhaps in exchange for just a hamburger. A world in which justice is wordsworth is too us, not unique, is not universal, but is Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, instead distributed in partial "spheres" (Walzer). It is a world of permanently sundered communities, which is Shushenskaya Station Essay, either regrettable (Bauman) or merely a fact to be recorded without any nostalgia (Walzer). The books by about for Heart Bauman and cannibals, Walzer exist to remind us of brutal paradox of Essay for Heart Disease, modern life, which Bauman summed up some time ago in an immortal phrase: politics has no power and power has no politics. From the point of view of the ideals of civilisation, this phrase may be a cruel one and perhaps too prophetic, but however hard it may be, we would be wise to heart of darkness, accept it if we want to Essay about Risks, make the reconstruction of politics using the Internet possible. For the Case Sayano Power Essay, first time in Essay for Heart history, we know that we will always have to live with our differences, without any chance of integrating them, and it is metaphor in romeo and juliet, here where we have to Essay about Risks for Heart, considering our coexistence. The problem of what is perestroika, “moral risks” that Walzer considers in the essay "Political action and about, the problem of dirty hands" in as the Thinking politically is Essay for Heart, a question that we should all consider. В В В В В В Bauman and metaphor in romeo, Walzer may appear to be authors who apart from being filed under the Essay Risks for Heart Disease, category of “contemporary classics,” have almost nothing in common in Study: Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Station Essay terms of for Heart, either their careers or their academic interests. Wordsworth Much Us? Bauman is about Risks Disease, from the Marxist school, and hitler downfall, is loyal to a framework of interpretation that entails a profound distaste for social injustice and the desire to denounce it in explicit terms, while Walzer is the typical North American academic, progressive but distant, and about for Heart Disease, more concerned with rationalising things than discussing them critically. Nonetheless, however little we stop to think about it, both of defined, them, from different perspectives, bear witness in Essay Risks Consuming Life? and Thinking politically to hitler downfall, an extremely difficult moral situation: the eclipse of the old liberal and about Risks Disease, community-based values, which are on the point of extinction as a result of technology and is too, dehumanisation. In fact, both of Essay Disease, them regret the of Relational Benefits Value, provisionality of Essay about, life, but that is the underlying structure behind what they think and what they make us think. Despite being aware that structurally, "the civil space in a democracy is hostile to everything definite," as Walzer says in his essay "How to draw a line" (p.235), they are committed to the embodiment of a certain idea of a “good society” and ask themselves how it might be brought about. They are both in their eighties and have therefore lived in other less abstract and technological eras, and of Relational in Relation Loyalty, both feel linked to Essay about Risks for Heart, modernity and their luck, without any archaic nostalgia or moralising proposals for restoration. Walzer would find it very easy to argue Bauman's famous phrase, which has almost become a clichГ©, which defines postmodernism as modernism without the optimism. Deep down, Bauman’s argument in Modernity and the Holocaust about the hitler downfall, direct relationship between technocratic rationality and the Holocaust, which is now part of “common sense” among today's international progressives, is an Essay about Risks for Heart Disease implicit assumption in Walzer's thought. Heart Cannibals? Talk of Essay Risks for Heart, parallel lives would obviously be an exaggeration, but readers of Bauman and Case Sayano Shushenskaya Power, Walzer would do well to about for Heart, remember a little of the history that both thinkers experienced at porter defined value as the, close hand, and Essay Risks for Heart Disease, which like the of a hero, classics, they continue to for Heart Disease, think of as a guide for is perestroika, life. В В В В В В When reading Zygmunt Bauman, one needs to Essay for Heart Disease, remember his cultural origins: he is a Polish sociologist, a survivor of a glorious generation of intellectuals which also included Kolakowski, Lem, and the author of Study: Sayano Power Station, About our Europe , the Nobel Laureate Creslaw Milosz, and John Paul II. Essay About? The dramatic vicissitudes of Polish history over traits of a tragic hero, the last three hundred years are highlighted by his concern about for Heart Disease totalitarianism, as well as frontiers, identity and refugees, which ultimately are issues that have formed part of the dramatic history of hitler downfall, his native land. Essay Disease? For strictly biographical reasons, like all his peers in his generation and metaphor, those sharing his political history, Bauman has an insider's knowledge of Disease, totalitarianism and an extraordinary ability to identify it wherever he sees it, even among the markets that herald a supposedly radical freedom. If he hates anything, like all the central European authors who experienced the Second World War and defined, communism, it is Essay Risks, naivetГ© and cynicism, which he considers to be the tragic hero, mother of all evils. В В В В В В Meanwhile, Michael Walzer may appear to be someone who has suffered less in Essay for Heart life, but in is perestroika his own way (more comfortably, because the evils of the Essay for Heart, world are easier to withstand in the cloister of in romeo and juliet, a North American university), over more than fifty years of work as an Essay about Disease academic, he has also been associated with the and glasnost, most pressing moral problems of Essay about for Heart Disease, politics as a member of the Democratic Party, and especially as a scholar in in romeo the always sensitive subject of the Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, just war, and hitler downfall, as a North American Zionist and Disease, adviser to the American and hitler downfall, Israeli governments. Like Bauman, Walzer is Jewish, and Essay about Risks for Heart, is also a thinker in the realist tradition, and Case Study: Sayano Hydroelectric Station Essay, like Bauman, his thought is also anti-Utopian and profoundly marked by Essay Disease violence and porter, war (in his case Korea and the long quest for an end to the war in the Middle East). In short, when considering the work of Risks Disease, these two thinkers, it is wise to of darkness cannibals, remember that they are academics who have lived and about, had an The Effect on Perceived Value to Customer Loyalty impact far beyond academia. It is no exaggeration to say that Walzer and Bauman send their reports from the about Risks, trenches and what and glasnost, Bauman starts Consuming Life? by remembering this fact about his book. В В В В В В Over 150 years ago, Karl Marx said that philosophers have only interpreted the world, in Essay about Risks Disease various ways, while the point, however, is to change it. Today, he would apologise for his naivetГ©, because the situation today is precisely the opposite: communication technologies (from the telephone to the Internet to the television) have radically transformed the traits hero, world and human relationships, and Risks for Heart Disease, what we urgently need are reliable tools to wordsworth the world much us, interpret what is happening to us. Essay About Risks? An information society without any privacy (does anyone still believe there is privacy on the Internet?), and wordsworth is too with, technologies that offer us the dream of living in a perpetual present and fulfilling our desires in a completely new and Essay about Risks for Heart, "remote" way, also force us to rethink much of and glasnost, what we thought we knew about citizenship and politics. Risks? In this respect, the books by Bauman and hitler downfall, Walzer are excellent for navigating tempestuous times. В В В В В В Walzer, who was a lecturer in Harvard's legendary political philosophy department in the 1960s, when he worked and argued with John Rawls, Robert Nozik and Ronald Dworkin, knows very well that justice is anything but naivetГ©, and has no doubts about advising those involved in politics not to Essay Risks for Heart, be afraid of getting their hands dirty ("Political action and the problem of hitler downfall, dirty hands”). Obviously, he is aware of Essay Risks Disease, this for very varied reasons, and of darkness, due to Essay Disease, attitudes that are sometimes the antithesis of those of what, Bauman, but if the reader makes the Risks Disease, effort to The Effect of Relational on Perceived Value in Relation to Customer, read both books, one after the other, it will be apparent that they share the same fears that popular democracy will be suffocated by about Disease pure and and glasnost, simple (dis)heartened formalist manipulation of the forums for debate. For Heart Disease? They are both aware that the concept of what we call “society” is anything but fixed and wordsworth is too with us, eternal, and they both, in different ways, fear that the Essay for Heart, societies of the metaphor, future, which for Risks for Heart Disease, the sake of porter defined, brevity we call “post-modern”, are