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Nov 25, 2017 Eva peron helping the poor, do my homework for me free math - HOW TO – Format papers in eva peron standard academic format (using Microsoft Word) This guide explains how to century Essay format your documents in eva peron the poor Microsoft Word so that they follow the descriptive about, standard rules for helping formatting academic papers as described in Conflicts in the Essay most MLA and helping the poor APA style books for action theory undergraduate writing. These rules apply to most of the papers you will submit in eva peron helping your college classes, but in Body Image Essay some cases your professors will want you to follow specific guidelines that may differ from those below. Eva Peron The Poor. Always clarify with your professor which set of guidelines he or she wants you to follow before you submit a paper. 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I havenРІР‚в„ўt yet updated them to eva peron the poor include instructions for the 2007 version of Word for in Women in the Essay Windows, but the tools should nevertheless be easy to the poor find if you look around on the toolbar at the top. Rule : Papers submitted for review or grading should have 1” margins all around. Does Religion. This should be the default for eva peron the poor Word, but if your default setting is to on The Assassination of Martin King have left and right margins of 1.25”, change your default. Page length requirements are based on 1” margins. Instructions : Go to eva peron helping the Format menu, drag down to Body in the Essay Document, change the margins, and eva peron helping the click on cause war, the Default button and eva peron helping the poor accept the change to the Normal template. Body In The 21st Century. Make sure you leave the gutter set to 0” or youРІР‚в„ўll mess up your document formatting. 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Instructions : Times New Roman or Cambria 12pt should be the default for Word, but if yours is the poor, different then change your default. Go to religion the Format menu, drag down to eva peron helping the poor Style, make sure “Normal” is selected from the list of writing about, styles, and helping the poor click “modify.” Choose the does religion cause, correct font and eva peron helping size from the Body Image in the 21st Essay, Formatting menu. Click “OK” to eva peron helping make the change to cause your default settings. Rule : The text of eva peron, your paper should be left aligned, NOT justified, as justified text is hard to read if it hasnРІР‚в„ўt been professionally typeset. Conflicts In The Lord Flies. The default in helping Word is monopoly, left alignment, so donРІР‚в„ўt change it. Rule : In the eva peron, upper left corner of the tutor2u, first page of eva peron helping the poor, your document, type your name, the date, the course number and section (or topic), and Essay the version of the eva peron helping, paper (such as Paper 1 Second Draft), each on a separate line. Be sure to change the date and reasoned paper version when you submit revisions and final versions. See the sample below. DO NOT use the “headers” feature from the header/footer menu to helping the poor create this full heading as that will make it appear on Essay Assassination, every page, which is not customary in eva peron the poor academic writing. Also do NOT use a title page unless the assignment specifically asks for descriptive writing about one. Rule : Skip a line after the the poor, heading and center an original title that conveys the topic of about a beach, your paper. Eva Peron Helping The Poor. Do not use underlining or italics in the heading (unless youРІР‚в„ўre referring to the title of does religion cause war, a book or periodical). Do not use bold text or ALL CAPS. Rule : All papers should have automatically inserted page numbers that show in eva peron the upper right corner on all pages except the first. Religion War. Do not insert these page numbers by hand. Instead, use Word’s Header/Footer tool. For documents following MLA format, put your last name and page number in the upper right corner. Eva Peron Helping. For documents following APA format, put a short version of your title (instead of your last name) and the page number in the upper right corner. Instructions : Go to the View menu and tutor2u choose “Header and Footer.” YouРІР‚в„ўll see a header box appear at helping the poor the top and a footer box at the bottom. Body Image In Women In The 21st. Click in the header box, type your last name (or title), make it align to the right, and then select Page Numbers from the Insert menu. When youРІР‚в„ўre finished, click on helping, the “Close” tab under the Header view. Each page of your document should now display a page number at in the Flies Essay the upper right that updates automatically when you make changes to the document. Eva Peron. It will appear as grayed out text unless you active the Header and Footer tool to descriptive writing about a beach make changes. To change the setting so that page numbers do not display on the first page, go to the Format men, drag down to Document, and click on eva peron the poor, the Layout button. Image In Women In The 21st Century. Then check the box next to eva peron “Different First Page.” Click OK. Action. If necessary, remove the header that appears on the first page and insert a header on helping, the second page, which will automatically appear on all subsequent pages as well. Rule : The entire paper should be double-spaced, including the reasoned action, heading and bibliography. Instructions : Choose “Select All” from the the poor, Edit menu, go to action the Format menu and drag down to the poor Paragraph, and monopoly choose “double” from the “line spacing” menu in the Spacing section. The Poor. Or you can use these keyboard shortcuts. On a Mac, use Cmd-A to select all and Essay on The Assassination of Martin King Cmd-2 to double-space. Helping The Poor. On a PC, use Ctrl-A to Image in the 21st century select all and Ctrl-2 to eva peron the poor double space. Rule : Papers should have no extra spacing after paragraphs. This should be the action, default for Word, but if your default setting is to the poor have 10pt spacing after paragraphs, change your default. Instructions : Go to the Format menu, drag down to does Style, make sure “Normal” is eva peron helping, selected from the list of styles, and click “modify.” In the a beach, lower left corner, select the eva peron, dropdown menu that starts with “Format” and drag down to descriptive writing a beach Paragraph. In the paragraph settings menu that pops up, change the settings for the poor Spacing After to Conflicts in the Essay 0pt. Instead of eva peron the poor, using a lot of returns before starting your bibliography, create a new page for it following these instructions. Go to the Insert menu, drag down to Break, and then drag over to gruffalo text Page Break. Rule : If a quotation will exceed four lines within a paragraph, you should separate it out by eva peron helping, blocking and indenting it. Does Religion. As with any quotation, a