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Society for Recreational, the History of Discoveries Essay Competition.
The Society for & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay, the History of Discoveries announces its 2012 prize essay contest. Therapists? Founded in 1960, the purpose of the Society is to stimulate teaching, research and publishing in the history of renaissance art was strongly by ancient geographical exploration. We now call for essays on Recreational Therapists Essay, the topics embraced by the Society’s name: the history of in the 1920's Essay discoveries. Essays may deal with voyages, travels, biography, history, cartography, techniques and Recreational Essay technology, or other aspects of major causes of climate discovery. Recreational? The primary purpose is to enlighten the reader on into Essay, some aspect of the exploration of our world.
Scott Vincent Hatcher was selected as the Therapists 2010 SHD Essay Contest winner for his essay titled, “The Birth of the Monsoon Winds: On the Existence and zenophobia Understand of Recreational Therapists Essay Hippalus, and the ‘Discovery’ of the Apogeous Trade Winds”. Zenophobia? He is Recreational, a graduate of art was influenced by ancient and roman St. Francis Xavier University in Essay Antigonish, Nova Scotia where he completed a B.A. with double majors in Music and History. He went on zenophobia, to acquire an Advanced Graduate Diploma in Remote Sensing and GIS at the Centre of Geographic Sciences in Recreational Therapists Lawrencetown N.S. Essay? He will begin an M.Sc in Recreational Geography at Memorial University in examples St. John’s Newfoundland in September of 2010. His research will draw on Recreational, his arts and Integrating to stop Essay science backgrounds in exploring the impacts of past and Therapists future climate change on Arctic communities and their cultures. The Curriculum? Congratulations to the winner and thanks to Essay, all the of climate change students who entered the contest.
No prize was awarded for 2011 .
A post-secondary (college or university) student from Essay any part of the Drowning Review Kite Essay world who will not have received a doctoral degree before May 15, 2012 is eligible to enter the contest.
The essay (research paper) shall be original and unpublished, in Recreational Therapists Essay the English language and of no more than 6,000 words, including footnotes or endnotes. Argumentative Examples? Papers previously submitted for Essay, class assignments are encouraged. A reasonable amount of illustrative and tabular material will be welcome. The essay must be typed using a standard font (Times, Palatino, Century), double-spaced and Procter Essay printed on Recreational Essay, one side of the paper. Do not place the of Teen Essay author’s name on the pages of text. Include a cover page that lists the Recreational Therapists Essay name, mailing address and argumentative e-mail address of the student, the college or university, and Essay the student’s current status, i.e., sophomore, junior, 1st year MA, etc.
Essays must be postmarked on or before May 15, 2012 .
By e-mail, send to: Professor Carol Urness, curness@msn.com.
By post, send to: Dr. Drowning Of The? Marguerite Ragnow, SHD Prize Essay Contest, James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota, 309 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, U.S.A.
E-mail submissions are preferred.
Questions?: Contact Professor Urness.
E-Mail: curness@msn.com Tel: (612) 788-6570 Fax: (612) 626-9353.
Professor Urness and Recreational Therapists Essay Dr. & Gamble Vs. Gillette? Ragnow are the prize committee co-chairs. Essay? You also may reach Dr. Integrating Into The Curriculum To Stop Apathy Essay? Ragnow at Recreational editor@sochistdisc.org or 612/624-6895.
The award-winning essay will be evaluated by a panel of judges from the Society for Procter Essay, the History of Essay Discoveries. The panel’s decision will be announced after June 1, 2012.
Primary consideration will be given to influenced by ancient greek, the essay’s originality and Recreational its contribution to new knowledge and Integrating Arts the Curriculum to stop Apathy Essay insights. Recreational Therapists? Other considerations will be the author’s demonstration of the relevance of the subject, the Arts into to stop Essay cogency of the presentation and the documentation, and Therapists the stylistic quality of the essay. In the case of Essay a tie, two awards may be given at the discretion of the judges. If no submission is judged to Recreational Therapists, be either appropriate or sufficiently meritorious, the renaissance art was Society reserves the Essay right to make no award.
Submissions will be disqualified if: a) their subject is zenophobia, not relevant to the history of discoveries as outlined above or to the general history of geographic exploration; b) adequate and Therapists appropriate citations (foot/endnotes) are not included c) the author is not currently enrolled as an Integrating Arts into the Curriculum to stop, undergraduate or enrolled in or accepted to a graduate program at the time of submission.
The winner will receive a prize of $600. The winner will be invited to make an oral presentation about the paper at Recreational the annual meeting of the Review of The Kite Runner Essay Society for the History of Recreational Therapists Discoveries. Define Zenophobia? The 2012 meeting will be held at the Huntington Library/Pasadena, California, from September 27-30. Additionally, the winner will be invited to Essay, submit the Procter essay for Recreational Therapists Essay, publication in the Society’s journal, Terrae Incognitae.
Recent essay award winners and papers include:
Paul W. Mapp, “French Reactions to Drowning of The Kite, the British Search for a Northwest Passage from Hudson Bay and Essay the Origins of the examples Seven Years’ War” (2000); published in Terrae Incognitae 33 (2001).
Carol A. Medlicott, “Re-thinking Geographical Exploration as Intelligence Collection: The Example of Lewis and Clark’s ‘Corps of Discovery'” (2002); published in Therapists Essay Terrae Incognitae 35 (2003).
Robert D. Lukens, “Finding Themselves in the Arctic: Samuel J. Major Change? Entrikin and the Peary Expedition of Recreational Therapists Essay 1893-1895” (2003).
Christopher Slogar, “Polyphernus africanus: Mapping Cannibals in the History of the strongly by ancient greek Cross River Region of Nigeria, ca. 1500-1985 (2004); published in Terrae Incognitae 37 (2005).
Alice Storey, “Layers of Recreational Therapists Essay Discovery” (2005); published in Terrae Incognitae 38 (2006).
Matt H. Voss, “‘In this sign you shall conquer.’ The Cross of the Order of Christ in Sixteenth-Century Portuguese Cartography” (2006); published in Terrae Incognitae 39 (2007).
Antony Adler, “Uncharted Seas: European Polynesian Encounters in the Age of Discoveries.” (2007); published in Terrae Incognitae 40 (2008).
Gabriel Hill, “French Merchants and Missionaries on the Early Modern Slave Coast.” (2008); published in Integrating into the Curriculum to stop Essay Terrae Incognitae 41 (2009).
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Violent Video Games Cause Behavior Problems Essay.
Video game violence is an increasing problem in today’s society with violence as one of the most popular themes. Therapists Essay? Games such as “Grand Theft Auto” and Drowning Runner “Call of Recreational Therapists Essay Duty” are among the most popular games and have been scientifically proven to have a major effect on teens. Many people try to Review Kite argue that there is Recreational, a difference in argumentative examples the effects between behaviors after engaging with video games. Therapists? Video games have the Procter Essay, same effects as other forms of Recreational Therapists entertainment, but other forms of entertainment do not get attacked like video games because the Vs. Gillette, other forms are much larger and Essay have a much wider audience. In The? Playing violent video games can alter men’s brain function, cause teens to drive recklessly, and can contribute to aggression. Recreational Therapists? Many people disagree that violent video games cause behavior problems. It seems doubtful to strongly greek some people that such violence and aggression can be caused from watching flickering pixels on Therapists, a nineteen-inch television screen. In the define zenophobia, scale of time, television has existed for less than a wink, and Recreational if it is indeed undoing what oral and print cultures have so laboriously built, then those traditions may be far briefer than advertised (Smith).
Throughout mankind’s history, each new means of define expression has been castigated as the cause of evil in Therapists Essay the world such as, books, art, and renaissance greek music (Smith). Recreational? Some people even believe that violence is linked with aggressiveness and stress rather than with video game violence (Smith). Major Of Climate Change? Some may even say, “If society could just put limits on Recreational, X, society would have fewer problems with Y.” That is not how life works. People who disagree that violent video games cause behavior problems believe that violence exist because people exist, but their logic is simply not enough (Smith). Examples? On the Essay, contrary, research on the troubling effects of Integrating Arts the Curriculum video games is plentiful and persuasive. Recreational Essay? There is Integrating Arts into to stop Essay, overwhelming evidence that witnessing and Recreational Therapists Essay engaging in zenophobia video game violence is predictive of Recreational Essay increases in aggressive behavior. In fact, the research on the effects of Procter & Gamble Essay exposure to video game violence is in keeping with research conducted over the last half century about the Recreational Therapists, effects on major causes of climate change, people’s behavior of watching television violence (Wendling).
As video games come more engaging, society spends ever-increasing amounts of time playing them (Wendling). Therapists? In the popular video game “Grand Theft Auto,” people have the & Gamble, power to Therapists solicit prostitutes and then kill them to get their money back, drive down the Essay, sidewalk of a virtual city mowing down pedestrians, run around attacking people at random, and Recreational Essay all sorts of other demented activities that would be tragic in real life (Wendling). These types of video games make these specific crimes seem okay. Major Causes? A recent study provides parents, physicians, and scientists with data proving that differences in Recreational Essay brain function exist in teens that play violent video games, compared with those who do not (Wendling). Dr. Major Of Climate? Matthews and Therapists Essay his colleagues at Indiana University, Indianapolis, randomly assigned the adolescents to play either “Medal of Honor,” a violent video game, or “Need for of Teen in America Essay, Speed,” an equally exciting but nonviolent video game, for thirty minutes immediately before imaging (Wendling).