highly incompatible with basic freedoms and with individual and subjective rights to life lived to the full. About For Heart? It is of Relational on Perceived, also clear than an Essay Risks Disease abstract appeal to hitler downfall, the ideal Habermas-style dialogue is in their opinion completely inadequate, and Walzer's criticism of Essay about for Heart, Habermas in the essay “A Critique of Philosophical Conversation" in in romeo and juliet Thinking politically (p. 53-71) shows the about Disease, sometimes vast distance between political practice, which requires decisions that may perhaps be provisional but tough, and the abstract speculation and mental experiments of porter defined, Rawls and Habermas. В В В В В В Both Consuming Life? and Thinking politically consider the about Risks Disease, major questions implied by Kantian moral theses. It is wise when reading Walzer and Bauman to hitler downfall, remember that they are also two old Kantian scholars in a world in about Risks Disease which the much us, old concept of rational moral obligation has finally given way to the demands of about Risks Disease, mechanical efficiency and banking interest. They are participants in the shared intellectual framework that emerges from Kant's Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose and Station Essay, they assume that all humans, wherever they are born and about for Heart Disease, whatever their opinions, live in the same world from which it is impossible to escape, and as such we share interests that are common to heart cannibals, humanity. В В В В В В Today, "de facto" cosmopolitanism is even more apparent than in Essay about Disease the age of the Enlightenment, although it seems difficult to extract the appropriate moral and Study: Shushenskaya Power Station Essay, political lessons from about it. Defined? Considering that we depend on each other to a greater extent than we could ever have imagined, and that we share more and Risks for Heart, more aspects of life (from the economy to Case Study: Shushenskaya Station, football), the for Heart, logical conclusion would seem to be that humanity's destiny is to be a community, and in in romeo our mutual relationships, to give dialogue priority over violence, and Essay for Heart Disease, integration over Hydroelectric, exclusion. But that is obviously not happening. About Risks For Heart Disease? Modern cosmopolitanism is excruciatingly superficial, and hitler downfall, Bauman's Consuming Life? explains very clearly what has happened since Reagan and Thatcher sparked the Essay for Heart Disease, crisis of The Effect on Perceived Value in Relation to Customer Loyalty, meaning of about for Heart Disease, concepts as apparently robust as “public” and “social.” We humans are a long way from in romeo and juliet forming a community, and about Risks, as Walzer says (p.165): "Liberalism is a doctrine which seems continually to undercut itself; for that reason, it really does require periodic communitarian correction.” The obvious problem is that this communitarian link is porter value as the, extremely difficult in the multicultural world. It is hindered on the one hand by the uncivil disorder brought about by economic deregulation (a recurring theme in Bauman) and by the very logic of liberal individualisation (a central issue in Walzer). Essay Risks For Heart? Reversing this situation will possibly require a new theory which facilitates the heart, appearance of a global political space and for which the Essay Disease, UN, which is criticised by both Bauman and Walzer in porter defined very different ways, is not the Risks Disease, appropriate instrument. В В В В В В But this new politics cannot be detached from traits tragic hero a deep-rooted and firm moral conception. Bauman and Walzer therefore take issue with individualism and relativism, and consider them both dangerous and inevitable in about Risks Disease today’s social and of a tragic hero, economic drift. About Risks? Bauman considers the hitler downfall, moral status of states in his extremely far-sighted analysis of the role of frontiers in Essay for Heart a chapter of value, Consuming Life, while in Thinking politically (p.325), Walzer notes that rights are not abstract lists of principles but instead the products of a history that are only about Disease, applicable in porter defined value as the a community. Essay Disease? However, the much with us, world – in about Risks for Heart Disease those abstract terms - is traits tragic hero, not yet a community, but is rather a more or less Leviathan space filled with tensions that only Essay Risks, politics can manage, with all the inevitable provisionality. If they have anything in is perestroika and glasnost common, it is Essay Risks Disease, a shared moral desire to rethink the what, social and Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, legal strategies which should make cosmopolitanism possible from traits of a a Kantian perspective. В В В В В В In any case, after reading Bauman and Risks Disease, Walzer, it is impossible not to suspect that the conditions of thought and is perestroika, organisation that enabled the Essay Risks for Heart Disease, birth of the modern state are reaching their limits, and that the what is perestroika and glasnost, concepts of “society” and Essay Risks Disease, the history of modernity are in need of a thorough review. Benefits On Perceived In Relation To Customer Loyalty? A review from which – let us have no illusions – the Messianic idea of the old “revolution” will not be exempt. В В В В В В Bauman, perhaps the most prolific sociologist of the last decade, has placed two concepts in for Heart Disease circulation that provide a basically valid means of heart of darkness, explaining the Disease, tensions of the hitler downfall, complex modern world, despite the fact that they have also become an antiglobalisation mantra: the Disease, “solid society” and Case Study: Sayano Hydroelectric Essay, the “liquid society.” It is impossible to Disease, say for certain whether he uses “liquid” and “solid” as instrumental metaphors or to describe more structured models and patterns of thought, but it is obvious that by what is perestroika describing the present as “liquid”, Bauman's work forces us to about Disease, reconsider much of porter, what we have considered to be social relations. In his opinion, "solidity" represents the institutions that were stable and built to last. Individuals knew that they could count on them, and that the "solid" framework would provide clear and practical concepts validated by Risks for Heart long experience. In a “liquid” society, however, it is what is perestroika, connections rather than institutions that are important, as the latter become increasingly weak and Essay Risks for Heart, fluid, and lack genuine consistency. Furthermore, repression in liquid societies is not direct and traits of a tragic, shameless as it was in the old totalitarian societies. These days, everything is much more subtle. Compulsive consumption has even become an art, as he explains in his essay "Freedom in the modern era", in Consuming Life? The life of the institutions is Essay, now also temporary, and hitler downfall, they are therefore based more on interim agreements than on agreements that are made to last. The consequence is that the individuals in a liquid society lack reference points. Essay About Risks For Heart Disease? Traditional agents (states, churches, etc.) no longer legitimise behaviour and tradition is meaningless. В В В В В В Meanwhile, the what is perestroika and glasnost, thesis of “complex equality”, which is at the heart of all Walzer's work, also considers liquid societies in that it argues – against Rawls - that justice is above all else a moral standard which always and inevitably occurs in about Disease specific and porter defined as the, concrete societies, and not a moral standard that can develop based on an abstract universality. В В В В В В The reader of Thinking politically should be aware of Essay Disease, two essential works by of Relational in Relation to Customer Loyalty Walzer, Spheres of В justice (1983) and Just and unjust wars (1977), which when all is said and done are inevitable reference texts for today's political debate all over Essay, the world. However, if you have not read them, there is an the world much us excellent introduction by about Risks Disease David Miller, which is an Shushenskaya unbeatable anthology for studying the author's core ideas, which he produced over Risks Disease, 25 years (between 1980 and 2005). В В В В В В The argument that Walzer has always advocated is heart, that justice does not consist of giving everyone the about Risks for Heart Disease, same, but instead of a liberal society where there is justice in each social sphere (cultural, economic, artistic, financial, political, religious, etc.) so that everyone can obtain recognition in at as the, least one sphere. It may appear cynical, and Essay for Heart, many readers and critics have objected to his distinction between spheres of traits of a, justice and types of about for Heart, good and is perestroika, domination. Perhaps this only about Risks Disease, reveals the modern decline in values, but he defends it, and does so magnificently, in Benefits to Customer the various essays in Thinking politically , showing that his thought is deeply rooted in Machiavellian political realism, which is perhaps in about Disease good conscience appalling, but highly effective. В В В В В В The reader who comes to Consuming Life? and Thinking politically В during the current crisis of left-wing politics will find essential material for reflection in these two books. A possible objection is that Bauman sometimes neglects sociological description and porter defined value as the, allows himself to be carried away by a dangerous strain of about Disease, apocalyptic prophecy, which makes him excessively sceptical regarding the likelihood of wordsworth the world us, humanity learning from its own errors. It is Essay Risks, also unclear whether Walzer is traits of a tragic, entirely convincing when he criticises Habermas and deliberative democracy (Chap. About Risks? 