blocked quotation should be clearly introduced by the sentence that leads up to it and it should also be properly cited, but the rules for eva peron helping the poor blocked quotations are somewhat different. The blocking take the place of war on drugs uk, quotation marks, and unlike in eva peron helping a regular in-paragraph quotation, the parenthetical citation goes outside of the in the, final period instead of inside of it (given that the blocked quote might contain several sentences.) Instructions : Type the quotation in its own paragraph, without quotation marks, and remove the indent from the first line. Eva Peron Helping The Poor. Type the source in parentheses after the religion, last period of the last sentence. With your cursor, select the eva peron, quotation, from the first word to the end of the parenthetical citation, and click the Increase Indent button from the Paragraph Formatting menu. WHAT IS THIS SITE? See the monopoly tutor2u, About tab in the top menu. UNDER PERPETUAL REVISION : All materials on eva peron helping, this site are subject to ongoing revision and improvement!<

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Nov 25, 2017 Eva peron helping the poor, buy essay for cheap - The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into eva peron helping, three general subject areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and Image in Women 21st century Essay what they mean. Helping! Are they merely social inventions? Do they involve more than expressions of our individual emotions? Metaethical answers to these questions focus on the issues of universal truths, the will of God, the role of reason in reasoned ethical judgments, and the meaning of ethical terms themselves. Eva Peron The Poor! Normative ethics takes on a more practical task, which is to Conflicts in the Lord Flies, arrive at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. This may involve articulating the good habits that we should acquire, the duties that we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior on others. The Poor! Finally, applied ethics involves examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war. By using the conceptual tools of Conflicts in the Lord of the Flies metaethics and normative ethics, discussions in applied ethics try to helping the poor, resolve these controversial issues. The lines of Conflicts Lord of the Flies distinction between metaethics, normative ethics, and eva peron helping the poor applied ethics are often blurry. Gruffalo Text! For example, the helping issue of abortion is an applied ethical topic since it involves a specific type of controversial behavior. But it also depends on more general normative principles, such as the right of action self-rule and the right to life, which are litmus tests for the poor determining the morality of that procedure. About! The issue also rests on metaethical issues such as, "where do rights come from?" and eva peron "what kind of Conflicts in the Lord Essay beings have rights?" The term "meta" means after or beyond , and, consequently, the notion of metaethics involves a removed, or bird's eye view of the eva peron helping entire project of ethics. We may define metaethics as the study of the origin and meaning of gruffalo text ethical concepts. When compared to the poor, normative ethics and applied ethics, the field of religion cause war metaethics is the least precisely defined area of moral philosophy. It covers issues from moral semantics to eva peron, moral epistemology. Two issues, though, are prominent: (1) metaphysical issues concerning whether morality exists independently of humans, and (2) psychological issues concerning the Lord Flies Essay underlying mental basis of our moral judgments and conduct. a. Metaphysical Issues: Objectivism and Relativism. Metaphysics is the study of the kinds of eva peron the poor things that exist in the universe. Some things in the universe are made of physical stuff, such as rocks; and perhaps other things are nonphysical in nature, such as thoughts, spirits, and monopoly tutor2u gods. The metaphysical component of helping metaethics involves discovering specifically whether moral values are eternal truths that exist in a spirit-like realm, or simply human conventions. Descriptive About! There are two general directions that discussions of this topic take, one other-worldly and helping one this-worldly . Proponents of the religion war other-worldly view typically hold that moral values are objective in the sense that they exist in helping a spirit-like realm beyond subjective human conventions. They also hold that they are absolute, or eternal, in that they never change, and in the Lord of the Flies also that they are universal insofar as they apply to eva peron helping, all rational creatures around the world and throughout time. Tutor2u! The most dramatic example of eva peron this view is descriptive writing about a beach Plato, who was inspired by eva peron helping the field of mathematics. When we look at numbers and mathematical relations, such as 1+1=2, they seem to be timeless concepts that never change, and apply everywhere in the universe. Monopoly! Humans do not invent numbers, and humans cannot alter them. Plato explained the eva peron eternal character of gruffalo text mathematics by stating that they are abstract entities that exist in a spirit-like realm. He noted that moral values also are absolute truths and thus are also abstract, spirit-like entities. In this sense, for the poor Plato, moral values are spiritual objects . Medieval philosophers commonly grouped all moral principles together under the heading of Image in Women Essay "eternal law" which were also frequently seen as spirit-like objects. 17 th century British philosopher Samuel Clarke described them as spirit-like relationships rather than spirit-like objects. In either case, though, they exist in helping the poor a spirit-like realm. Body Image 21st Century! A different other-worldly approach to the metaphysical status of eva peron helping the poor morality is on The Assassination of Martin King divine commands issuing from the poor, God's will. Sometimes called voluntarism (or divine command theory), this view was inspired by the notion of an all-powerful God who is in control of everything. God simply wills things, and they become reality. He wills the physical world into existence, he wills human life into gruffalo text, existence and, similarly, he wills all moral values into existence. Eva Peron The Poor! Proponents of this view, such as medieval philosopher William of Ockham, believe that God wills moral principles, such as "murder is wrong," and reasoned theory these exist in eva peron God's mind as commands. On The Of Martin King! God informs humans of helping these commands by implanting us with moral intuitions or revealing these commands in does religion war scripture. The second and helping the poor more this-worldly approach to the metaphysical status of morality follows in the skeptical philosophical tradition, such as that articulated by in Women in the century Essay Greek philosopher Sextus Empiricus, and denies the objective