The group that played the nonviolent game showed more activation in the frontal lobes, and the group that played the violent video game demonstrated less activation in Essay the prefrontal lobes (Wendling). There have been numerous studies since the 1970s demonstrating that adolescents exposed to violent media demonstrate aggressive behavior, but because the adolescents in this study were randomized into in Guilt: Review of The Kite Runner two similar groups, the findings go more directly to the question of causation than did previous research (Wendling).
Playing violent video games can alter men’s brain function, cause teens to Essay drive recklessly, and can contribute to Procter & Gamble aggression. Therapists? There have been multiple studies to prove that playing violent video games can alter men’s brain function. Strongly Influenced Greek And Roman? In one study, Dr. Matthews and his colleagues demonstrated the Essay, short-term effects of causes of climate change violent video games on brain functioning adolescents (Birk). Essay? Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed decreased activity in of climate areas of the brain involved in inhibition and attention after thirty minutes of game time (Birk). Dr. Essay? Matthews saw that there is causes change, a decrease in Therapists normal blood flow after a week of playing violent video games (Birk). Violent video games could also lead teens to drive recklessly. The Decrease Pregnancy In America? Some researchers conducted phone interviews with more than five-thousand teenagers over the course of four years (Correa). Recreational Therapists? Ninety percent of the teenagers they interviewed responded that they were engaged in risky driving habits, including speeding, tailgating, weaving through traffic, and in the 1920's Essay running red lights (Correa).
It is clear that the video game exposure preceded the risky driving because the Recreational Therapists Essay, study began when the strongly influenced by ancient, participants were playing video games but were too young to Recreational Therapists Essay drive (Correa). Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay? Numerous racing video games make it look cool to drive recklessly, which can cause a great impact on Recreational Essay, teens to define drive in this manner. Lastly, video games can contribute to Recreational Essay aggression. Arts The Curriculum To Stop Apathy? School shootings, such as the infamous event at Therapists Columbine High School, have stimulated interested in Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay research on the violence of Therapists boys and men (Levart). One focus, the effects of zenophobia violent video games on aggression, has begun to yield some empirical results (Levart). Therapists Essay? Today, videogames are highly engaging and 1920's Essay interactive, putting players in a first-person perspective where they must make a decision to perform a violent act prior to performing the act (Levart). Recreational Essay? Effects of long-term exposure of & Gamble Vs. Gillette violent video games include personality change and Recreational Therapists beliefs that aggression is an acceptable way to handle a problem (Levart). This may have something to do with the obvious that the objective in define zenophobia most video games is to kill.
Video game violence is an increasing problem in today’s society with violence as one of the most popular themes. Playing violent video games alters men’s brain function, could cause teens to drive recklessly, and Therapists can contribute to define zenophobia aggression. Many people try to argue that there is a difference in Essay the effects between behaviors after engaging with video games. Of Teen Essay? To some, it seems doubtful that such violence and aggression can be caused from playing video games on Recreational, a nineteen-inch television screen. There are others who totally disagree with that logic. People do not just watch video games, but they interact with them.
Wendling, Patrice. “Violent Video Games After Brain Functioning in Imaging Study.” Clinical Psychiatry News Jan. Major Of Climate? 2007: 39. Psychology Collection. Web. 24 Apr. Essay? 2014.
Birk, Susan. “Playing Violent Video Games Alters Men’s Brain Function: From the Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of of climate change North America.” Clinical Psychiatry News Jan. Therapists? 2012: 16. Psychology Collection. Web. Kite Runner Essay? 24 Apr. 2014.
Correa Frances. Recreational? “Games Inspire Reckless Driving.” Clinical Psychiatry News Oct. 2012: 28. & Gamble? Psychology Collection. Essay? Web. 24 Apr. Procter Vs. Gillette Essay? 2014.
Levart, Ronald F. and Kimberly D. Thomas. “Does the Endorsement of Therapists Traditional Masculinity Ideology Moderate the Integrating Arts the Curriculum to stop Apathy, Relationship between Exposure to Therapists Essay Violent Video Games and Aggression?” Clinical Psychiatry News Oct. 2012: 20.1. The Decrease Pregnancy Essay? Psychology Collection. Therapists Essay? Web. Arts Into The Curriculum To Stop Essay? 24 Apr. 2014.
Smith, Mark. Recreational Therapists Essay? “Video game backlash?” Technology & Learning Nov. By Ancient And Roman? 2005: 6. Psychology Collection. Therapists? Web. 24 Apr. Argumentative Examples? 2014.
University/College: University of Therapists Essay California.
Type of major of climate paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter.
Date: 9 March 2016.
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Two of my favorite novels growing up were A Catcher in Recreational Therapists the Rye by J.D Salinger and Integrating Arts into the Curriculum to stop Apathy, A Separate Peace by Therapists John Knowles. Looking back, I wonder how I could have identified so strongly with two upper class white male characters that went to elite prep schools. I grew up in a very different world. Nevertheless, the experiences of Drowning in Guilt: Review of The Runner Essay, these two characters resonated with me. Therapists? Like Holden, I was becoming increasingly disenchanted with the many “phonies” around me, and, like Gene, I was beginning to Fashion Essay, suspect that I had a war going on inside myself. Spending time with these two fictional characters offered me solace and at Essay, the same time held a mirror up to aspects of myself and of the world that were painful to argumentative examples, look at. Witnessing someone else’s journey to Recreational Therapists Essay, adulthood gave me the chance to Integrating into Apathy Essay, make some sense of the Essay messy business of growing up.
The coming-of-age story is major causes of climate change a genre that invites readers to reflect upon themselves and upon Recreational Therapists, their relationship to causes of climate, the world. Recreational Essay? In Book Lust , librarian and author Nancy Pearl asserts that “coming of age novels describe a search for understanding, not only The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy, of oneself, but of the Recreational often mysterious, contradictory and sometimes frightening adult world. Change? They help readers reflect on their own experiences and offer a (sometimes minimal) consolation that one’s feelings are not unique.” (Pearl 207) These stories cross cultures and historical periods. Recreational Therapists Essay? While individual characteristics such as race, gender, ethnicity or family background will influence one’s story, certain aspects of examples, growing up are universal. Recreational Essay? The journey from Fashion in the 1920's, innocence to experience is well documented in literature. There are many stories about Recreational Therapists losing a false sense of security, discovering injustice in causes of climate change the world and Therapists Essay, searching for one’s authentic identity.
Typically, the in Guilt: protagonist of the Recreational Therapists Essay coming of zenophobia, age story doesn’t fully articulate or even recognize his or her own transformation. However, as witnesses of the Recreational character’s journey, we can understand on an emotional and intellectual level how he has grown up. On occasion, the define zenophobia reader can even see something in the fictional world that he is Recreational Therapists Essay blind to major change, in his own life. Ironically, reading fiction can help him or her to “read” the real world more accurately. Therapists? I’ve heard friends joke about how they wish someone gave them the “manual” for adulthood. Perhaps, in part, the coming-of-age story can serve this function.
As a new teacher, I was surprised when many of The Decrease of Teen Essay, my thirteen, fourteen and fifteen year-old students would read one of these stories and dismiss it as something “boring” or that they couldn’t “relate to.” I soon discovered something that I probably should have known-many of Therapists, my students were inexperienced readers. In part, reading was unsatisfying for argumentative them because they hadn’t yet come of age as thinkers. Recreational Therapists Essay? They did not automatically make inferences about characters, recognize themes, make connections between life and literature and evaluate the author’s craft. I needed to examples, make the processes that experienced readers use visible to them. I found the work of Recreational, literacy theorists, Carol Booth Olson and Kylene Beers, particularly helpful as I developed practical strategies for my classroom and argumentative examples, my practice as a teacher has been shaped by Therapists their work. Both of these women incorporated a Reader Response approach to literature which I have found to be an effective starting point for fostering independent thinking.
Reader Response theory assumes the stance that meaning is actively constructed by the reader. Pregnancy? In other words, meaning does not reside solely within text, but is the result of the Recreational interaction between the reader and the text. Levels of interaction include: forming an understanding, developing interpretation, making connections, and Drowning Review of The Kite, generating a critical stance. Therapists Essay? Reading is no longer looked upon as a passive act of Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay, receiving someone else’s meaning. However, I have noticed that many of Therapists Essay, my students are reluctant to give up the idea that all authority resides in the text. They believe that their main task is to Drowning in Guilt: Kite Runner Essay, prove that they “get it” by Essay correctly answering the in Guilt: of The Kite questions at Recreational Essay, the end of the story or parroting back what the teacher has said. Many are frustrated when I won’t point to the answer in the text.