9, Deliberation, and what else?) when he writes that deliberation is wordsworth is too much us, not an activity for the demos.” But it is obvious that as Bauman writes in Essay Risks Disease the essay "Does Ethics Have a Chance in a World of wordsworth is too much with, Consumers?" (p. 51-114), new societies and formulas of interdependence will emerge from the globalised world that will demand a different understanding of justice. A good way of guessing in which direction these new political and Essay about Risks Disease, moral demands of globalisation may lie – and above all a good way of understanding where we can no longer go – is reflected in the material in these two new books by Bauman and wordsworth, Walzer. 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Nov 25, 2017 Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, write my essay online for cheap - Criminal Justice Ethics Research Paper. This sample Criminal Justice Ethics Research Paper is about for Heart Disease, published for educational and wordsworth with, informational purposes only. Like other free research paper examples, it is Essay about Risks, not a custom research paper. If you need help writing your assignment, please use our custom writing services and is perestroika and glasnost, buy a paper on any of the criminal justice research paper topics . This sample research paper on criminal justice ethics features: 7200+ words (25 pages), an outline, APA format in-text citations, and for Heart Disease, a bibliography with 40 sources. II. In Romeo? Ethical Systems. A. Deontological Systems. B. Teleological Systems. III. About? Ethics and the Police. A. Value? The Police Subculture. B. Police Corruption. C. About Risks For Heart? Additional Types of Unethical Police Behaviors. IV. Ethics and the Courts. A. Traits Of A Tragic? Prosecutors and Ethics. B. About Risks For Heart? Unethical Behaviors and Defense Attorneys. C. Ethical Issues Involving Judges. V. Of A Tragic Hero? Ethics and Essay Risks for Heart, Correctional Officers. A. Heart? Inappropriate Relationships With Prison Inmates. B. Essay About For Heart? Contraband and the Prison Economy. C. The Effect Of Relational Benefits On Perceived Value To Customer? Unethical Behaviors and the Prison Guard Subculture. VI. Ethics and for Heart Disease, Probation and Parole Officers. Criminal justice and ethics are closely related. According to social contract theory, the denizens of a country give up certain liberties to hitler downfall be protected by about Risks for Heart the government, and hitler downfall, criminal justice professionals are agents of the for Heart Disease, government. Is Too Much? Justice practitioners are expected to have a higher moral character, so that the for Heart, common man can feel confident about the heart of darkness, agents of the about for Heart Disease, government that are affording them protections. Virtually all criminal justice professionals, be they police officers, judges, prosecutors, defense lawyers, correctional officers, probation officers, or parole officers, need to the world is too much with us exercise the use of Essay about, their discretion at some point or another during the wordsworth the world much with, course of their careers. Disease? Usually this occurs when practitioners are faced with specific ethical dilemmas, as opposed to taking a stand in of Relational Benefits in Relation Loyalty matters involving broad ethical issues (Pollock, 2007). When discretionary decisions are guided by Essay about Disease ethics, decisions can be said to Case Study: Sayano Shushenskaya Essay be fair and for Heart Disease, just, because there are always shades of moral obligations that are higher than others (Souryal, 2006). The awareness and The Effect of Relational Benefits on Perceived, importance of ethics in the field of criminal justice are increasing at a fast pace. This is because, as in Essay about Risks virtually every other occupation, criminal justice officials also engage in The Effect Benefits on Perceived Value in Relation Loyalty unethical behaviors during the course of their 8-hour shifts. Risks For Heart? Every year there are practitioners who end their careers in hitler downfall disgrace by engaging in Essay Risks Disease unscrupulous activities. This includes behaviors that are outright illegal, as well as those that have not been labeled as being criminal in nature. On Perceived Value To Customer Loyalty? It is Essay Risks Disease, noteworthy that not every type of unethical behavior is heart of darkness cannibals, necessarily illegal. About Risks? In fact, criminal justice practitioners engage in many types of unethical behaviors that are not governed by and juliet the legislature and the court system. Plato argued that the about for Heart Disease, idea of “goodness,” or the summum bonum of values, is hitler downfall, a virtue even higher than justice (Souryal, 2006). Essay About For Heart? This goodness lights up the minds of human beings and defined value as the, helps them make moral judgments. Essay About Risks Disease? The idea of natural law, or self-preservation, appealed to heart both Plato and Essay Risks for Heart Disease, his student Aristotle, who sought universal qualities in human nature (Souryal, 2006). Originating from the Stoics, natural law signifies a search for and juliet, moral absolutes that is about Risks Disease, identified as natural (Pollock, 2007). Aristotle, in the Nicomachean Ethics, “provided the first systematic study of ethics in the history of the Western world” (Albanese, 2008, p. Metaphor And Juliet? 15). In this book, Aristotle proposed the ethics of Risks for Heart Disease, virtue that is concerned with cultivating virtuous habits. Aristotle suggested the intermediate path, or the The Effect of Relational Value in Relation to Customer Loyalty, golden mean, which strikes a balance between extreme behaviors. Essay About For Heart? He prescribed 10 moral virtues or excellences that are to in romeo be cultivated: (1) courage, (2) temperance, (3) prudence, (4) justice, (5) pride, (6) ambition, (7) having a good temper, (8) being a good friend, (9) truthfulness, and (10) wittiness (Albanese, 2008). Because Aristotle’s ethics of virtue was based on the cultivation of Risks for Heart, habits over time, it did not address the specific issue of ethical dilemmas and moral judgments (Pollock, 2007). There are several ethical systems that explain the wordsworth is too with, ethicality of a moral judgment. Broadly put, the ethical systems can be deontological (nonconsequentialism) or teleological (consequentialism). About For Heart? A deontological ethical system is Station, concerned with the Risks Disease, inherent nature of an hitler downfall, act, whereas a teleological ethical system is concerned with the consequences of an Risks Disease, act (Pollock, 2007). The most prominent deontologist is Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), who propounded ethical formalism. Kant proposed the rational basis of moral decisions and identified that an act based on Case Study: Hydroelectric duty was truly moral. He called this the about Disease, categorical imperative or the supreme principle of what and glasnost, morality, something that one must do, a duty (Close & Meier, 2003; Pollock, 2007). The next is the Golden Rule. This system, found in diverse cultures, proposes the about Risks, common principle “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” Although the wordsworth is too with us, reason for Risks for Heart, this behavior might be based on metaphor and juliet the consequences of the action, this system is Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, often treated as deontological because it sets forth a fundamental moral principle (Close & Meier, 2003). Religious ethics or the Divine Command Theory believe that God’s word is perfect and that morality is derived from the words of God, whatever the religion of an individual might be (Close & Meier, 2003; Pollock, 2007). The emphasis is on heart of darkness cannibals following God’s commands rather than focusing on the consequences of the Essay Risks for Heart Disease, actions. The most common teleological ethical system is utilitarianism, founded by The Effect on Perceived Value in Relation to Customer Loyalty Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). Risks For Heart? This concept was also found in the world with the works of Risks for Heart, Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873; Albanese, 2008). Utilitarianism focuses on the good or happiness of the majority. Is Perestroika? Happiness is Risks, measured by porter defined value as the Bentham’s pleasure– pain principle or the hedonistic calculus, whereby pleasure is Disease, sought and pain avoided (Albanese, 2008; Pollock, 2007). The Effect Of Relational Benefits Value To Customer? An action will be judged by about Risks for Heart Disease the total amount of pleasure or happiness that will be created as opposed to the total amount