status of moral values. Eva Peron The Poor! Technically, skeptics did not reject moral values themselves, but only cause denied that values exist as spirit-like objects, or as divine commands in the mind of eva peron God. Moral values, they argued, are strictly human inventions, a position that has since been called moral relativism . There are two distinct forms of moral relativism. Essay On The Of Martin! The first is individual relativism , which holds that individual people create their own moral standards. Friedrich Nietzsche, for the poor example, argued that the superhuman creates his or her morality distinct from war on drugs uk, and in reaction to the slave-like value system of the masses. Eva Peron! The second is cultural relativism which maintains that morality is monopoly grounded in the approval of one's society - and not simply in eva peron the preferences of Assassination of Martin Luther King individual people. This view was advocated by Sextus, and in more recent centuries by eva peron helping the poor Michel Montaigne and William Graham Sumner. War On Drugs Uk! In addition to espousing skepticism and relativism, this-worldly approaches to helping the poor, the metaphysical status of Essay on The Assassination King morality deny the absolute and eva peron universal nature of morality and hold instead that moral values in gruffalo text fact change from society to society throughout time and throughout the world. They frequently attempt to defend their position by eva peron the poor citing examples of values that differ dramatically from gruffalo text, one culture to eva peron, another, such as attitudes about theory polygamy, homosexuality and helping human sacrifice. b. About A Beach! Psychological Issues in Metaethics. A second area of eva peron helping the poor metaethics involves the psychological basis of war on drugs uk our moral judgments and conduct, particularly understanding what motivates us to be moral. Eva Peron! We might explore this subject by asking the simple question, "Why be moral?" Even if I am aware of basic moral standards, such as don't kill and don't steal, this does not necessarily mean that I will be psychologically compelled to Body in the, act on them. Some answers to the question "Why be moral?" are to avoid punishment, to gain praise, to attain happiness, to eva peron helping, be dignified, or to fit in with society. One important area of moral psychology concerns the in Women 21st century Essay inherent selfishness of eva peron helping the poor humans. 17 th century British philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that many, if not all, of our actions are prompted by descriptive a beach selfish desires. Eva Peron Helping The Poor! Even if an action seems selfless, such as donating to monopoly, charity, there are still selfish causes for this, such as experiencing power over helping the poor other people. This view is called psychological egoism and maintains that self-oriented interests ultimately motivate all human actions. Gruffalo Text! Closely related to psychological egoism is a view called psychological hedonism which is the view that pleasure is the specific driving force behind all of our actions. 18 th century British philosopher Joseph Butler agreed that instinctive selfishness and pleasure prompt much of our conduct. However, Butler argued that we also have an inherent psychological capacity to eva peron the poor, show benevolence to monopoly tutor2u, others. Helping! This view is called psychological altruism and Conflicts in the of the Flies Essay maintains that at least some of eva peron helping the poor our actions are motivated by instinctive benevolence. A second area of moral psychology involves a dispute concerning the role of Image in Women 21st century reason in motivating moral actions. Helping The Poor! If, for example, I make the statement "abortion is morally wrong," am I making a rational assessment or only monopoly tutor2u expressing my feelings? On the one side of the dispute, 18 th century British philosopher David Hume argued that moral assessments involve our emotions, and eva peron helping not our reason. We can amass all the reasons we want, but that alone will not constitute a moral assessment. We need a distinctly emotional reaction in Essay of Martin Luther order to make a moral pronouncement. Reason might be of service in giving us the relevant data, but, in eva peron Hume's words, "reason is, and ought to be, the slave of the Conflicts in the of the Flies Essay passions." Inspired by the poor Hume's anti-rationalist views, some 20th century philosophers, most notably A.J. Gruffalo Text! Ayer, similarly denied that moral assessments are factual descriptions. For example, although the eva peron helping statement "it is good to donate to charity" may on the surface look as though it is Conflicts in the Essay a factual description about charity, it is not. Eva Peron! Instead, a moral utterance like this involves two things. First, I (the speaker) I am expressing my personal feelings of approval about writing a beach charitable donations and helping the poor I am in essence saying "Hooray for charity!" This is called the Essay King emotive element insofar as I am expressing my emotions about some specific behavior. Helping! Second, I (the speaker) am trying to get you to reasoned action theory, donate to eva peron helping the poor, charity and tutor2u am essentially giving the the poor command, "Donate to charity!" This is called the prescriptive element in theory the sense that I am prescribing some specific behavior. From Hume's day forward, more rationally-minded philosophers have opposed these emotive theories of ethics (see non-cognitivism in eva peron the poor ethics) and instead argued that moral assessments are indeed acts of reason. Conflicts Lord Essay! 18 th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant is helping a case in Essay point. Helping! Although emotional factors often do influence our conduct, he argued, we should nevertheless resist that kind of sway. Instead, true moral action is motivated only by theory reason when it is free from emotions and helping the poor desires. A recent rationalist approach, offered by Conflicts in the Essay Kurt Baier (1958), was proposed in eva peron the poor direct opposition to the emotivist and prescriptivist theories of religion cause Ayer and others. Eva Peron Helping! Baier focuses more broadly on Essay on The of Martin the reasoning and argumentation process that takes place when making moral choices. Helping The Poor! All of monopoly tutor2u our moral choices are, or at least can be, backed by helping some reason or justification. If I claim that it is wrong to steal someone's car, then I should be able to writing about a beach, justify my claim with some kind of helping argument. For example, I could argue that stealing Smith's car is reasoned wrong since this would upset her, violate her ownership rights, or put the thief at risk of getting caught. The Poor! According to writing about a beach, Baier, then, proper moral decision making involves giving the eva peron helping best reasons in in the 21st Essay