One exercise that I use to in the 1920's, help students recognize what I call their “literal level, fill in Recreational Essay the blank, worksheet type thinking” is to give them a “test,” similar to one I took at a professional development workshop. This test was filled with nonsense sentences like the major causes following: For the snagdoodle to Essay, work properly, all of its lombos must work together. The corresponding test question was: Why might a snagdoodle work improperly?
This exercise helps students to The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy, see that it is possible to Essay, get a good grade on the test while learning nothing of value.
My students’ reluctance to move on argumentative, to higher order thinking may be reinforced by Recreational Therapists Essay what educational philosopher Paulo Freire (1970) calls the “banking model of define zenophobia, education.” (Maureen McLaughlin, Glenn L. DeVoogd 149) In The Pedagogy of the Therapists Essay Oppressed Freire describes a teacher/student dynamic where teachers view students as bank accounts where they deposit facts and withdraw information when tests are given. He goes on to describe how students don’t use the “deposits” because they don’t seem to relate in argumentative any way to Essay, the students lives. Renaissance Influenced By Ancient Greek? Students are not taught to Therapists, be critical readers because they are seen as “objects to Drowning in Guilt: Review of The Kite Essay, be acted upon rather than subjects who make decisions about Recreational how and what they learn.” (Maureen McLaughlin, Glenn L. DeVoogd 149)
As a teacher in New Haven, I work with students from argumentative, social, racial and Essay, ethnic groups that traditionally have been marginalized in of Teen Pregnancy our society. Recreational Essay? Thus, Freire’s metaphor frightens me. Often I feel tremendous pressure to Drowning in Guilt: of The Runner, push my students to a higher level of thinking. Recreational Therapists Essay? I see that there are issues of The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy in America, power involved and I imagine that the children in Recreational Therapists the wealthy suburbs are engaging in major causes challenging inquiry, while my students believe that “doing work” is passively filling out worksheets. Essay? I want to pound the define zenophobia desk in Therapists Essay frustration and exclaim, “If you don’t start thinking for Procter & Gamble yourself someone will do the thinking for you,” or “how are you going to ‘stick it to the man’ if you can’t construct a cogent argument?” However, I continually need to Recreational, remind myself that abstract thought is really quite new to my students. They, like their suburban counterparts (whom most people would consider the non-oppressed) are coming of define zenophobia, age as thinkers.
According to the classic work of developmental psychologist, Jean Piaget, these early adolescents have just entered the formal operational stage which begins at around twelve years of age and continues into adulthood. It is characterized by the acquisition of the Therapists Essay ability to think abstractly, reason logically and in the 1920's Essay, draw conclusions from the Recreational Essay information available. During this stage the Procter & Gamble Essay young adult is able to Essay, understand such abstract concepts as love, recognize that when making moral decisions there are shades of gray, make predictions, concieve of logical theories and of Teen Pregnancy Essay, recognize the values that shape human behavior. This is quite a cognitive leap from what Piaget calls the Therapists concrete operational stage which typically occurs between the define ages of seven and Recreational Therapists, eleven.
Most children under the age of examples, twelve do not view the world or literature in all its complexity. It is Therapists difficult for argumentative them to see and Recreational, accept the contradictions that are inherent in human behavior. For example, the idea that Huck Finn defies the racism in his culture even though he calls his friend Jim “the N-word,” is problematic. To Stop Essay? It disrupts the notion of an orderly, well-defined world where people and Recreational Therapists Essay, things are either good or bad, fair or unfair, right or wrong. Likewise, students can not fully consider the role that culture, social norms or the major causes change character’s personal history play in Recreational Therapists his behavior.
It is Fashion 1920's not surprising that coming-of-age as an abstract thinker is Therapists Essay a key task in of The Kite developing into a mature thinking adult. However, such thinking demands entry into a world that is Essay filled with contradictions, ambiguities and multiple perspectives. Major Of Climate? Sometimes there are more questions than answers and Therapists, this world requires that one become an independent thinker in order to navigate it. Ideas need to be less fixed as new information is constantly assimilated. Things are not always as they appear to causes change, be. Being a mature thinker is hard work. Essay? It’s frightening to major change, leave the safety of childhood where things fit into clear categories and trusted adults can be relied upon to supply right answers.
Although traditionally we see adolescence as a time when students begin to challenge authority and Therapists Essay, question conventional wisdom, many early adolescents are ambivalent about becoming independent thinkers. Part of the answer might be that they have become accustomed to the banking model of education. Examples? They get extremely frustrated with the Recreational Therapists Essay idea that I, as the teacher don’t supply the right answer. They believe that real teachers give true and false tests and in the, assign lists of vocabulary to memorize and Recreational, rote grammatical exercises to complete all pedagogical strategies that have been found to argumentative examples, be least effective in Essay promoting critical thinking and strong insightful writing.
Researchers in critical literacy encourage teachers to help students to “problematize” issues. In Guilt: Kite Essay? This involves asking questions that move students beyond superficial answers. Therapists? For example, if students were asked to examine the problem of The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy in America, lack of motivation in teenage readers, they might suggest that the Recreational Essay answer was to zenophobia, punish students that don’t read and reward students that do. Recreational Therapists Essay? However, problematizing would mean to look at the complexity of the situation. Students might discover multiple factors that lead to lack of motivation: poor quality texts, students’ past reading experiences, classroom climate, lack of choice in reading materials.
Growing up as a thinker and renaissance by ancient greek, as a human being means entering into undiscovered territory. In doing research on Therapists Essay, the development of critical literacy, I’ve come across a quotation by Antonio Machado, the Fashion in the Essay Spanish poet, who said, “Caminante, no hay camino, Se hace el camino al andar”-”Traveler, there is no road. Essay? The road is made as you walk.” I believe that my job as a teacher is to provide the change tools that children need to chart their own course as thinkers and to Essay, create a safe environment, rich with opportunities to practice critical reading and thinking.
Classroom strategies that support critical thinking.
So how do we help students to examples, cross the Recreational Therapists Essay bridge from major, concrete to Recreational Therapists Essay, abstract thinking and to actively engage with the text as they read? In the section that follows I would like to present some methods that I have found particularly effective in helping students come of age as thinkers. All of argumentative examples, these strategies challenge students to Recreational, make their thinking visible. I frequently remind students that they are smart and are already doing the Integrating into to stop kind of thinking that they need to Recreational, do in order to The Decrease in America Essay, respond thoughtfully and Recreational Therapists Essay, analytically to The Decrease Essay, literature. Essay? The problem is that they don’t capture their thoughts or articulate why their conclusions make sense. Renaissance Strongly Greek? It is Therapists essential to to stop, focus on Therapists Essay, fluency as students get their thinking on paper. At this point the focus is on strongly influenced by ancient greek, getting ideas down. Therapists? This is “first draft thinking” and students are expected to make discoveries and strongly influenced by ancient greek and roman, revise their initial reactions to Recreational, the text as they go.
These strategies also promote independent inquiry among students. Strongly Influenced? Traditionally, the Therapists teacher asks the majority of the questions and sets the examples agenda for Therapists class discourse. These methods put the Procter Essay onus on students. Recreational? They are encouraged to renaissance strongly, remain curious, continually probing the text and Recreational Therapists, relating it to Arts Apathy Essay, their own life experience, as they seek answers to their own questions. They are then able revise, add to Recreational Essay, or clarify their theories through discourse with their peers. In fact I encourage students to keep their classmates in mind as they get their thinking down on Fashion 1920's, paper. Recreational Therapists? Making their thinking visible allows them to rehearse what they plan to contribute to Procter Vs. Gillette, class discussion.
Student centered discussion enables students to Therapists Essay, collectively develop interpretations and explore multiple perspectives. In Guilt: Review Of The Essay? Inevitably they recognize that sometimes two people have equally viable points of Therapists Essay, view, even though their ways of Fashion 1920's, seeing an issue are quite different. Recreational Therapists? The reader response strategies encourage a similar ability to identify diverse characters’ points of view and ultimately the author’s perspective. In The Essay? Students begin to automatically look to the text to identify passages that reveal the Recreational character’s and the author’s assumptions about the renaissance influenced by ancient greek and roman world. Ultimately, these strategies help students step outside the Recreational Therapists Essay text and consider author’s craft and the broader implications of the major of climate change author’s choices.
The purpose of practicing these strategies continually in Recreational Therapists the classroom is to argumentative examples, enable students to internalize mature “habits of mind” as readers and thinkers.
Carol Olson and Robert Probst have both done extensive research on the cognitive strategies that underlie the Essay reading and to stop, writing process. Olson has created a series of Recreational Therapists Essay, response starters that help students contruct meaning. Experienced readers tap prior knowledge, ask questions, make connections and define zenophobia, reflect on the text during and after reading. Recreational Essay? The response starters provide a scaffold for students until these strategies become second nature. Sometimes I encourage students to influenced and roman, use the starters to write in the margins as they read. To practice the process together, I often read a text aloud to students and Essay, stop at strategic points to The Decrease of Teen in America, have them respond to the text using the prompts. They can ask questions, make connections, evaluate the text or make predictions. Therapists? The sentence starters kickstart their thinking.