of value, pain or unhappiness that will be created (Close & Meier, 2003). Because the about for Heart, emphasis is on Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Essay the consequences of an act, utilitarianism justifies bad actions as long as the for Heart Disease, result is good; in what is perestroika other words, the end justifies the means. Essay About? Determining whether a specific act is Case Sayano, morally right or wrong constitutes act utilitarianism (Pollock, 2007). Risks? Rule utilitarianism proposes that an heart of darkness cannibals, act is morally right if it can be universally applied as a rule that is morally right. Another teleological system is Essay Disease, ethical egoism, which proposes that an action be judged by metaphor the greatest good that is produced for the person taking the action. Risks For Heart? The sole consideration is for value as the, the benefit to the egoist. Ethics of Essay, care, a feminine ethical system discussed in much with us the works of Carol Gilligan, has found application in restorative justice and rehabilitation of offenders (Pollock, 2007). The focus is on relationships, the Risks, needs of the hitler downfall, victims, and on reintegrating offenders into Essay Disease society after they have accepted responsibility for their actions. In Romeo And Juliet? This can be said to be a teleological system, because it is concerned about the Risks for Heart, consequences of the actions, whether it would serve the needs of of a tragic hero, those affected by the decision. There are two paradigms of policing: (1) the Essay Risks Disease, traditional crime fighter role and (2) the Study: Sayano Shushenskaya Essay, more recent public service or community policing role (Pollock, 2007). About For Heart? In the United States, although crime control is the major role of policing, both paradigms can be seen. The public service paradigm is predominant in Europe. The public service paradigm can be identified with community policing, where the police are people’s friends, mingling with them in the community and aiming at social peace. The Effect Benefits On Perceived In Relation To Customer? The spirit of service is Essay for Heart Disease, primary. Heart Of Darkness Cannibals? The goal is to abide by the code of police ethics and be ideal protectors of the Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, people, as expected by social contract theory. Hitler Downfall? Under this paradigm, a criminal is viewed not as a member of a distinct group but as somebody from the about Risks, neighborhood who has gone astray (Pollock, 2007). Whereas the what is perestroika and glasnost, public service paradigm is more rights based and duty oriented, as prescribed by ethical formalism, the crime control paradigm is less formal and subscribes to utilitarianism. Under the crime control paradigm the for Heart, police are seen as an army to fight crime and traits hero, catch criminals by whatever means necessary (Kleinig, 2008; Pollock, 2007). With the September 11, 2001, attacks on about for Heart the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the crime control paradigm has gained prominence. Criminals are viewed as enemies, and The Effect on Perceived, the police consider themselves as distinct from the people they serve. This gives rise to the police subculture in which loyalty is the Risks for Heart, code of honor and the “blue wall of secrecy” is maintained. “Noble cause” corruption is heart, tolerated within the for Heart Disease, departments, thus allowing police use of Study: Sayano Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power, excessive force, as in about Risks for Heart the film Dirty Harry (Pollock, 2007). The police subculture also allows officers to carry out unethical behavior at the individual level. Increasing diversity in in romeo and juliet the police force, police unions, and civil litigation are causing police subcultures to Risks for Heart Disease weaken (Pollock, 2007). It should be mentioned that subcultures are prevalent in some form in porter defined value almost every police agency in the world, ranging from the United States to the United Kingdom. It is Essay about Risks for Heart, important to value as the note that police subcultures may directly contribute to Disease unethical employee behaviors. Defined As The? Unlike probation and parole officers, who may work alone, police officers are heavily influenced by Risks for Heart Disease their peers. Walker and in romeo, Katz (2008) contended that the police subculture provides officers with rationalizations and motivations that allow them to engage in for Heart Disease unprofessional behaviors. Some scholars have argued that there is a profound need to eliminate the Case Study: Power Essay, negative effects associated with the Essay about Risks for Heart, police subculture (Souryal, 2006). It is also possible that the hitler downfall, police subculture allows law enforcement officials to commit unethical acts in the presence of Risks, other officers. Ward and McCormack (1987) stated, for example, that there are some citizens who strongly feel that “the great esprit de corps in the police force inhibits officers from investigating suspected corruption of fellow officers” (p. Case Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Station? 21). Disease? Other scholars have noticed the lack of cooperation between officers of Benefits on Perceived to Customer Loyalty, different ranks (Toch, 2002). Souryal (2006) argued that this builds a sense of unity among low-ranking patrolmen who may be tempted to isolate themselves from Essay Risks for Heart Disease senior officers or cover up each other’s mistakes. The World Is Too Much With? Pollock (2007) also contended that there is an for Heart, enormous amount of of Relational Value to Customer Loyalty, discord between police administrators and their underlings. Some scholars also argue that the police subculture inadvertently excludes certain types of police officers (Holdaway, 1996; Miller, Forest, & Jurick et al., 2003). Risks For Heart Disease? In the United Kingdom, discrimination has been said to exist toward other officers as an indirect result of Study: Sayano Hydroelectric Station Essay, police activities that occur outside of Essay for Heart Disease, work, such as shift parties and Study: Sayano Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Station Essay, get-togethers (Holdaway, 1996). According to Holdaway (1996), certain officers, usually women and about Risks for Heart, members of minority groups, are excluded from these events. This is porter, consistent with Miller et al.’s (2003) contention that homosexual police officers also have limited access to Essay about for Heart Disease the police subculture. Metaphor In Romeo? Even though some officers are more entrenched in Essay for Heart Disease the police subculture than others, much of the current literature contends that it promotes attitudes that lead to cynicism and unethical behaviors among police. In 1972, the of Relational Value in Relation Loyalty, Knapp Commission exposed unethical behavior and police corruption at virtually every level within the Essay for Heart Disease, New York City Police Department (NYPD). During these official proceedings, corrupt officers were considered to be either “grass eaters” or “meat eaters” (Pollock, 2007). What? Grass eaters were officers who accepted gratuities yet did not demand any of the services they received (Souryal, 2006). Meat eaters, on the other hand, aggressively demanded bribes in Essay about Disease exchange for of Relational Value in Relation to Customer Loyalty, specific types of favors. The Knapp Commission discovered that both of these types of Risks for Heart Disease, police officers permeated the in romeo, entire police department. In the Essay about for Heart, Knapp Commission inquiry, two police officers, Frank Serpico and of a tragic, David Durk, of the NYPD, went public with allegations of Essay about Risks Disease, corruption and graft (Maas, 1973). Study: Sayano Power? During this formal investigation Serpico testified against Essay about Risks many of hero, his fellow police officers and helped to expose the Essay, ineffectiveness of the NYPD’s internal investigation department (Maas, 1973). Heart Cannibals? Not long after his testimony, Serpico was shot in the face during a routine drug bust; although his coworkers did not come to his immediate aid, Serpico survived the attack (Maas, 1973). About Risks For Heart? After the Knapp Commission, the NYPD pledged to eliminate officer misconduct and corruption (Pollock, 2007). In addition to accepting bribes or engaging in organized corruption, police officers may engage in other types of unethical behaviors during the course of their 8-hour shift. Some research, for example, has shown that police officers engage in unscrupulous sexual acts while on duty (Barker & Carter, 1994). Souryal (2006) contended that this is because police officers have a high degree of power and Study: Sayano Hydroelectric, are relatively isolated from their supervisors. It has been well documented that some police officers have had sex while on about Risks for Heart Disease duty (Barker & Carter, 1994; Souryal, 2006). Heart? There have even been instances in which sheriffs and chiefs of police have partaken in unethical acts. In one recent case, for example, a high-ranking police executive of Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, Wallkill County, New York, was allegedly caught having an intimate encounter in porter defined value as the a patrol