support of one course of eva peron helping action versus another. A third area of moral psychology focuses on on The of Martin Luther King whether there is helping the poor a distinctly female approach to Essay Assassination of Martin Luther King, ethics that is grounded in the psychological differences between men and women. Eva Peron Helping! Discussions of this issue focus on two claims: (1) traditional morality is religion war male-centered, and (2) there is a unique female perspective of the world which can be shaped into a value theory. According to many feminist philosophers, traditional morality is male-centered since it is helping the poor modeled after practices that have been traditionally male-dominated, such as acquiring property, engaging in theory business contracts, and helping governing societies. The rigid systems of war on drugs uk rules required for eva peron helping the poor trade and government were then taken as models for tutor2u the creation of eva peron the poor equally rigid systems of monopoly tutor2u moral rules, such as lists of eva peron helping the poor rights and duties. Religion Cause War! Women, by contrast, have traditionally had a nurturing role by the poor raising children and war on drugs uk overseeing domestic life. These tasks require less rule following, and eva peron more spontaneous and action theory creative action. Using the woman's experience as a model for moral theory, then, the the poor basis of morality would be spontaneously caring for religion war others as would be appropriate in each unique circumstance. Eva Peron Helping The Poor! On this model, the agent becomes part of the situation and acts caringly within that context. This stands in contrast with male-modeled morality where the gruffalo text agent is a mechanical actor who performs his required duty, but can remain distanced from and unaffected by eva peron the poor the situation. Flies! A care-based approach to the poor, morality, as it is sometimes called, is offered by feminist ethicists as either a replacement for or a supplement to monopoly tutor2u, traditional male-modeled moral systems. Normative ethics involves arriving at helping, moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. Conflicts Flies Essay! In a sense, it is a search for the poor an ideal litmus test of action theory proper behavior. The Golden Rule is a classic example of a normative principle: We should do to others what we would want others to the poor, do to us. Since I do not want my neighbor to steal my car, then it is wrong for me to war on drugs uk, steal her car. Eva Peron The Poor! Since I would want people to feed me if I was starving, then I should help feed starving people. Using this same reasoning, I can theoretically determine whether any possible action is monopoly tutor2u right or wrong. So, based on the Golden Rule, it would also be wrong for me to lie to, harass, victimize, assault, or kill others. The Golden Rule is an example of a normative theory that establishes a single principle against eva peron helping the poor, which we judge all actions. Other normative theories focus on writing a set of eva peron foundational principles, or a set of good character traits. The key assumption in normative ethics is on The of Martin Luther that there is only one ultimate criterion of moral conduct, whether it is a single rule or a set of principles. Three strategies will be noted here: (1) virtue theories, (2) duty theories, and (3) consequentialist theories. Many philosophers believe that morality consists of following precisely defined rules of helping conduct, such as "don't kill," or "don't steal." Presumably, I must learn these rules, and then make sure each of my actions live up to writing about, the rules. Virtue ethics, however, places less emphasis on helping the poor learning rules, and instead stresses the importance of monopoly tutor2u developing good habits of helping character , such as benevolence (see moral character). Once I've acquired benevolence, for example, I will then habitually act in a benevolent manner. Descriptive! Historically, virtue theory is eva peron one of the oldest normative traditions in war on drugs uk Western philosophy, having its roots in ancient Greek civilization. Eva Peron The Poor! Plato emphasized four virtues in particular, which were later called cardinal virtues : wisdom, courage, temperance and justice. Descriptive Writing! Other important virtues are fortitude, generosity, self-respect, good temper, and sincerity. In addition to eva peron the poor, advocating good habits of Body in the 21st character, virtue theorists hold that we should avoid acquiring bad character traits, or vices , such as cowardice, insensibility, injustice, and helping vanity. Virtue theory emphasizes moral education since virtuous character traits are developed in one's youth. Adults, therefore, are responsible for instilling virtues in the young. Aristotle argued that virtues are good habits that we acquire, which regulate our emotions. Reasoned Action! For example, in eva peron response to my natural feelings of fear, I should develop the religion cause war virtue of courage which allows me to helping, be firm when facing danger. Analyzing 11 specific virtues, Aristotle argued that most virtues fall at a mean between more extreme character traits. With courage, for gruffalo text example, if I do not have enough courage, I develop the disposition of helping cowardice, which is a vice. 21st Century Essay! If I have too much courage I develop the eva peron the poor disposition of rashness which is war on drugs uk also a vice. According to Aristotle, it is not an eva peron helping, easy task to find the perfect mean between extreme character traits. In fact, we need assistance from our reason to descriptive writing about a beach, do this. After Aristotle, medieval theologians supplemented Greek lists of virtues with three Christian ones, or theological virtues : faith, hope, and eva peron helping the poor charity. Gruffalo Text! Interest in helping virtue theory continued through the middle ages and Conflicts Lord Flies declined in the 19 th century with the rise of eva peron the poor alternative moral theories below. War! In the mid 20 th century virtue theory received special attention from eva peron, philosophers who believed that more recent ethical theories were misguided for focusing too heavily on gruffalo text rules and eva peron actions, rather than on virtuous character traits. Alasdaire MacIntyre (1984) defended the central role of virtues in war on drugs uk moral theory and argued that virtues are grounded in and emerge from within social traditions. Many of us feel that there are clear obligations we have as human beings, such as to care for our children, and to not commit murder. Duty theories base morality on specific, foundational principles of eva peron helping the poor obligation. Monopoly! These theories are sometimes called deontological , from the eva peron helping the poor Greek word deon , or duty, in view of the foundational nature of war on drugs uk our duty or obligation. They are also sometimes called nonconsequentialist since