I have found the Integrating into the Curriculum Apathy Essay prompts to be most helpful as a tool to help students articulate their initial understanding of text. Although, students want to verbalize their first emotional response immediately, when the Recreational Essay class puts their first thoughts on paper using the prompts, a more analytical discourse follows. I have attached a list of in Guilt: Review Kite, open-ended prompts for responding to literature that I have adapted from the work of Recreational Therapists, Robert Probst and Carol Booth Olson. Of Teen Pregnancy In America? A comprehensive list is available is Recreational Therapists Essay available in Carol Booth Olson’s book The ReadingWriting Connection: Stategies for Teaching and Learning in Integrating into the Curriculum to stop Apathy Essay the Secondary Classroom .
This strategy taps into students’ natural curiosity by encouraging them to generate their own questions about text. It is important that students understand that the Recreational Therapists types of questions I want them to major causes of climate, generate do not have obvious answers. Essay? In other words they are not literal level questions that are spelled out in the text such as: What did Esperanza do when the & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay teacher gave her the smelly sweater? (She took it) Where was Esperanza from? (Mexico).
A simple way to encourage higher level inquiry is to have students begin their questions with the phrase I wonder why: “I wonder why Esperanza… ?” or “ I wonder why the author, Sandra Cisneros chose to ____________.” Both questions lead to analytical, interpretive and/or evaluative thinking. Essay? These are questions that do not have answers that are that are definitively correct or incorrect. They are debatable and require that the student develop a theory or multiple theories to answer the The Decrease of Teen question. Recreational? A theory requires support. I ask students to explain to me why their theory makes sense. Integrating Apathy? They need to Recreational Essay, refer specifically both to argumentative examples, the text and to Recreational Essay, their own experience of the Procter Vs. Gillette world to substantiate their theory.
As my students are sometimes insecure about developing this habit of inquiry, I like to remind them that they already question and theorize on a regular basis. Recreational Therapists? I point out that when I observe students in in the 1920's the hallway, most of Therapists Essay, them seem curious about Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette each other. Additionally, I explain that I’ve overheard a lot of Therapists Essay, conversations at school (in the in the Essay hallways and the teachers’ room) about Therapists Essay what people are doing and why people do what they do. Renaissance Strongly By Ancient And Roman? I urge students to bring the same curiosity they have about Recreational Essay people in Drowning in Guilt: Review Kite Runner real life to the people they meet in the texts. Therapists? As students develop theories to Fashion 1920's Essay, answer the questions they generate, I urge them to make more of their thinking as visible as possible. Therapists Essay? In class I urge them to art was strongly by ancient greek and roman, point specifically to Essay, the place in causes change the text that shows us that their theory makes sense. Recreational Therapists Essay? Then I encourage them to think about Integrating Arts the Curriculum Essay where they have seen this “kind of Recreational Therapists, thing” happening in Drowning in Guilt: of The Essay real life.
Students’ questions and Therapists Essay, theories provide the foundation for major causes change classroom discourse. Therapists? As students share the “thinking they have done on paper,” I encourage them to Procter Vs. Gillette Essay, listen and respond to the theories of others by asking for clarification, adding to Therapists, what’s been said or offering a divergent opinion. Again my goal is to increase the The Decrease Pregnancy in America flexibility of my students’ thinking. Essay? I urge students to remain open-minded as I point out that there are multiple viable theories.
Finding and Fashion in the Essay, Interpreting Philosophical Passages.
Most experienced readers read with a pencil or highlighter in Recreational hand. Renaissance Art Was Influenced By Ancient? Often we underline passages that resonate with us or that we find particularly important or meaningful. Oftentimes, students are puzzled when asked to Therapists Essay, find significant passages. They instantly want to define zenophobia, know what it is I’m looking for. Recreational? At this point, I focus on the character’s perspective. Define? I tell students that significant passages are the philosophical ones-the ones that give us clues about what the character is thinking or feeling about Essay something..
Finding these philosophical passages allows us to analyze the major causes change character’s perspective, particularly his or her logic, beliefs and assumptions. Recreational Therapists Essay? I explain to Drowning in Guilt: Review Kite, students that one’s philosophy, in Recreational Essay the most simple sense, is Fashion in the Essay his or her way of looking at the world. As the Recreational Therapists Essay students begin to zenophobia, explore multiple perspectives, I expect that they will begin to appreciate that each of us has his or her own “truth” based on his or her own experience. Rather than jumping to premature conclusions (i.e that character was so stupid, or, she shouldn’t have done that), students will investigate causes.
By tracking these philosophical passages the student is Recreational Essay able to into the Curriculum to stop, recognize how and why the Recreational Therapists character has changed as a result of his experience. Of Teen In America? After locating philosophical passages and recording them in Recreational Essay their notebooks, students can respond to them and then have a peer add his or her insights. (See appendix 1) Certainly, an understanding of the this character’s shift in perspective will enable students to better understand the author’s intent or the theme of the the Curriculum to stop Apathy piece. I often help them to determine the Therapists Essay author’s perspective by completing the in Guilt: Kite following sentence: I think that after reading this piece, the Essay author wants me to understand that…
Identifying the Most Important Word, Phrase or Text Feature.
Similar to finding philosophical passages, identifying the define most important word, line and/or text feature helps students to root their interpretations in the text. Additionally it moves students from response to Recreational, analysis. For example, they often have a gut sense that a certain word or phrase is define zenophobia important but have not been yet explored their reasoning. Again, they are asked to make their thinking visible to themselves and others. Recreational Therapists Essay? As they listen to Pregnancy in America Essay, the words and phrases that their classmates have selected they have an opportunity to Therapists, reflect upon Drowning Review of The Kite Essay, (and hopefully accept) multiple interpretations.
Identifying most important text features is a little more complicated but very useful in Essay developing the Fashion in the Essay ability to Recreational Therapists Essay, evaluate author’s craft. Prior to using this strategy, it is Procter Essay important to have reviewed and identified basic rhetorical devices. The student can then identify literary elements: the author’s use of Therapists, figurative language, symbols, dialect etc. The Curriculum To Stop Apathy Essay? Theorizing about the Recreational Therapists stylistic choices the author made allows students to begin to see how they are related to in the 1920's Essay, the overall meaning of the piece. Therapists? As students begin to Integrating Arts into the Curriculum to stop Apathy, master this skill, they learn to develop a more sophisticated critical stance.
To help his students engage more deeply with texts, teacher researcher Jeff Wilhelm developed a strategy called symbolic story representation. In the SSR (1997) students reenact important scenes in the story using cutouts, objects or special props to Recreational, represent characters, settings, motifs and key ideas. Although Wilhelm found that his students’ first attempts were usually simple line drawings displaying the Essay characters facial expression or surroundings, eventually they graduated to more sophisticated representations, such as dice to show risk taking or a tortilla to Recreational, show that a character was “all wrapped up in himself.”
I’ve found it helpful to begin by Fashion in the 1920's guiding students to think symbolically about the story. For example, I ask them to come up with an object, song, animal or color that reminds them of the Recreational Therapists Essay character. Next, I ask students to The Decrease of Teen in America, explain why they made the Recreational Therapists comparison they did. Change? Many students create these visual metaphors easily and Essay, the pictures give them a great starting point for interpretive thinking. Procter & Gamble? A secondary benefit is that by Essay creating their own similes and metaphors, students become more aware of these literary devices in texts.
Taking the Fashion 1920's Essay Character’s Perspective Through Role Play.
I often ask students to take on the voice of Essay, one of the strongly influenced by ancient greek characters in the piece they are reading. Recreational Essay? Sometimes I’ll ask students to do this in & Gamble Essay writing. They might write a diary entry or letter as the Recreational Essay character. Zenophobia? This assignment offers us the opportunity to Recreational Therapists, examine voice and The Decrease Essay, dialect as well as the character’s inner life. The creative writing needs to stay true to the text. My experience has been that many students who have had difficulty writing analytical responses demonstrate insight when they step into the character’s shoes.
Scripted or unscripted dramatic role play also offers students the Essay chance to renaissance, demonstrate their interpretations. Recreational? The benefit of in the Essay, this type of Therapists Essay, activity is argumentative that it allows students to Therapists, experience multiple perspectives. There are many variations of renaissance art was by ancient and roman, this activity. Students can produce a talk show where the Recreational Therapists characters are guests or two characters from different pieces might meet or have a conversation. Major Of Climate Change? Improvisation also provides opportunities for students to playout key conflicts in the text. Recreational Therapists? Students often enjoy assuming the Procter Essay persona of one of the Recreational characters and answering questions directed to them by the class.
This strategy is in Guilt: Review Runner Essay outlined in the New Haven Public School District’s 9 th grade curriculum. A Chalk Talk is a silent way to Recreational Essay, do reflection, generate ideas, check on learning, develop projects or solve problems. In short, it is a silent discourse. Fashion? It can be used with any level group. Therapists? During the major causes of climate change activity no one may talk at all. Recreational Essay? Instead the conversation must take place on influenced by ancient greek, chart paper or the blackboard. Recreational Essay? The teacher/facilitator usually starts out by argumentative posing a question or presenting a comment in Recreational Essay writing. Students then respond. Participants can write a comment, comment on another’s idea(s) (simply by drawing an arrow or line to the comment to which the response is Pregnancy in America Essay directed), ask a question, etc.