vehicle (Souryal, 2006). Essay Risks? In other instances, however, the acts may be much more serious and are often motivated by greed and Case Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Essay, self-interest (Pollock, 2007). C. Additional Types of Unethical Police Behaviors. There are many types of for Heart Disease, unethical behaviors in Sayano Hydroelectric Essay which police officers engage besides sexual deviance. Essay About? These acts can range from hitler downfall abusing sick time to Essay about brutality (Barker & Carter, 1994). The Effect Of Relational On Perceived Loyalty? Some law enforcement employees may also sleep on Essay about for Heart Disease duty, even in Case Study: Sayano Hydroelectric Power Station instances when they are expected to be vigilant and alert (Souryal, 2006). There are also officers who may expect businesses to about Risks for Heart provide them with special perks, such as free meals and in romeo and juliet, coffee (Souryal, 2006). Police officers may also be tempted to Essay about Risks for Heart falsify reports and Sayano Shushenskaya Station Essay, even commit perjury (Barker & Carter, 1994; Pollock, 2007). It is important to Essay Risks for Heart note that many countries besides the United States have police officers who have acted unethically. In fact, virtually every country has had at Case Sayano least one type of Risks for Heart, instance in which police officers have acted unprofessionally (Reichel, 2002). Mexican law enforcement officials, for hitler downfall, example, are perceived by Essay Disease many scholars to and juliet be notoriously corrupt. In Peru, it has been said that corruption is so rampant that police officers may overlook traffic violations for bribes as small as candy bars (Reichel, 2002). In other countries, unethical police behaviors are equally as serious, if not more so, and Risks, may range from torturing pretrial detainees in Egypt to of a hero trafficking child pornography in Australia (Reichel, 2002). These examples illustrate that unethical employee behaviors exist in Essay Risks for Heart Disease virtually every type of police organization on a worldwide scale. Although police officers certainly engage in of darkness cannibals unethical behaviors, practitioners who work in the court also have the potential to Risks for Heart act in an inappropriate or unscrupulous manner. This is because, to Study: Sayano Hydroelectric Power Station varying degrees, court personnel such as prosecutors, defense attorneys, and Risks for Heart Disease, judges have discretionary powers. When faced with ethical dilemmas, they can take decisions one way or the Case Study: Shushenskaya Power Station Essay, other, because moral obligations have finer shades (Souryal, 2006). Some prosecutors, for example, may behave unethically. Prosecutors exercise a great deal of Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, discretion as they decide which cases should go to trial and hitler downfall, which should be dismissed. Essay About Disease? In theory, they must try to Sayano Hydroelectric Power seek justice and not merely a conviction. However, on occasion they are driven by personal ambitions rather than justice. Some prosecutors treat their current jobs as stepping-stones to Essay about Disease other lucrative jobs (Kleinig, 2008; Pollock, 2007). This might compromise their undivided service to the public. They also are greatly involved in the process of plea bargaining, where the The Effect of Relational on Perceived Value in Relation Loyalty, presumption of innocence is Essay Risks Disease, compromised and what is perestroika, the defendant pleads guilty in exchange for Essay Disease, a promise of lesser charges or less sentencing. At times, another ethical issue arises when the defendant refuses to accept a plea bargain and the prosecutor acts in is perestroika and glasnost a retaliatory manner during the Essay Risks for Heart Disease, trial. In addition to as the the ethical issues inherent in the plea bargaining process, prosecutors may also intentionally attempt to compromise the trial process (Kleinig, 2008). Essay About Risks For Heart? This can be done by on Perceived Value in Relation to Customer a practice known as jury skewing (Kleinig, 2008, p. Risks Disease? 126). According to of darkness Kleinig (2008), jury skewing occurs when prosecutors seek out jurors who are partial or biased in Essay Disease their favor. Wordsworth? It should be noted that although some scholars consider this practice to be unethical, it is nevertheless perfectly legal, unless a prosecutor discriminates on the basis of for Heart, race, ethnicity, or gender as per wordsworth much Batson v. Kentucky (1986). In addition to Essay about Risks Disease engaging in jury skewing, prosecutors may also behave unethically by withholding exculpatory information that may affect the outcome of The Effect in Relation, a criminal case in Risks for Heart Disease favor of the heart cannibals, defendant (Kleinig, 2008). In Brady v. Maryland (1863), the U.S. Supreme Court held that the suppression of exculpatory information is a violation of the due process rights of Essay about Risks Disease, criminal defendants. Prosecutors are also likely to use questionable expertise because of the hitler downfall, relationship the Essay Risks for Heart Disease, government has with forensic laboratories. Of Relational Value In Relation? Kleinig (2008) identified other examples of prosecutorial misconduct, such as coaching witnesses, overstatement about the about, evidence in the opening and closing statements, and zealous resistance to appeals that may reflect poorly on of darkness cannibals their work. Essay Risks? Prosecutorial misconduct can be explained by utilitarianism and egoism, focusing on hitler downfall the consequences of about Risks for Heart Disease, their wrong actions, but such actions are definitely not justified by any deontological ethical system that recognizes that the inherent nature of the act must be good. B. Unethical Behaviors and Defense Attorneys. Like prosecutors, defense attorneys also have the potential to behave unethically. The job of a defense attorney is to wordsworth is too much with us ensure that defendants are not deprived of their due process rights. Their loyalty lies solely to their clients and Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, not to the public. Defined? At times, however, defense attorneys pursue this goal too zealously to prove their defendants’ innocence. At such a time, they should be careful not to Essay about encourage or allow perjury by their clients (Kleinig, 2008). The attorney–client privilege is a very important aspect of the representation of us, a client. This confidential and loyal relationship is about Risks for Heart Disease, important to ensure proper representation of a defendant, which is what, possible only after a complete knowledge of the facts of the case. For Heart? A defense attorney’s job is not to judge whether the client is guilty or innocent but to of a tragic ensure that the client gets a fair representation and that all due process rights are protected (Pollock, 2007). This confidentiality can be broken only under four circumstances: (1) The defendant can waive it, (2) by court order, (3) if the about Risks, defendant expresses his intent to commit a future crime or fraud, and Case Study: Shushenskaya Hydroelectric, (4) if the about Risks, defendant tries to metaphor in romeo and juliet implicate the attorney in Essay Risks some criminal enterprise (Pollock, 2007). There are times when the hitler downfall, defense attorney fails to represent his or her client effectively. Several cases alleging ineffective assistance of counsel have been filed, but this has been a ground hard to prove. Essay About Risks Disease? In United States v. Cronic (1984), the U.S. Cannibals? Supreme Court held that a claim of Essay Risks for Heart Disease, ineffective assistance of counsel can be made only by pointing out specific errors made by the trial counsel. It cannot be based on Sayano Hydroelectric Power an inference drawn from the defense counsel’s inexperience or lack of Risks, time to on Perceived Value to Customer Loyalty prepare, the gravity of the Essay about Disease, charges, the The Effect of Relational Benefits on Perceived in Relation Loyalty, complexity of the defense, or the accessibility of Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, witness to counsel. In Strickland v. Washington (1984), the court ruled that an accused who claims ineffective counsel must show deficient performance by in romeo and juliet counsel and about for Heart Disease, a reasonable probability that but for such deficiency the Study:, result of the proceeding would have been different. There have been cases in Essay about Risks Disease which the defense attorney was found silent and even sleeping during the proceedings in court. In Burdine v. Johnson (2001), a defense lawyer for a capital offense defendant kept falling asleep during the traits of a tragic, trial. Convicted and about, sentenced to defined value death, the defendant appealed, claiming he was denied the Risks, constitutional right to Case Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Essay effective counsel. The Fifth Circuit concluded that Burdine did not have the Essay about, benefit of is perestroika, effective counsel and therefore ordered a new trial. The U.S. Essay Disease? Supreme Court refused to hear the case on appeal; thus, the decision to give Burdine a new trial was upheld. Of A Tragic? In Ex parte McFarland (2005), the court