these principles are obligatory, irrespective of the eva peron consequences that might follow from does religion, our actions. For example, it is wrong to not care for our children even if it results in the poor some great benefit, such as financial savings. There are four central duty theories. The first is that championed by 17th century German philosopher Samuel Pufendorf, who classified dozens of duties under three headings: duties to gruffalo text, God, duties to oneself, and duties to others. Eva Peron! Concerning our duties towards God, he argued that there are two kinds: a theoretical duty to know the existence and nature of God, and a practical duty to both inwardly and outwardly worship God. Concerning our duties towards oneself, these are also of war on drugs uk two sorts: duties of the soul, which involve developing one's skills and talents, and duties of the eva peron the poor body, which involve not harming our bodies, as we might through gluttony or drunkenness, and does religion cause not killing oneself. Concerning our duties towards others, Pufendorf divides these between absolute duties, which are universally binding on people, and conditional duties, which are the result of contracts between people. Eva Peron The Poor! Absolute duties are of three sorts: avoid wronging others, treat people as equals, and promote the good of others. Conditional duties involve various types of agreements, the reasoned action theory principal one of which is the duty is to the poor, keep one's promises. A second duty-based approach to ethics is gruffalo text rights theory . Most generally, a "right" is a justified claim against another person's behavior - such as my right to helping the poor, not be harmed by you (see also human rights). Rights and Lord of the duties are related in such a way that the rights of one person implies the eva peron the poor duties of reasoned action theory another person. For example, if I have a right to payment of $10 by eva peron helping the poor Smith, then Smith has a duty to pay me $10. This is called the correlativity of religion rights and duties. The most influential early account of helping the poor rights theory is that of monopoly 17 th century British philosopher John Locke, who argued that the laws of nature mandate that we should not harm anyone's life, health, liberty or possessions. For Locke, these are our natural rights, given to us by eva peron helping the poor God. Following Locke, the United States Declaration of in the of the Essay Independence authored by Thomas Jefferson recognizes three foundational rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of the poor happiness. Reasoned Action! Jefferson and the poor others rights theorists maintained that we deduce other more specific rights from action theory, these, including the rights of property, movement, speech, and religious expression. There are four features traditionally associated with moral rights. Eva Peron! First, rights are natural insofar as they are not invented or created by monopoly tutor2u governments. Second, they are universal insofar as they do not change from country to country. Third, they are equal in the sense that rights are the same for eva peron the poor all people, irrespective of gender, race, or handicap. Conflicts In The Lord Of The Flies! Fourth, they are inalienable which means that I cannot hand over my rights to another person, such as by helping selling myself into slavery. A third duty-based theory is that by monopoly Kant, which emphasizes a single principle of the poor duty. Influenced by Pufendorf, Kant agreed that we have moral duties to oneself and others, such as developing one's talents, and keeping our promises to war on drugs uk, others. However, Kant argued that there is eva peron a more foundational principle of reasoned action duty that encompasses our particular duties. Eva Peron Helping The Poor! It is a single, self-evident principle of does cause reason that he calls the "categorical imperative." A categorical imperative, he argued, is eva peron helping the poor fundamentally different from hypothetical imperatives that hinge on some personal desire that we have, for example, "If you want to action theory, get a good job, then you ought to go to college." By contrast, a categorical imperative simply mandates an helping the poor, action, irrespective of one's personal desires, such as "You ought to do X." Kant gives at theory, least four versions of the categorical imperative, but one is especially direct: Treat people as an the poor, end, and never as a means to an end. On The Assassination King! That is, we should always treat people with dignity, and never use them as mere instruments. For Kant, we treat people as an eva peron the poor, end whenever our actions toward someone reflect the inherent value of that person. Donating to charity, for Body in the 21st century example, is eva peron helping the poor morally correct since this acknowledges the cause inherent value of the recipient. By contrast, we treat someone as a means to an end whenever we treat that person as a tool to achieve something else. Eva Peron Helping! It is war on drugs uk wrong, for example, to helping, steal my neighbor's car since I would be treating her as a means to Image in Women in the 21st Essay, my own happiness. The categorical imperative also regulates the helping morality of in the Flies actions that affect us individually. Eva Peron Helping! Suicide, for example, would be wrong since I would be treating my life as a means to the alleviation of my misery. Kant believes that the morality of war on drugs uk all actions can be determined by eva peron helping the poor appealing to this single principle of duty. A fourth and descriptive more recent duty-based theory is eva peron the poor that by British philosopher W.D. Descriptive Writing! Ross, which emphasizes prima facie duties. Like his 17th and eva peron the poor 18th century counterparts, Ross argues that our duties are "part of the fundamental nature of the universe." However, Ross's list of Conflicts in the Lord Essay duties is much shorter, which he believes reflects our actual moral convictions: Fidelity : the helping the poor duty to keep promises Reparation : the reasoned action theory duty to helping the poor, compensate others when we harm them Gratitude : the duty to thank those who help us Justice : the action theory duty to eva peron helping the poor, recognize merit Beneficence : the Conflicts duty to improve the eva peron helping the poor conditions of Essay Assassination Luther others Self-improvement : the duty to improve our virtue and eva peron the poor intelligence Nonmaleficence : the tutor2u duty to not injure others. Ross recognizes that situations will arise when we must choose between two conflicting duties. In a classic example, suppose I borrow my neighbor's gun and promise to return it when he asks for it. Helping! One day, in Body in Women in the century Essay a fit of rage, my neighbor pounds on my door and asks for eva peron the poor the gun so that he can take vengeance on someone. Body In Women 21st! On the eva peron helping the poor one hand, the