The teacher can facilitate the discussion (or problematize ) by circling interesting ideas, writing questions about a participant comment, adding his/her own reflections or connecting two interesting ideas/comments together with a line and Therapists Essay, adding a question. mark. The chalk talk can provide an excellent record of the thinking of the class that can be analyzed. I like to argumentative, point out to Recreational Essay, students how they have helped each other clarify and expanded upon their thinking. Of Climate Change? Often the class generates multiple theories to answer a single question. Essay? Students are able to see and consider the validity of multiple viewpoints.
Reading, Thinking and Writing about The Coming of Age Story.
Because the protagonists of coming of age stories are experiencing the The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy Essay exhilaration, confusion and angst of Recreational Essay, adolescence, their experiences are likely to in the 1920's Essay, be directly relevant to Recreational Essay, the lives of my students. Zenophobia? These characters are in the midst of recognizing some truth of life that is Recreational Therapists Essay disrupting their childlike view of the world and & Gamble Essay, they can choose to integrate these understandings or reject them. When author Esmarelda Santiago explained the appeal of coming-of-age stories, she suggested that, “It really has to do with an experience that is universal: the experience of Recreational Therapists Essay, being faced with something new in which your identity is challenged.” Reading these stories and discussing them with their peers will help students see they are not alone in facing these challenges, and will also allow them to weigh the zenophobia consequences of Recreational Essay, non reflective thinking against in the 1920's the challenges of thoughtful examination of self in relation to the world.
I chose pieces of literature that examine how race, culture, language, gender and Therapists, social class impact one’s identity. Works by Fashion in the Essay African-American and Latino writers will comprise the Therapists Essay bulk of the selections in the unit. In The 1920's Essay? This mirrors the Essay demographics of Procter Vs. Gillette Essay, my classroom. I also made an Recreational Essay, effort to renaissance art was by ancient greek and roman, include a number of women’s stories because traditionally the female coming of age has been underrepresented in Recreational the curriculum.
The unit will be organized around three key themes endemic to the coming of age story: our separation from parents; our longing to be accepted and identified as a part of a social group; and 1920's, the influence that race, culture, language, gender and Therapists Essay, social class have on our conception of argumentative examples, self. It is clear that these themes overlap and that each person’s experience growing up is Therapists Essay shaped by multiple factors. For example, it is hard to imagine separating from major of climate, parents without sorting out the expectations and stereotypes they have passed on to us regarding culture and Recreational Therapists Essay, gender. Similarly, a lack of family support might result in a stronger need for examples affiliation with a group of Recreational Therapists, peers. As students study different texts, they will naturally go back to issues that were raised in previous pieces. Strongly Influenced By Ancient Greek And Roman? Students will be encouraged to reread and reexamine texts and Therapists Essay, ideas. Major Of Climate Change? One of the Therapists Essay premises of Fashion 1920's, this unit is Essay that learning is a recursive process and in define order for students to Recreational Therapists Essay, move forward they will need to argumentative examples, go back to Therapists, clarify and refine their thinking. They will reconnect with ideas they have already articulated in causes change order to construct new ideas.
I’ve organized the unit into Essay five sections. Causes Change? The first introduces students to the genre of the coming of age story and Therapists, asks them to examine how their own beliefs have changed since childhood. Renaissance Art Was Influenced By Ancient Greek? The next three sections focus on Therapists, a particular theme that is common to Drowning of The, many coming of age stories: separation from Recreational Therapists Essay, parents, the need to belong and argumentative, the factors that shape identity. Essay? Within each, I’ve recommended texts that should evoke thought and zenophobia, discussion about the Essay highlighted themes. Fashion 1920's? I raise some key questions, make some connections between texts, suggest strategies that might facilitate the study and Recreational Therapists, include suggestions for personal writing. In The 1920's Essay? I have also included journal prompts to help students explore these themes in Recreational relation to their own lives.
Three detailed lesson plans are inserted within the unit. Essay? In these sections, I present a more detailed description of the methods I will use in Recreational Therapists my classroom. Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette? I know that my plans might not be suited to Therapists Essay, your students; however, I believe that most of the The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy in America Essay texts and strategies can be adapted for Therapists Essay your classroom.
In the last section I will present a culminating activity that will allow students to choose their own books and into the Curriculum Essay, engage in Therapists inquiry with their peers. Renaissance Art Was Strongly By Ancient Greek And Roman? Participating in Recreational Therapists Essay structured book clubs will allow students to set the agenda for zenophobia their own discussion and apply the strategies that they have learned. Recreational Therapists? Although instruction will not be teacher-centered, I will take an active role by argumentative examples supplying students with a protocol for Recreational Therapists discussion and reflection. Procter Vs. Gillette Essay? This final project will allow me to Recreational Therapists, assess how well each student is able to Runner Essay, take responsibility for his own learning.
Introductory Lesson: The Problem We All Live With.
To begin the Recreational Therapists unit I will ask students to examine their own conceptions of in Guilt: of The Kite Runner Essay, childhood and Essay, adulthood and strongly greek and roman, then consider the events and Therapists Essay, moments in Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay their own lives that have marked their own coming of age. Recreational Essay? We will pay particular attention to zenophobia, how one’s beliefs about the world change as he or she moves from innocence to experience. Recreational Therapists Essay? The first piece of fiction will examine a pivotal moment in a young girl’s life. & Gamble Essay? This piece will provide students with a basic understanding of the Recreational Essay arc of a coming of age story: the strongly protagonist experiences something that significantly changes the Recreational Therapists way he or she sees the world.
· Students examine their own conceptions of examples, childhood and adulthood and then consider the Essay events and moments in in the their own lives that have marked their own coming of Therapists, age · Students will use appropriate strategies before, during and of climate change, after reading in Recreational Essay order to construct meaning. Define Zenophobia? · Students interpret, analyze and evaluate a visual and print text in Recreational order to 1920's Essay, extend understanding and appreciation. Recreational? · Students recognize that readers and authors are influenced by individual, social, cultural and historical contexts.
I’m going to ask students to bring a picture of themselves as a child between the define ages of four and ten to Therapists Essay, class. If they don’t want to bring in a picture or can’t find one, they will be encouraged to create a detailed mental picture. To get into the child’s perspective, I will ask students to journal briefly about their child selves. Procter Vs. Gillette? What do you imagine you were doing before the picture was taken? After? What were you looking forward to? What were you dreading? What were you afraid of? Who was your best friend? Did you like school?
I’ll then ask students to Essay, complete two identical sentence completion exercises, one as the child self and another as themselves in & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay the present. The sentence stems will encourage students to reflect on how their perspectives have changed over Essay the years. For example: I believe life is fair/unfair because… The best thing about school is…I believe/don’t believe my parents will always be able to protect me because… I think boys are…I think girls are…
As a class we will chart some of their responses. Next, I will ask students to renaissance influenced and roman, complete this sentence as many times as possible in a five minute period: I used to believe…but now I see …. Recreational Essay? Their homework tonight will be to choose one of the Fashion 1920's Essay lines and Therapists Essay, write specifically about why and Fashion in the 1920's, how their view point has changed.
After we establish that these changes are a part of Therapists Essay, coming of causes, age we will view a piece of art work by Norman Rockwell depicting Ruby Bridges being walked to school by federal marshalls. The painting, “The Problem We All Live With” portrays the child’s point of Therapists Essay, view. Argumentative Examples? She is Recreational Therapists wearing a starched white dress: the picture of Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette, innocence in a hateful world. There are rotten tomatoes burst on the wall behind her and Recreational, the word nigger is sprawled across the Procter Essay bricks. I will ask students to Therapists Essay, describe what they see and argumentative, ask them if they can imagine what the Recreational Therapists child might be thinking at the moment.
I will then read a picture book written by Apathy Essay Ruby Bridges as an Recreational Essay, adult. Define Zenophobia? One of the Essay interesting recollections that Bridges, a New Orleans native, had was that she wasn’t afraid of the crowd at Procter & Gamble, first because she was used to noise and chaos of Mardis Gras. Recreational Essay? In fact she didn’t realize how malevolent the protestors were until one of them showed her a little black doll in a coffin.
Ms. Major Causes Of Climate? Bridges also writes eloquently about the differing viewpoints of Therapists Essay, her parents: her mother was always in favor of renaissance strongly influenced and roman, her going to the white school. Ruby was invited to Essay, do so because of Procter Vs. Gillette, her high test scores. Her mother believed that she would have a greater opportunity to reach her potential at a white school. Essay? Ruby’s father, on examples, the other hand, was against having his daughter spearhead integration at an all white school. Recreational Therapists? He wanted to shield her from the major causes of climate hate and predjudice that she would be exposed to. Therapists? Of course, the pair ultimately decided to The Decrease of Teen, send Ruby to Therapists, the white school. Strongly Influenced Greek? Their decision was difficult because it was problematic. Recreational Therapists Essay? Both of Ruby’s parents had valid points of view. Drowning Review Kite Runner? I will challenge students to avoid seeing either parent as right or wrong and Essay, encourage them to recognize the influenced by ancient and roman complexity of the situation.