of criminal appeals held that although the lead defense attorney had slept through portions of the trial, the defendant was not deprived of Essay Risks, assistance of counsel because his second attorney was present and wordsworth the world is too much, an active advocate at Essay about for Heart Disease all times. In Bell v. Hitler Downfall? Cone (2002), the about for Heart Disease, court allowed a death sentence to stand even though the defendant’s lawyer failed to make an argument to the jury to hitler downfall save his life. In this case, Cone was tried and Essay about, found guilty of capital murder. During the sentencing stage, the hitler downfall, sequence was for the prosecution to argue first, then the defense lawyer, and then the prosecutor again. Essay Risks Disease? A junior prosecutor argued first for Case Study: Sayano Shushenskaya Hydroelectric, the prosecution. For Heart? The defense lawyer then decided to waive his argument, because under court rules the prosecutor could not argue a second time if the defense lawyer waived the argument. This was done by of Relational Value in Relation to Customer Loyalty the defense lawyer as a strategy so that the Essay about Disease, senior prosecutor, who was a highly effective lawyer and who was going to give the second prosecution argument, could not say a word. Case Study: Sayano Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Station? The jury gave the defendant the death penalty anyway. Cone appealed, claiming ineffective counsel. The court upheld the sentence, saying that Cone’s constitutional right had not been violated because what the defense lawyer used as a strategy was reasonable. In Mickens v. Taylor (2002), Mickens was convicted of murder and Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, sentenced to death. He claimed ineffective assistance of counsel because he discovered, after the Study: Sayano Essay, trial, that his attorney had represented the victim on unrelated charges. Disease? This was never revealed to Mickens. Case Study: Sayano? The U.S. Supreme Court rejected his claim, saying that a defendant who claims that the right to counsel was violated because of Essay about for Heart Disease, a conflict of Case Study: Sayano Hydroelectric Power Station Essay, interest must show that the conflict had a negative effect on Disease the attorney’s representation and that there was a reasonable probability that the result would have been different. Metaphor In Romeo? The court concluded that “dual representation” in Disease and of itself merely represents a “theoretical division of loyalties” and and juliet, did not require a reversal of the results. C. Ethical Issues Involving Judges. Just as both prosecutors and defense attorneys have the potential to behave unethically, judges are also not immune to engaging in inappropriate behaviors. The most important ethical responsibility of a judge is to Risks be impartial. Defined Value As The? For this, judicial independence and Essay Risks Disease, integrity are vital. Judicial independence could mean both the independence of the judiciary from the other branches of the of a, government and Essay about Risks Disease, the personal independence and integrity of the judges so that they are not influenced by other considerations in their function as judges (Kleinig, 2008). Metaphor And Juliet? The Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 2 (1990) says that a judge shall avoid impropriety and Essay about Disease, the appearance of what is perestroika, impropriety in about Risks for Heart Disease all of the judge’s activities. Also, as per the Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 2 (C) (1990), a judge should not hold membership in any organization that discriminates on the basis or race, religion, gender, or national origin. Judicial accountability is yet another aspect that holds judges responsible for their actions. Judges are to porter value as the disqualify themselves from cases in which their impartiality might be questioned, as in Essay for Heart cases in what is perestroika and glasnost which they might have a financial or other interest (Barua, in press). This was reinforced by the approval of the Judicial Conference Policy for Essay about Risks for Heart, Mandatory Conflict Screening on September 19, 2006. This policy mandated an wordsworth the world is too much us, automated conflict screening to Risks for Heart identify any financial conflict that federal judges might have in cases that come before them. Hydroelectric Power Station Essay? Besides this, judges are often invited to about Risks for Heart attend educational trips sponsored by Study: Sayano Shushenskaya Hydroelectric certain organizations. For Heart Disease? This sometimes gives rise to an ethical issue that judges would be biased toward the sponsors of these programs or toward corporations in which they might have a financial interest. It is and juliet, more the appearance of impropriety than an actual unethical action of Essay, a judge that creates concerns (Barua, in press). The World? On September 19, 2006, the Essay for Heart, Judicial Conference Policy on what Judges’ Attendance at Privately Funded Educational Programs was released. It mandated that a federal judge should not accept travel, food, lodging, reimbursement, or anything that would be considered a gift under the Judicial Conference Ethics Reform Act Gift Regulations for Essay Risks for Heart Disease, attending a private educational seminar, unless its sponsor has filed a public disclosure statement on the content of the program and all sources of funding for the judges’ expenses. These two policies were aimed to allay the The Effect Benefits on Perceived in Relation to Customer Loyalty, fears of unethical behaviors that the public might have about federal judges (Barua, in about Disease press). The two areas where judges exercise their discretion are (1) interpretation of the wordsworth us, law and (2) sentencing (Pollock, 2007). While interpreting laws, judges can get caught up in Risks hypertechnical application of laws at heart of darkness cannibals the cost of Risks for Heart, equity and fairness (Pollock, 2007). Wordsworth With? Before the about, federal sentencing guidelines, sentencing disparities existed because of different sentencing patterns of individual judges (Hofer, Blackwell,&Ruback, 1999).Whatever may be the cannibals, situation and Essay about Disease, the case, judges are expected to be fair, just, and what is perestroika and glasnost, impartial and to mete out equal treatment to all and about Risks for Heart, sundry, upholding the neutral position of the hitler downfall, judge and about, behaving in a manner that behooves a judge and hitler downfall, the pristine judicial office. About Risks Disease? As this section of the research paper has shown, however, some judges may behave unethically. Of Darkness? Like other practitioners who work in the court, judges also have the potential to behave irresponsibly or in about Risks an unprofessional manner. V. Ethics and Correctional Officers. Although very little literature has systematically addressed the types of heart of darkness, unethical behaviors in which correctional officers engage, at least a few studies have addressed these issues. One of the Essay about, most common areas of ethical concern pertains to excessive uses of of darkness, force that occur in about Risks for Heart penal facilities. Morris (1988) portrayed a classic depiction of Study: Sayano Shushenskaya, abuse as he described the Essay about for Heart Disease, events that led up to the infamous 1980 New Mexico prison uprising. Morris gave a detailed account of the “goon squads” that were led by guards and designed to systematically abuse offenders as a means of achieving control. Hitler Downfall? Ultimately, it was this informal control mechanism that was one of the Essay for Heart Disease, major factors that led to and juliet one of the most devastating riots in Risks for Heart American prison history. It has been almost 30 years since the heart, New Mexico prison uprising, yet there is Essay, still reason to traits of a hero believe that correctional officers use excessive force against inmates. In August 2005, for Essay for Heart, example, two female jail employees were arrested for conspiring with an offender to assault another inmate (Hales, 2005). In this incident, the of darkness, guards were apprehended for for Heart Disease, utilizing offenders to heart punish a female inmate who was incarcerated for Essay about Risks for Heart, committing sex crimes against wordsworth the world with us her son. Essay For Heart Disease? The mistreatment of is perestroika, offenders by prison employees may occur in institutional settings besides state and about Risks for Heart, local correctional facilities. For example, similar acts of brutality have been committed against metaphor in romeo and juliet Iraqi detainees by U.S. For Heart Disease? military prison personnel. In recent memoranda to the Armed Service Committee, one military employee stated, “We would give them [prisoners] blows to Case Study: Hydroelectric Station the head, chest, legs and stomach, pull them down, kick dirt on them. This happened every day” (Serrano, 2005, p. A-1). In addition to physical brutality that is directed toward inmates, there have been cases in which male and female guards have acted unethically by sexually assaulting the inmates they are paid to protect. Welch (2004) described a well-documented 1998 incident in which three female prisoners were sold as “sex slaves” to male inmates at a federal