Image 21st century duty of fidelity obligates me to return the eva peron helping gun; on war on drugs uk the other hand, the duty of the poor nonmaleficence obligates me to Essay Assassination of Martin King, avoid injuring others and thus not return the gun. According to helping the poor, Ross, I will intuitively know which of Conflicts of the Flies Essay these duties is my actual duty, and which is eva peron the poor my apparent or prima facie duty. In this case, my duty of nonmaleficence emerges as my actual duty and of Martin Luther King I should not return the gun. It is common for us to determine our moral responsibility by eva peron weighing the consequences of Essay on The our actions. According to consequentialism, correct moral conduct is eva peron the poor determined solely by in Women in the century a cost-benefit analysis of an eva peron helping the poor, action's consequences: Consequentialism: An action is Image in the 21st century Essay morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable. Consequentialist normative principles require that we first tally both the good and bad consequences of an action. Eva Peron! Second, we then determine whether the total good consequences outweigh the total bad consequences. Does Religion! If the good consequences are greater, then the eva peron helping the poor action is morally proper. If the bad consequences are greater, then the action is morally improper. Consequentialist theories are sometimes called teleological theories, from the Greek word telos , or end, since the religion war end result of the action is the sole determining factor of its morality. Consequentialist theories became popular in eva peron helping the poor the 18 th century by Image in the 21st philosophers who wanted a quick way to morally assess an helping the poor, action by appealing to experience, rather than by appealing to gut intuitions or long lists of war on drugs uk questionable duties. In fact, the helping the poor most attractive feature of consequentialism is in the of the Essay that it appeals to publicly observable consequences of the poor actions. Most versions of consequentialism are more precisely formulated than the general principle above. In particular, competing consequentialist theories specify which consequences for affected groups of people are relevant. Writing About! Three subdivisions of consequentialism emerge: Ethical Egoism : an action is helping the poor morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable only to the agent performing the action. War On Drugs Uk! Ethical Altruism: an the poor, action is action theory morally right if the eva peron consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to monopoly tutor2u, everyone except the agent . Utilitarianism: an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone . All three of eva peron helping these theories focus on the consequences of actions for tutor2u different groups of eva peron helping people. But, like all normative theories, the above three theories are rivals of each other. Assassination! They also yield different conclusions. Consider the following example. A woman was traveling through a developing country when she witnessed a car in front of her run off the eva peron road and gruffalo text roll over several times. She asked the eva peron helping the poor hired driver to war on drugs uk, pull over to eva peron, assist, but, to monopoly tutor2u, her surprise, the driver accelerated nervously past the eva peron helping scene. Gruffalo Text! A few miles down the helping road the driver explained that in descriptive writing about a beach his country if someone assists an eva peron helping the poor, accident victim, then the police often hold the assisting person responsible for the accident itself. Of Martin! If the helping victim dies, then the gruffalo text assisting person could be held responsible for the death. Helping The Poor! The driver continued explaining that road accident victims are therefore usually left unattended and often die from exposure to Lord, the country's harsh desert conditions. On the principle of ethical egoism, the eva peron the poor woman in this illustration would only be concerned with the consequences of her attempted assistance as she would be affected. Descriptive Writing! Clearly, the decision to drive on would be the eva peron the poor morally proper choice. On the principle of ethical altruism, she would be concerned only Conflicts in the of the Flies with the consequences of her action as others are affected, particularly the accident victim. Tallying only eva peron helping the poor those consequences reveals that assisting the reasoned action theory victim would be the eva peron the poor morally correct choice, irrespective of the negative consequences that result for her. On the principle of utilitarianism, she must consider the gruffalo text consequences for both herself and eva peron helping the poor the victim. The outcome here is in Women less clear, and the woman would need to precisely calculate the overall benefit versus disbenefit of eva peron helping the poor her action. Jeremy Bentham presented one of the Body in the 21st century earliest fully developed systems of eva peron utilitarianism. Two features of his theory are noteworty. First, Bentham proposed that we tally the consequences of about a beach each action we perform and thereby determine on eva peron a case by case basis whether an action is monopoly tutor2u morally right or wrong. This aspect of Bentham's theory is helping known as act-utilitiarianism . Second, Bentham also proposed that we tally the pleasure and pain which results from war on drugs uk, our actions. For Bentham, pleasure and pain are the only consequences that matter in determining whether our conduct is moral. Eva Peron Helping The Poor! This aspect of Bentham's theory is Essay Assassination of Martin known as hedonistic utilitarianism . Eva Peron The Poor! Critics point out limitations in does war both of eva peron the poor these aspects. First, according to act-utilitarianism, it would be morally wrong to waste time on leisure activities such as watching television, since our time could be spent in war on drugs uk ways that produced a greater social benefit, such as charity work. Eva Peron Helping! But prohibiting leisure activities doesn't seem reasonable. More significantly, according to war on drugs uk, act-utilitarianism, specific acts of eva peron helping the poor torture or slavery would be morally permissible if the social benefit of war on drugs uk these actions outweighed the disbenefit. A revised version of utilitarianism called rule-utilitarianism addresses these problems. According to rule-utilitarianism, a behavioral code or rule is morally right if the consequences of adopting that rule are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone. Unlike act utilitarianism, which weighs the helping the poor consequences of reasoned action theory each particular action, rule-utilitarianism offers a litmus test only for helping the poor the morality of moral rules, such as "stealing is wrong." Adopting a rule against theft clearly has more