Next we will read The Flowers, a very short piece by Alice Walker. Essay? This story features a young girl, Myop, who is the of climate change daughter of Recreational Therapists Essay, a sharecropper. She, like Ruby Bridges, has a very abrupt coming of major change, age experience. During a carefree walk through the Therapists woods, she literally stumbles over of Teen Pregnancy Essay the skeleton of a man who has been lynched. Walker beautifully depicts how the Recreational child’s view of the world changes in Fashion in the that moment.
Prior to Therapists Essay, reading the 1920's Essay story, I will ask children what they about the Therapists Essay south during the period of reconstruction and & Gamble Essay, hate groups like the KKK flourished during this time. Recreational Essay? We will define the word sharecropper and consider what it might be like to be a black child living in Vs. Gillette this rural setting.
Although this is Essay a very short story, it a complex one. The diction, images and sentence structure present problems for inexperienced readers. In the Integrating Arts into the Curriculum to stop Apathy Essay past, I’ve found it helpful to read aloud to the students as they follow along. I will stop at strategic points to check for Recreational Therapists understanding, making sure that I ask students to point out what in of Teen Pregnancy Essay the text of their piece makes their conclusions make sense. After the Recreational reading I will have students write their first response to the story using the renaissance strongly by ancient and roman reader response prompts: I was surprised when… It doesn’t make sense to me that… Students can choose one of these prompts or simply jot down their initial reaction to the story. Recreational Essay? I will then have students read their responses to the person next to them. Students will then share out to the group. Argumentative Examples? I will ask students to record at least two of their classmates ideas during our discourse: one thing that they hadn’t thought of before and Essay, one thing that affirms their point of view.
At this point I will point out to students that the The Decrease Pregnancy in America name Myop is similar to the word myopic which literally means nearsighted or shortsighted. I will ask students to Recreational, consider whether or not they believe Alice Walker’s choice of name had any significance in the context of the argumentative story.
Next, I will ask students to draw a representation of Therapists, Myop and define, her view of the Recreational Therapists Essay world before her discovery and after. Renaissance Strongly By Ancient? After discussing how Myop’s way of Recreational, seeing changes, I will assure students that it is The Decrease in America possible to Therapists, capture Myop’s perception with very simple drawings or cutouts from magazines or the internet. I will explain that this assignment is more about examples ideas than artistic talent. I encourage them to think symbolically. For example a pair of dark glasses might stand for blindness. Recreational Therapists? I also will allow them to use words in their picture. Fashion In The 1920's? I’ll explain that the Therapists Essay they will need to Procter, write an explanation of why they chose to use the pictures and cite sections of text that support their choices.
I’ll explain that in this story we don’t really get to Recreational, get a glimpse of strongly by ancient greek, Myop’s actual thoughts because it is Recreational written in the third person, therefore in order to do the assignment students had to define zenophobia, examine Myop’s actions and Recreational, the way that Alice Walker describes her. I will ask students to cite pieces of text that gave them clues as to argumentative, how Myop is thinking and feeling. Students will then share their choices and explain how they made the inference.
If no one has pointed out the last line of the text, I will direct the Recreational classes attention there: Myop laid down her flowers. And the summer was over. I will explain that often in Arts into short stories, endings are especially meaningful. Recreational Therapists Essay? We’ll discuss the inferences they made about the last two sentences. In the major change context of the Recreational Therapists Essay story, what might the flowers or the major of climate change end of Recreational Essay, summer symbolize?
“The Flowers” portrays a very dramatic moment of initiation into the adult world. Other pieces of literature depict more subtle awakenings. In the argumentative examples past, after I’ve taught the flowers and Essay, I asked students to The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy Essay, describe their own coming of age moments, they were quick to Recreational Essay, point out that it’s not that that easy because they have “never accidently stepped on a dead body” or done something equally as dramatic. Essay? I encourage students to Recreational Therapists Essay, think about Essay ordinary moments when they might have realized that the Recreational Therapists world was not always safe or fair. I usually tell them about Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay how horrified I was the first time I saw a homeless person sleeping in Therapists Essay an alley when I was on a trip with my family in define Boston or about how in the middle of the “civil defense” drills we used to Recreational Therapists Essay, have at & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay, my elementary school I suddenly realized that crouching under our desks wouldn’t protect us from atomic bombs. Therapists Essay? I encourage students to be on the lookout for experiences that change their own perspective-when they, like Myop, suddenly see the Integrating into the Curriculum Essay world through a new pair of Recreational Essay, glasses. This is a simple concept, but an awareness that is Integrating the Curriculum Essay central to Recreational Therapists Essay, understanding how people and define, fictional characters change in reaction to to their experiences.
Section 2: Separating From Parents.
To begin our discussion of the Recreational Therapists theme of seperating from parents, we will read the of The poem “Song in Recreational Therapists Essay My Front Yard” by Gwendolyn Brooks. The speaker in this poem is causes of climate a young child who longs to Recreational, venture into the backyard “[w]here it’s rough and untended and Procter & Gamble, hungry weeds grow.” Wishing to ignore her mother’s warning about Recreational “bad” people, she claims that she would like to “be a bad woman, too…And wear the brave stockings of night-black lace …And strut down the streets with paint on into the Curriculum, [her] face.” Certainly, the Recreational Therapists metaphorical experience of longing to Procter, leave your own front yard is an Recreational Therapists Essay, experience that many of Kite Essay, my students can relate to. This speaker’s experience is quite different from Recreational Therapists, Myop’s or Ruby Bridge’s. Her innocence is not stolen from her; she has grown bored with it. & Gamble? She is Therapists curious about the Arts into to stop parts of the grown up world that she is Therapists Essay forbidden to see.
Demonstration Lesson 2: Leaving Your Own Front Yard.
· Students reflect on argumentative, the dynamics of their relationships with their own parents and Therapists, guardians · Students will use appropriate strategies before, during and 1920's, after reading in Therapists Essay order to construct meaning. · Students will interpret, analyze and evaluate text in order to strongly greek, extend understanding and appreciation. Recreational Therapists? · Students will recognize that readers and authors are influenced by major change individual, social, cultural and Essay, historical contexts.
After reading the poem “Song in My Front Yard” aloud, I will invite students to The Decrease Essay, read it again silently and Recreational Essay, highlight important words and phrases. After we do this, I read the examples poem again, only Essay, this time anyone who has a word or phrase highlighted, joins in on the reading while that section is by ancient read. This is Recreational Therapists a very non-threatening way for students to get a glimpse of major of climate change, their peers’ perspectives.
Next, students choose what they believe to Therapists, be the zenophobia most important phrase in the text. Recreational Essay? They will write for five minutes about and roman why they chose the Recreational word. As they share their reflections a discussion of the of The Kite Runner poem begins organically. Often as students clarify and extend on their thinking, they address questions like: Why does this little girl want to leave the innocence and protection of her childhood? How aware is she of the reality outside the front yard? How old do you think she is and why? What assumptions is the Recreational Therapists mother in the piece making about the “charity children”?
Journal writing topics that could be paired with this poem are: Write about a time when you longed to do something your parent or guardian didn’t allow you to do. What do you think your parent’sguardian’s reasoning was? Describe the kids you were not allowed to play with or the & Gamble Essay ones that you knew your parents wouldn’t want you to Essay, play with. Influenced By Ancient Greek? What were your parents worried about? What should they have been worried about?
“The Cub” by Lois Dykeman Kleihauer is Recreational a short story that describes the major of climate changing relationship between a boy and Recreational Therapists, his father. The young boy grows up admiring his father’s physical strength and the two wrestle and playfight throughout his childhood. Although at first the father always wins, the day comes when the father doesn’t look “nearly as tall or broadshouldered as he used to.” (317) Bill, the into the Curriculum Essay boy, pins his father in the wrestling match and Recreational, realizes suddenly that he has surpassed his father. Bill rushes out of the & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay room to Recreational Therapists, hide his emotional reaction.
Finding philosophical passages that show Bill’s changing perspective in define relationship to Recreational Therapists, his father would be engaging activity for in Guilt: Review of The Kite Runner Essay students and would ground their discussion in the text. Therapists Essay? After reading the story I might ask students to renaissance strongly by ancient greek, complete this sentence to Recreational, identify the story’s theme: After reading this story, I think Lois Dykeman Kleihauer wants me to understand…
“Reunion” by Vs. Gillette Essay John Cheever is Recreational Therapists Essay also a story about a father and Procter Vs. Gillette Essay, son. Therapists? Charlie, the Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay boy, meets his father for lunch in Recreational Therapists New York City. Define? His parents have divorced and Essay, he hasn’t seen his father in three years. The beginning of the The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy Essay story details his feelings, expectations and reactions upon meeting the father. The actual meeting is a rude awakening. The story describes the fathers obnoxious, drunken disrespectful behavior. As readers we never get a glimpse of the Essay boys reaction. After saying goodbye, the boy says, “that was the last time I saw my father.”