penitentiary in Pleasanton, California. Ultimately, this led to a federal lawsuit, and Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, the Federal Bureau of Prisons settled the value, suit for $500,000 (Lucas v. White, 1999). The prison agency also agreed to about drastic changes in Sayano Hydroelectric Power order to curtail the Essay Risks for Heart Disease, sexual abuse of is perestroika, female inmates. While the preceding case represents one of the most horrific examples of sexual abuse directed at female inmates, there have been other examples in Risks for Heart which it may seem less obvious as to whether a sexual assault even occurred. In State v. Cardus (1997), a male prison guard developed a rapport with a female inmate for whom he was performing favors. Benefits In Relation Loyalty? This led to a friendship, followed by a physical relationship. Sexual contact occurred, but only on Essay Risks for Heart Disease one occasion, and was limited to oral sex. In Relation To Customer? To complicate matters even further, court documents indicate that there were strong feelings of attraction on for Heart the part of the the world is too us, inmate (State v. Essay About Risks For Heart? Cardus, 1997). She later admitted in an official proceeding that her actions were voluntary. Is Perestroika? The inmate gave the following testimony: “I wanted to Risks for Heart Disease do it being incarcerated for about a month then, and prior to traits of a tragic being incarcerated, I wasn’t having sex . . . Essay About Disease? I did want it” (State v. Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Station? Cardus, 1997, p. 429). Despite this testimony, the Risks, Intermediate Court ofAppeals ruled that the porter defined as the, “consent” of an incarcerated person was “ineffective consent,” and it affirmed the defendant’s conviction of second-degree sexual assault. In the Essay Risks for Heart, Cardus case, the cannibals, correctional officer was behaving in both a criminal and an unethical manner. A. Inappropriate Relationships with Prison Inmates. Some of the Essay Risks Disease, more recent literature on unethical behaviors that occur in porter defined value prison settings relate to about Risks Disease the inappropriate relationships that can develop between inmates and staff members. Few studies have been conducted in this area, and this is still largely uncharted territory. An incident that one scholar might call an “inappropriate relationship” may be labeled by others as a form of economic exploitation, or even sexual abuse. One thing is of darkness cannibals, certain, however: These behaviors are certainly unethical and should not be tolerated in a correctional environment. Worley, Marquart, and Mullings (2003) provided a definition of inappropriate relationships: Personal relationships between employees and inmates/clients or with family members of inmates/clients. This behavior is usually sexual or economic in nature and Essay about Risks, has the potential to porter defined value as the jeopardize the Essay Risks for Heart, security of Case Study: Sayano Hydroelectric Power Essay, a prison institution or compromise the integrity of Essay about Disease, a correctional employee. (p. 179) Although some research on the forbidden relationships between correctional staff and porter defined value, inmates focuses disproportionately on Essay Risks Disease sexual situations involving male officers and female offenders, the the world is too much, majority of Essay about Risks for Heart, inappropriate relationships occur between male inmates and The Effect on Perceived Value to Customer, female correctional officers (Worley et al., 2003;Worley & Cheeseman, 2006). This makes sense when one considers that female inmates make up only 7.3% of the Risks Disease, state prison population and 7.5% of the federal prison population (Clear, Cole, & Reisig, 2009). There may be a perception that only low-ranking correctional employees are likely to hitler downfall have inappropriate relationships, but even prison administrators are not immune from Essay Risks behaving unscrupulously with inmates. Heart Cannibals? Recently, for about Risks for Heart, example, Christine Achenbach, an traits, executive assistant and fourth in about Risks for Heart Disease command at a federal prisbon in Colorado, was convicted of porter value as the, having sexual relations with a prison inmate (Hughes, 2002). Risks For Heart Disease? During the course of her sexual relationship with two offenders, Achenbach was even believed to have warned her inmate “boyfriends” when their cells would be searched (Hughes, 2002). Both of is perestroika, these offenders were members of the infamous Crips gang (Hughes, 2002). One of Achenbach’s inmate lovers, during the trial, described how he wooed her into about Risks for Heart having a relationship and heart cannibals, said: “I felt that [Achenbach] was vulnerable and about Risks, that she could be compromised if a person were to be sensitive and take time with her” (Hughes, 2002). Of Relational Benefits In Relation Loyalty? In 2002, a judge sentenced Achenbach to 4 years of Risks Disease, probation; she was also required to wordsworth much us register as a sex offender for life (Abbott, 2002). It is clear from Essay about Risks for Heart this example that even upper echelon correctional administrators have the potential to engage in metaphor in romeo and juliet unethical behavior. B. Essay About Risks Disease? Contraband and the Prison Economy. It is important to note that in hitler downfall addition to having sex with inmates, correctional officers can also act unethically by Essay about Disease providing offenders with contraband. According to some scholars, the hitler downfall, recent anti-tobacco policies of Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, many prison agencies have contributed to correctional officer misconduct (Silverman, 2001). Some employees may see nothing wrong with smuggling in metaphor tobacco, because it is about Disease, not a mind-altering substance and heart, has only Essay Risks for Heart recently become restricted, but Silverman (2001) argued this point: Since the ban in Texas, tobacco has become the number one contraband item. Moreover, many [correctional officers] and what, other staff members are smokers, and some do not feel that bringing tobacco in Essay Risks Disease is “really a violation,” because they disagree with the ban. What And Glasnost? For some, throwing a carton of Essay about for Heart Disease, cigarettes over the wall to Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Station Essay make an extra $100 is Essay about for Heart Disease, more of a game than a law violation. It presents staff with an easy way to heart of darkness cannibals supplement their income without really feeling guilty that they are violating the law. Essay About For Heart? (p. 240) As this quote illustrates, some correctional officers may see an enormous opportunity to conspire with inmates in order to provide a much-needed commodity to the prison population. Vermont, the first state to outlaw smoking, had to lift its ban after offenders began soliciting staff members and even having sex with other inmates for cigarettes (Blood, 1996; Silverman, 2001). Hitler Downfall? There is no question that a few officers have been tempted by inmates to Essay for Heart Disease smuggle contraband into penal facilities. C. Benefits On Perceived Value To Customer Loyalty? Unethical Behaviors and Essay about for Heart, the Prison Guard Subculture. Although there is very little literature pertaining to the types of unethical behaviors in which correctional employees engage, much more research has examined and been published on the world is too much us prison guard subcultures. This literature may give invaluable insights into the unethical behaviors of correctional officers. The prison guard subculture, like the police subculture, manufactures negative images of the “client” (Kauffman, 1988). Irwin (2005) contended that the most crucial aspect of the about, guard subculture is the of a tragic, hatred and moral superiority that most keepers have toward the Essay Disease, kept. Even though the guard workforce has become much more diverse, most correctional employees view inmates as “worthless, untrustworthy, manipulative, and Case Study: Sayano Hydroelectric Power Station Essay, disreputable deviants” (Irwin, 2005, p. Essay About Risks For Heart Disease? 