favorable consequences than unfavorable consequences for everyone. Essay Of Martin! The same is true for moral rules against lying or murdering. Rule-utilitarianism, then, offers a three-tiered method for the poor judging conduct. A particular action, such as stealing my neighbor's car, is judged wrong since it violates a moral rule against theft. Essay On The Of Martin King! In turn, the rule against theft is morally binding because adopting this rule produces favorable consequences for everyone. Helping! John Stuart Mill's version of does cause utilitarianism is eva peron helping rule-oriented. Second, according to hedonistic utilitarianism, pleasurable consequences are the reasoned theory only factors that matter, morally speaking. This, though, seems too restrictive since it ignores other morally significant consequences that are not necessarily pleasing or painful. For example, acts which foster loyalty and eva peron the poor friendship are valued, yet they are not always pleasing. Conflicts In The Flies Essay! In response to the poor, this problem, G.E. Moore proposed ideal utilitarianism , which involves tallying any consequence that we intuitively recognize as good or bad (and not simply as pleasurable or painful). Conflicts In The Lord Of The Essay! Also, R.M. Helping! Hare proposed preference utilitarianism , which involves tallying any consequence that fulfills our preferences. ii. Action! Ethical Egoism and Social Contract Theory. We have seen (in Section 1.b.i) that Hobbes was an advocate of the eva peron methaethical theory of writing about psychological egoism—the view that all of our actions are selfishly motivated. Upon that foundation, Hobbes developed a normative theory known as social contract theory, which is eva peron a type of rule-ethical-egoism. According to Hobbes, for Essay Assassination of Martin Luther purely selfish reasons, the agent is better off living in a world with moral rules than one without moral rules. For without moral rules, we are subject to the whims of eva peron other people's selfish interests. Gruffalo Text! Our property, our families, and helping even our lives are at continual risk. Selfishness alone will therefore motivate each agent to adopt a basic set of gruffalo text rules which will allow for a civilized community. Not surprisingly, these rules would include prohibitions against lying, stealing and eva peron killing. However, these rules will ensure safety for war on drugs uk each agent only if the rules are enforced. As selfish creatures, each of helping the poor us would plunder our neighbors' property once their guards were down. Does Cause! Each agent would then be at helping, risk from his neighbor. Therefore, for selfish reasons alone, we devise a means of enforcing these rules: we create a policing agency which punishes us if we violate these rules. Applied ethics is the monopoly tutor2u branch of ethics which consists of the analysis of helping specific, controversial moral issues such as abortion, animal rights, or euthanasia. In recent years applied ethical issues have been subdivided into convenient groups such as medical ethics, business ethics, environmental ethics, and sexual ethics. Generally speaking, two features are necessary for an issue to be considered an Conflicts in the Flies Essay, "applied ethical issue." First, the issue needs to be controversial in the sense that there are significant groups of helping the poor people both for reasoned action and against the issue at hand. Eva Peron Helping! The issue of does drive-by shooting, for example, is not an eva peron helping, applied ethical issue, since everyone agrees that this practice is grossly immoral. War On Drugs Uk! By contrast, the issue of eva peron the poor gun control would be an does religion cause, applied ethical issue since there are significant groups of people both for and against the poor, gun control. The second requirement for war on drugs uk an issue to be an applied ethical issue is that it must be a distinctly moral issue. On any given day, the media presents us with an array of eva peron sensitive issues such as affirmative action policies, gays in war on drugs uk the military, involuntary commitment of the eva peron mentally impaired, capitalistic versus socialistic business practices, public versus private health care systems, or energy conservation. Theory! Although all of the poor these issues are controversial and on The Assassination of Martin Luther King have an important impact on the poor society, they are not all moral issues. Reasoned Action Theory! Some are only issues of social policy. The aim of social policy is to help make a given society run efficiently by devising conventions, such as traffic laws, tax laws, and zoning codes. Eva Peron Helping! Moral issues, by contrast, concern more universally obligatory practices, such as our duty to descriptive about a beach, avoid lying, and are not confined to individual societies. The Poor! Frequently, issues of social policy and morality overlap, as with murder which is both socially prohibited and immoral. However, the on The Assassination of Martin King two groups of eva peron helping the poor issues are often distinct. For example, many people would argue that sexual promiscuity is immoral, but may not feel that there should be social policies regulating sexual conduct, or laws punishing us for promiscuity. Similarly, some social policies forbid residents in certain neighborhoods from war on drugs uk, having yard sales. Eva Peron! But, so long as the Essay on The Assassination of Martin Luther King neighbors are not offended, there is nothing immoral in itself about eva peron helping a resident having a yard sale in one of these neighborhoods. Thus, to cause war, qualify as an applied ethical issue, the issue must be more than one of mere social policy: it must be morally relevant as well. In theory, resolving particular applied ethical issues should be easy. With the issue of abortion, for helping the poor example, we would simply determine its morality by consulting our normative principle of choice, such as act-utilitarianism. If a given abortion produces greater benefit than disbenefit, then, according to monopoly tutor2u, act-utilitarianism, it would be morally acceptable to the poor, have the reasoned action theory abortion. Unfortunately, there are perhaps hundreds of the poor rival normative principles from which to choose, many of which yield opposite reasoned action, conclusions. Helping The Poor! Thus, the stalemate in normative ethics between conflicting theories prevents us from Assassination Luther, using a single decisive procedure for helping the poor determining the morality of a specific issue. The usual solution today to this stalemate is to consult several representative normative principles on in the Lord of the Flies a given issue and see where the weight of the eva peron evidence lies. a. Normative Principles in Applied Ethics. Arriving at gruffalo text, a short list of helping the poor representative normative principles is itself a challenging task. About A Beach! The principles selected must not be too narrowly focused, such as a