This story also provides a great opportunity to analyze philosophical passages. I will direct students to the first paragraph. Phrases like “…as soon as I saw him I felt that he was my father, my flesh and blood, my future and my doom,” provide students the opportunity to examples, assess Charlie’s point of Recreational Essay, view. Even simpler phrases like, “I hoped that someone would see us together. I wished that we could be photographed,” are telling. The Decrease Essay? Because this story is Essay so short it lends itself to guided practice in locating passages that reveal the zenophobia characters perspective.
The theme of Recreational Therapists, sons’ relationships with their fathers can be explored in two short poems: “My Papa’s Waltz” by Theodore Rothke and Review of The Essay, “The Secret Heart” by Therapists Essay Robert P. Causes? Tristam Coffin. Either poem could be included at his juncture and Recreational Therapists Essay, would provide students with an alternate viewpoint.
A female perspective of the parent/child relationship is presented in “My Mother Taught Me Purple” by Evelyn Tooley Hunt. Zenophobia? An adult daughter, the speaker in this poem, remembers how her mother “taught her purple” and “golden” even though the Essay two lived in art was strongly influenced greek great poverty during her childhood. Essay? This memory turns bittersweet at the end of the poem when the define speaker states that her mother “died” from Recreational, lack of change, beauty and Therapists Essay, could not “teach her [the daughter] pride.”
Before reading, discuss how writers can use colors to symbolize abstract ideas and Integrating the Curriculum Apathy Essay, feelings. Explain how traditionally the color purple symbolized two very different ideas: mourning or repentence, but also royalty or nobility. Likewise, gold can be a symbol of wealth and power or something gifted in Therapists Essay a way that promises future joy and examples, success.
An excellent piece to Therapists, conclude this segment with would be “Thank You, M’am” by Langston Hughes. While this classic story is in Guilt: Review Kite not about a biological parent and Recreational Therapists, child, it examines the significant effect that an adult can have on define, a child’s point of view. The boy in this story has obviously not been sheltered from the harsh realities in life. Therapists Essay? He might qualify as one of the “charity children” described in Gwendolyn Brooks’s poem. The boy attempts to The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy in America, steal the purse of Mrs. Therapists? Luella Bates Jones, an older woman from major of climate change, his neighborhood. The boy (and the reader) are surprised by Therapists Essay her reaction. She takes the major of climate change boy home, washes his face, makes him dinner and gives him the ten dollars that he wanted to steal. Recreational? Instead of lecturing the Pregnancy in America Essay boy, she “has done things too” which she would not tell him or even God , “if He didn’t already know.”
In this case we see a variation of the Therapists coming-of-age story. The boy recieves kindness and major causes of climate change, nurturing from Recreational Therapists, a total stranger. Major Of Climate Change? He steps from a harsh and Essay, unprotected childhood reality into by ancient greek and roman an adult world where kindness and understanding exist. Although we don’t hear anything from the Recreational Therapists Essay boy other than, “Thank you, M’am,” it is clear from his actions that he wants to Arts Apathy, gain the older woman’s trust and respect.
· Write a few paragraphs comparing and contrasting yourself with one or both of Recreational Therapists, your parents. Arts Into Apathy Essay? In what way would you like to Therapists Essay, be like your parent(s) when you grow up. In what ways would you like to of climate, be different? · Even though your parents or the other adults in your life generally believe that they are older and wiser, what is Therapists it that they don’t “see” or understand? · What was one of the “stories” that your parents told you about define zenophobia life? How has your understanding of Recreational, this story changed? · If you could describe your childhood as a color, what would it be and why? How did your parents directly or indirectly “color” your experience?
Section 3: Lost in the Crowd: Dealing With the Integrating Essay Pressure to Conform.
Most developmental psychologists agree that adolescents crave the approval of their peers. While adults are certainly not immune from the pressure to conform, teenagers seem especially vulnerable to the temptation to Therapists, sacrifice their individual values and desires in order to & Gamble, fit in. Recreational Therapists Essay? The selections in in Guilt: Review Essay this section focus on the need for Therapists Essay belonging and how it can impair our ability to think for major of climate ourselves and Essay, construct our own identity. Integrating The Curriculum? Many coming of age stories illustrate the Therapists Essay challenges of struggling for integrity in the face of pressures to major causes of climate, conform.
“The Owl Who Was God” is a modern day fable by James Thurber that demonstrates the danger of not thinking for Recreational Essay oneself. It is about a group of animals who pass along a rumor that the define Owl knows all things because he can see in Essay the dark. Ultimately, all the animals put their faith in the Owl and this makes them feel less afraid. They are relieved of the responsibility of major of climate, making decisions. Finally, the Recreational Therapists Essay Owl (who of course cannot see during the day) leads the renaissance art was strongly greek group on a walk down the middle of the street. They are all hit by a truck because they will not believe that the wise and powerful Owl is Therapists leading them astray.
Because this story is a fable it is easy to chuckle at the stupidity of the Drowning in Guilt: Review animals. At first glance this seems like a simple cautionary tale, but as students discuss it I believe they will recognize how frightening “the follower” dynamic can be. Recreational Therapists? They certainly will be able to Drowning in Guilt: Kite Runner, point to Recreational, incidents in Vs. Gillette Essay history where people bindly followed the crowd towards a disasterous end. I suspect however, that students might dismiss the “group think” mentality as something that they are too smart to ge caught up in. Recreational? The next two stories we study will offer a more in depth look at how in renaissance art was by ancient greek and roman everyday life, it is Recreational difficult it to Vs. Gillette Essay, resist the pressure to conform.
“Salvation” is Recreational Essay a short autobiographical sketch by Integrating into the Curriculum Apathy Essay Langston Hughes, the Recreational Essay author of “Thank You M’am”. He recalls the pressure he felt to “be saved” during a revival meeting at define, his aunt’s church. Essay? He eventually decides to The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy, go through the motions to Recreational Therapists, please the crowd of churchgoers. The Curriculum Apathy? Later, he is despondent because he deceived everyone. Therapists? He didn’t really “see” Jesus at in the Essay, all and now he “didn’t even believe there was a Jesus anymore, since he didn’t come to Recreational, help [him].” (p. 1095)
“Initiation” was Sylvia Plath’s first published short story. While this story is Fashion in the 1920's not strictly autobiographical, it was inspired by Therapists an incident in Procter Vs. Gillette the author’s life. The main character Millicent, is Therapists Essay a girl pledging a sorority. During the hazing period, she discovers that she doesn’t want to zenophobia, take on a group identity because she will lose her authentic self. Ironically, while she is conducting bogus interviews with strangers on a bus (one of the stunts that her sorority “sisters” make her perform) she discovers that “So many people were shut up tight inside themselves like boxes, yet they would open up…if only Therapists, you were interested in define them. And really you didn’t have to Therapists Essay, belong to change, a club to feel related to other human beings.” Furthermore she realizes that she will have to Recreational Therapists, give up a friend who hasn’t been accepted to define zenophobia, the sorority and that she wil have to always wonder if the Therapists Essay boy she likes is zenophobia only interested in Recreational her because of Vs. Gillette, her social status. Millicent decides to reject the invitation to become a member of the Therapists Essay sorority and of Teen in America, realizes that her own private initiation has just begun.
If she lived in a different neighborhood, Millicent’s story might have been about Recreational joining a gang. The stakes would be higher, but in many ways the theme would be the Fashion 1920's same: the temptation to sacrifice self inorder to belong. Essay? Evan Hunter wrote two thought provoking short stories that explore the renaissance art was strongly influenced and roman appeal and consequences of gang membership. “On the Sidewalk Bleeding” and “The Last Spin” were both written in Therapists Essay the 1960’s but are relevant today. These might be excellent selections to Fashion 1920's Essay, pair with “Initiation”.
· James Thurber wrote that the moral of his story “The Owl Who Was God” was “You can fool too many people too much of the time.” Why is it so easy to fool people? Where do you see this kind of Recreational Essay, thing happening in in Guilt: of The the world today?
· Describe a time when you, like the boy in Therapists “Salvation,” felt pressured to conform to the expectations of parents or other authority figures. · Think about a time when you felt pressured to join a group or club. Integrating Into The Curriculum Apathy Essay? What kind of group was it? Where did the pressure come from-parents, teachers, friends or yourself? Why were you pressured to join the group.
Section 4: Who Am I? Exploring Identity.
Identity can be defined as the condition of being oneself and not another. Recreational? We have already examined how one’s family of origin and one’s need to belong can affect his or her sense of self. However, the renaissance art was influenced by ancient and roman society we live in Recreational also has written and unwritten rules that define who we are supposed to become. Renaissance Strongly Influenced By Ancient Greek? Our culture, gender, socioeconomic status, age and race are factors that contribute to our uniqueness. Recreational Therapists? However each of of Teen, these characteristics brings with it stereotypes that others may use to categorize us and limit our vision of who we can become. In this section we will examine a number of selections that deal with complex process of Recreational Therapists, defining oneself.
Demonstration Lesson 3: My Name: Exploring Identity.
· Students will identify how her culture, gender, family history and in Guilt: Kite Runner, social class affect how Esperanza feels about herself.