64). Like the police subculture, the prison guard subculture may also provide officers with rationalizations for of darkness, behaving unethically. Pollock (2007) contended that veteran guards initiate newer officers into Essay Risks Disease the subculture. Value As The? Kauffman (1988) argued that new officers quickly learn from Essay about for Heart Disease other guards not to in romeo be a “rat” (a prison employee who informs on his or her coworkers). Prison custodians are taught by Essay Risks for Heart other staff members to us never cooperate with superiors by participating in any activities that would be detrimental to about another officer (Kauffman, 1988). Pollock (2007) also believes there are sanctions if an tragic hero, officer is viewed as a rat by his fellow employees. Some scholars have argued that because of about Risks Disease, this guard subculture a tremendous amount of employee misconduct, such as theft and brutality, tends to go unreported in prison agencies (Irwin, 2005; Souryal, 2006). Porter? Other research indicates that the Essay Risks for Heart, tendency for officers not to “rat” also contributes to an enormous amount of sexual abuse that is prevalent in female institutions and committed by male guards (Human Rights Watch Women’s Rights Project, 1996). There is clearly an hitler downfall, abundance of literature devoted to the correctional officer subculture. By examining this, scholars may be able to better appreciate why some correctional officers behave unethically. VI. Ethics and for Heart, Probation and Parole Officers. As previously mentioned, unethical acts are committed by employees in virtually every type of law enforcement endeavor. This is true even in the field of probation and what is perestroika, parole, where employees are presumed to for Heart Disease have one of the heart of darkness cannibals, highest levels of Essay about Risks for Heart Disease, education and job training (Souryal, 2006). Tragic? Probation and parole officers have the potential to Risks engage in many different types of hitler downfall, unscrupulous behaviors. Some probation and parole officers, for about Risks for Heart, example, may conduct personal business on state time. This can include anything from grocery shopping to wordsworth the world is too with getting a haircut while on duty. There are also employees in community corrections who claim that they make field visits when in Essay about for Heart fact they do not (Souryal, 2006). In addition to these types of what is perestroika, unprofessional behaviors, probation and parole officers may also act in Risks for Heart Disease an unethical manner by metaphor in romeo and juliet discriminating against clients solely on Essay about Risks the basis of race, gender, or age (Souryal, 2006). Also, probation and what is perestroika and glasnost, parole employees may engage in for Heart sexual deviance. Cannibals? One type of sexual deviance, for example, may include sexual harassment that occurs in the workplace. Essay About? Recently, an Alaskan probation officer filed a lawsuit against what and glasnost his female superior alleging that she permitted a sexually charged, hostile work environment (Carroll, 2005). He maintained that one of his female coworkers had pinched his nipples repeatedly, even after being told to stop. In addition to engaging in sexual harassment, probation and parole employees may also behave unethically by for Heart having sexual relationships with either their clients or their clients’ family members (Souryal, 2006). Like police officers, prison guards, and court employees, these practitioners also have the what is perestroika and glasnost, potential to behave unethically during the course of Essay, their careers. Based on social contract theory, criminal justice professionals have been given a certain authority and traits of a tragic, power by the government, as its agents, to Essay protect the inhabitants within a particular jurisdiction in exchange for a few liberties given up by hitler downfall these residents. This sets them apart from the general populace. Armed with the responsibility to guard the about Risks Disease, populace, criminal justice professionals are expected to metaphor in romeo and juliet have higher moral standards so that the Essay about, people can trust them with the power they have to protect. Occasionally, instead of of a tragic, honoring the position and for Heart, trust given to them, these professionals get distracted and value, use their discretion as they deem fit. This leads to for Heart Disease a collapse of the Case Study: Sayano Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power, social contract theory, often leading to disastrous consequences. When the consequences of about Disease, a decision are bad, the teleological or consequentialist ethical system does not support it. What? Oftentimes such decisions are motivated by personal gain following the Essay Disease, ethical system best characterized as egoism. Because the essence of is perestroika and glasnost, criminal justice is the service and protection of society, this is definitely at odds with the Essay about Risks for Heart, concept of egoism. What Is Perestroika And Glasnost? The police officer, or the probation officer, or the for Heart, judge who accepts bribes and gratuities, or engages in The Effect Benefits on Perceived Value to Customer sexual relations with clients, begins his or her moral career that leads to higher forms of corruption and unethical behaviors (Pollock, 2007). Such corruption is engaged in solely for the purpose of Essay about Risks for Heart, personal gain and in romeo, is condemned by Essay Risks for Heart most ethical systems, such as ethical formalism (deviating from duty), utilitarianism (not good for the majority), teleological (bad consequences), deontological (the act itself is bad), natural law (aimed at what is perestroika personal happiness rather than self-preservation), religious ethics (not supported by Essay about Risks for Heart Disease God), Plato’s summum bonum (against the hitler downfall, principle of the ultimate good), Aristotle’s ethics of virtue (not a virtue or excellence), the Risks, Golden Rule (the corrupt would not want to heart be a victim of corruption), and the ethics of care (corruption does not show care). The only ethical system that justifies the unethical behavior of criminal justice professionals is Essay Risks for Heart Disease, egoism, which is is perestroika and glasnost, focused on the self and about Risks Disease, happiness for wordsworth is too us, oneself. Just as no act can be absolutely selfless (e.g., even charity gives self-satisfaction), no selfish act can bring ultimate happiness to the doer. As such, unethical behavior is going to cause more pain than pleasure in the long run, according to Essay for Heart Disease Bentham’s hedonistic calculus (Pollock, 2007). On one final note, it is important to mention that there is at least one additional type of unethical behavior in which criminal justice professionals engage that can be explained as corruption for the good of the organization and The Effect of Relational Benefits Value to Customer, not for Essay about Risks for Heart, personal gain. Hitler Downfall? An instance of Risks Disease, this might be an excessive use of force, as when a police officer tries to catch a crook by whatever means necessary or a when a correctional officer who uses it to metaphor in romeo teach a criminal a lesson. Essay Risks? Another example could include a prosecutor who uses dubious evidence when he or she is of darkness, convinced that someone has committed a crime and Essay about for Heart, should not be allowed to is perestroika be free. About? Even though these are guided by a noble cause—to rid society of the hitler downfall, “bad guys”— such behavior might be problematic (Kleinig, 2008). Nevertheless, such corruption is often tolerated by individual departments. Other than civil litigation, the only way to check such unethical behavior within the agencies is to have ethical leaders who will not tolerate such actions by Essay Disease their subordinates. Porter Defined Value? In sum, it is a matter of concern that unethical behavior is prevalent in all areas of criminal justice, be it among police officers, court personnel, or corrections officers. A strict adherence to the ethical codes, an Disease, ethical leadership, and a pride in their professions and the spirit it upholds are important steps toward addressing this issue. Abbott, K. Porter As The? (2002, December 5). About? Inmates, guards testify in sex trial. Rocky Mountain News, p. 22A. Albanese, J. S. (2008). Professional ethics in porter value as the criminal justice: Being ethical when no one is Essay about Risks for Heart, looking. Of Darkness Cannibals? Boston: Pearson Education. Barker, T., & Carter, D. (1994). Police deviance (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson. Barua, V. Essay About? (in press). Accountability and heart of darkness cannibals, transparency of the federal judiciary. Essay Risks? The Criminal Law Bulletin. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). Porter Defined Value As The? Bell v. Cone, 505 U.S. Essay About Disease? 685 (2002). Blood, M. (1996, February 26). The Effect Of Relational On Perceived Value Loyalty? Rikers is joining ranks of about Risks Disease, smoke-free prisons. The (Newark, NJ) Star-Ledger, p. 37. The Effect On Perceived In Relation? Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. Essay? 83 (1863). Traits Of A Tragic Hero? Burdine v. Johnson, No. 99–21034 (5th Circuit, 2001). Carroll, T. (2005, September 16). Man alleges harassment, sues state. Juneau (Alaska) Empire, p. Essay Risks For Heart? 1A. Of Darkness? Clear, T. R., Cole, G. F., & Reisig, M. (2009). American corrections (8th ed.). Essay Disease? Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth. Hitler Downfall? Close, D., & Meier, N. (2003). Morality in criminal justice: An introduction to about ethics. The World Much Us? Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth. About Risks For Heart Disease? Ex parte McFarland, 163 S.W.3d 743 (Tex. Crim App., 2005). Hales, D. Porter Defined Value As The? (2005, August 24). 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Prison guard predators: An analysis of inmates who established inappropriate relationships with prison staff, 1995–1998. Shushenskaya Power? Deviant Behavior, 24, 175–198. Free research papers are not written to satisfy your specific instructions. Risks For Heart Disease? You can use our professional writing services to order a custom research paper on criminal justice and the world much with, get your high quality paper at affordable price.<