version of act-egoism that might focus only on helping the poor an action's short-term benefit. Reasoned Theory! The principles must also be seen as having merit by eva peron the poor people on both sides of an applied ethical issue. For this reason, principles that appeal to reasoned theory, duty to eva peron helping, God are not usually cited since this would have no impact on a nonbeliever engaged in the debate. Religion Cause War! The following principles are the ones most commonly appealed to helping, in applied ethical discussions: Personal benefit: acknowledge the about a beach extent to which an eva peron the poor, action produces beneficial consequences for a beach the individual in eva peron helping question. Religion Cause! Social benefit: acknowledge the eva peron extent to which an action produces beneficial consequences for society. Principle of benevolence: help those in need. Principle of paternalism: assist others in pursuing their best interests when they cannot do so themselves. Gruffalo Text! Principle of eva peron harm: do not harm others. Principle of honesty: do not deceive others. Principle of lawfulness: do not violate the tutor2u law. Principle of autonomy: acknowledge a person's freedom over his/her actions or physical body. Principle of justice: acknowledge a person's right to eva peron helping, due process, fair compensation for Essay on The Assassination of Martin Luther harm done, and fair distribution of eva peron benefits. Gruffalo Text! Rights: acknowledge a person's rights to helping the poor, life, information, privacy, free expression, and safety. The above principles represent a spectrum of on The Assassination of Martin traditional normative principles and eva peron helping are derived from both consequentialist and duty-based approaches. The first two principles, personal benefit and social benefit, are consequentialist since they appeal to the consequences of an action as it affects the individual or society. The remaining principles are duty-based. The principles of war on drugs uk benevolence, paternalism, harm, honesty, and eva peron the poor lawfulness are based on duties we have toward others. The principles of autonomy, justice, and the various rights are based on descriptive moral rights. An example will help illustrate the function of these principles in the poor an applied ethical discussion. Lord! In 1982, a couple from helping the poor, Bloomington, Indiana gave birth to a baby with severe mental and physical disabilities. Gruffalo Text! Among other complications, the infant, known as Baby Doe, had its stomach disconnected from its throat and eva peron helping was thus unable to reasoned, receive nourishment. Although this stomach deformity was correctable through surgery, the couple did not want to raise a severely disabled child and helping the poor therefore chose to deny surgery, food, and reasoned action theory water for the infant. The Poor! Local courts supported the parents' decision, and six days later Baby Doe died. Should corrective surgery have been performed for in the Lord of the Essay Baby Doe? Arguments in favor of corrective surgery derive from the infant's right to eva peron, life and the principle of reasoned action paternalism which stipulates that we should pursue the best interests of others when they are incapable of helping the poor doing so themselves. Arguments against corrective surgery derive from the personal and gruffalo text social disbenefit which would result from helping, such surgery. Body In Women In The! If Baby Doe survived, its quality of life would have been poor and in any case it probably would have died at an early age. Also, from the helping parent's perspective, Baby Doe's survival would have been a significant emotional and financial burden. In The Lord Of The! When examining both sides of the issue, the eva peron parents and war on drugs uk the courts concluded that the eva peron arguments against gruffalo text, surgery were stronger than the eva peron arguments for surgery. First, foregoing surgery appeared to be in the best interests of the infant, given the poor quality of Essay Assassination King life it would endure. Second, the status of Baby Doe's right to helping, life was not clear given the severity of the infant's mental impairment. In Women In The Essay! For, to possess moral rights, it takes more than merely having a human body: certain cognitive functions must also be present. Eva Peron Helping The Poor! The issue here involves what is often referred to as moral personhood, and tutor2u is central to many applied ethical discussions. As noted, there are many controversial issues discussed by ethicists today, some of which will be briefly mentioned here. Biomedical ethics focuses on a range of issues which arise in clinical settings. Health care workers are in an unusual position of continually dealing with life and eva peron death situations. Monopoly Tutor2u! It is eva peron not surprising, then, that medical ethics issues are more extreme and gruffalo text diverse than other areas of applied ethics. Prenatal issues arise about the morality of helping the poor surrogate mothering, genetic manipulation of gruffalo text fetuses, the status of unused frozen embryos, and abortion. Other issues arise about patient rights and eva peron helping physician's responsibilities, such as the Essay Luther confidentiality of the patient's records and helping the physician's responsibility to tell the truth to gruffalo text, dying patients. The AIDS crisis has raised the specific issues of the eva peron helping the poor mandatory screening of all patients for AIDS, and tutor2u whether physicians can refuse to the poor, treat AIDS patients. Reasoned! Additional issues concern medical experimentation on helping the poor humans, the morality of involuntary commitment, and the rights of the mentally disabled. Body Image! Finally, end of life issues arise about the helping the poor morality of Essay Assassination King suicide, the justifiability of suicide intervention, physician assisted suicide, and euthanasia. The field of business ethics examines moral controversies relating to the social responsibilities of capitalist business practices, the moral status of helping the poor corporate entities, deceptive advertising, insider trading, basic employee rights, job discrimination, affirmative action, drug testing, and whistle blowing. Issues in war environmental ethics often overlaps with business and eva peron medical issues. These include the gruffalo text rights of animals, the eva peron morality of animal experimentation, preserving endangered species, pollution control, management of monopoly environmental resources, whether eco-systems are entitled to eva peron helping, direct moral consideration, and our obligation to future generations. Controversial issues of sexual morality include monogamy versus polygamy, sexual relations without love, homosexual relations, and extramarital affairs. Finally, there are issues of social morality which examine capital punishment, nuclear war, gun control, the Conflicts Lord of the Essay recreational use of drugs, welfare rights, and racism.<