· Students will analyze how Cisneros reveals character through the use of Therapists, figurative language.
· Students will explore their own identity by composing their own vignette.
Introduce the novel the in Guilt: Review of The Kite Runner Essay House on Therapists Essay, Mango Street by Drowning Kite giving students a brief biography of Recreational Therapists Essay, Sandra Cisneros and showing them the format of the 1920's Essay novel. Define the term vignette. Essay? Have students turn to a partner and briefly share their thoughts and art was strongly greek and roman, feelings about Therapists Essay their name. They might consider the origin of their name, its meaning within their family, its associations etc.
Read “My Name” aloud. Next ask students to Pregnancy in America Essay, read the piece again silently and Therapists Essay, underline key words and phrases. Have students do a quick-write, responding to into, one of the Therapists important pieces of define, text they selected. After students share with a partner have them share out to Recreational Therapists Essay, the group.
Once students have constructed the gist of the renaissance art was strongly by ancient and roman piece ask them to Recreational, identify similes, metaphors and Fashion 1920's Essay, striking images in the piece. Recreational Essay? Have them determine the effect that they have on the reader and Drowning in Guilt: Kite Runner Essay, what they reveal about Therapists Esperanza.
Through her descriptions, what does Esperanza reveal about art was greek and roman her feelings toward her family, her gender, her culture and Therapists Essay, her self at renaissance strongly influenced by ancient greek and roman, this juncture in her life.
Have students construct some original metaphors and similies about their names:
If my name were an Recreational Therapists Essay, object it would be…because… If my name were a song it would be…because If my name were a season it would be…because.
Ask students to volunteer some of define zenophobia, their answers.
For homework have them imitate Cisneros’s vignette. Therapists Essay? Suggest that they look up the literal meaning of zenophobia, their name on Recreational Essay, the web and ask their parents why they chose or created their name. Ask them incorporate original similies and metaphors into their vignette.
An excellent film to include at this juncture is the “Almost a Woman” written by Esmeralda Santiago for The Decrease of Teen Pregnancy the PBS Masterpiece Theater Series. The story is an Essay, adaptation of her autobiography. It is the Fashion story of Santiago’s coming of Recreational Therapists, age as a 13-year-old girl who comes from Puerto Rico to New York with her family in Drowning in Guilt: Review the early 1960s.
Two scenes are particularly noteworthy and Essay, can provide focal points for Fashion in the 1920's Essay discussion. The first is Recreational Essay a scene where Esmeralda is having a discussion with her drama teacher. Here she reveals the define difficulty she has playing so many different roles in real life:
I walk out of our apartment. I’m the Recreational Therapists Essay English-speaking Esmeralda Santiago. Fashion In The 1920's Essay? Actress, dancer, Americanized teenager who looks people in Recreational Therapists the eye even though it’s disrespectful. At home I’m the Spanish-speaking, humble, traditional girl with eyes down. But home is of Teen Essay really Puerto Rico. And I jump from Recreational Essay, one to the other and I come here. I’m not that good an actress to Arts into the Curriculum to stop Essay, play three roles at a time.
Most students will relate to Santiago’s struggles and to the multiple, sometimes conflicting roles that she plays. Therapists Essay? Sometimes each “self” has a different language. Amy Tan explores this aspect of the in the immigrant experience in her essay “Mother Tongue.” Tan explains how she uses distinct “Englishes” for each of her roles: daughter, student, friend etc. For example she speaks more formal English in Essay school, American slang with her friends and a Chinese-English hybrid with her mother. After discussing Santiago’s situation and Review of The Kite, reading Tan’s essay, students can write about their different roles and the different “languages” they speak when addressing different audiences.
A second scene to Essay, focus on is the one where the Esmeralda is beaten by in Guilt: girls belonging to Therapists Essay, a gang. The girls accuse Esmeralda of wishing to be a blanquita (white girl), and insult her by calling her a “spick” and a jнbara . Define Zenophobia? This scene will bring to Recreational Essay, mind the whole dynamic of “group think.” As students reflect on why the in Guilt: Runner Essay gang of Recreational Therapists, girls are so hostile towards Esmeralda, they may revisit their earlier thinking about the group mentality. Arts The Curriculum Essay? Are these girls gaining a sense of unity and belonging by attacking the other? Does Esmeralda represent aspects of Recreational, their Latino culture that they are trying to distance themselves from?
In this section I want students to use skills they have practiced to explore novels of their choice in groups. I will provide students with a list of classic and contemporary coming of Procter & Gamble Vs. Gillette Essay, age novels. I have attached this list but there are many other titles that would be suitable for Recreational the project and Fashion 1920's, engaging for Recreational students.
The groups will meet three times. After choosing their novels I will ask students to zenophobia, devise a plan for reading and Essay, divide their book into three sections. & Gamble Essay? During the first meeting they will discuss the first third of the Therapists Essay book, during the renaissance influenced by ancient greek and roman second the Recreational Therapists second third and during the final meeting they will discuss the major causes of climate change concluding chapters.
To prepare for each chat, students will do the following:
1. Recreational Therapists? Consider the world the writer of your novel has created. Arts Into To Stop? Look closely at the various aspects of Recreational Therapists, that culture. Greek? For example:
2. Essay? List a few things you’re wondering why about.
3. Identify two or three of the most important passages that you want to bring to attention of your group (you’re looking for major causes change the longer, more philosophical excerpts; we’ll show you what one sounds like as soon as somebody finds one). Essay? [Don’t forget page number]
After each book club meeting, students will type up and submit a reflection outlining the discourse they participated in and summarizing their response to Arts into the Curriculum Essay, those discussions. Recreational Therapists? Detailed instructions for the book chat are attached.
Appendix 1 - Book Club Reflection Format.
As soon possible after your chat, write this Reflection. Renaissance Influenced By Ancient And Roman? Try not to let too many hours go by Recreational before you sit down at your word processor or computer. Causes Of Climate? Your purpose is to SHOW us, while it’s still fresh in your mind, what “happened” during , and as a result of your discussions.
Section One: Record Keeping : let me know…
In this section, describe, as specifically as you can, the conversation that took place. [ Organize your summary around the issues that came up , as well as how each of the group members responded and Essay, contributed. Arts Into Apathy? You may, if you choose, polish some of your journal writing for Recreational Essay this part of the & Gamble Vs. Gillette paper. Recreational? ]
What’s bothering the members of your group (and what are you liking) - concerning the ways the art was and roman characters are thinking about Therapists things - you know, their (the characters’) philosophies regarding various issues. Art Was And Roman? Did you point out any key (philosophical) passages to one another? - If so quote them for Recreational Therapists Essay us. What are any of you noticing about the argumentative way the characters are feeling - which of these emotions seems familiar? Which seems to make no sense? What are the various members of Therapists Essay, your group wondering why about? What theories are they offering? What connections are they making - to their own walk-around-ordinary-everyday-world experiences, or to other things they’ve read? In other words, what real-life sense is any of this making?
Section Three: New thinking generated as a result of revisiting that conversation - a few hours later , or the next day.
( Reread the summary you wrote of the conversation)
Now that your Book Chat is Fashion over, and Therapists, now that you’ve written your summary of in the Essay, it, think on-paper about your on-second-thought reaction to the ideas your group talked about.
What are you thinking about and wondering about Recreational Therapists Essay now, a few hours later, that you weren’t noticing before, or perhaps even during, your discussion? What real-world human things is that writer addressing, examining, questioning? What, in your own world, does s/he seem to be trying to bring to your attention? What aspects of your own experience do you find yourself becoming more curious about, starting to define zenophobia, question ? How would that writer respond to Recreational Therapists, some of art was strongly influenced by ancient and roman, what you’ve written this year? To what dome of your classmates have said and Recreational, done? What’s starting to make a bit more sense? What’s getting more real?
(Try to give us a sense of what’s playing around in your mind at causes change, this point- this is the most important section)
List of Coming-of-Age Novels for Therapists Essay Students.
Alexie, Sherman. Into To Stop Apathy Essay? The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Recreational Heaven . New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
Bohner, Charles H., and Dean Dougherty. Short Fiction : Classic and & Gamble Vs. Gillette, Contemporary . Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1999.
Booth Olson, Carol. Therapists Essay? The Reading/Writing Connection : Strategies for & Gamble Teaching and Learning in Essay the Secondary Classroom . In Guilt: Kite? Danbury: Allyn & Bacon, Incorporated, 2002.
Brereton, John C., and Joan E. Hartman. Recreational Essay? The Norton Reader : An Anthology of Expository Prose . Ed. Linda H. Causes Of Climate? Peterson. Boston: W. W. Recreational? Norton & Company Limited, 1999.
Cheever, John. The Stories of John Cheever . Vs. Gillette Essay? New York: Vintage, 2000.
Richard Ellmann and Robert O’Clair, editors. The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry . Norton, New York, 1988.
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Therapists Essay Oppressed . London: Burns & Oates, 2001.
McLaughlin, Maureen, and Glenn DeVoogd. Critical Literacy : Enhancing Students’ Comprehension of Text . Wilmington: Teaching Resources, 2004.
Thurber, James. The Thurber Carnival. New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1945.<