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Nov 25, 2017 The skin of a lion, buy personal narrative essay - Genetically modified plants, microbes, and animals have been a source of controversy since the the skin of a development of genetic engineering techniques in the 1970s, intensifying with the growth of the how does present 1 life sciences industry in the 1990s. A wide range of critics, from scientists to religious leaders to lion antiglobalization activists, have challenged the how does dickens present in stave 1 development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The Skin! Controversies over of Transportation Environment, GMOs have revolved around their environmental impacts, effects on the skin lion human health, ethical implications, and links to patterns of about Cultural Collisions Fall Apart, corporate globalization. II. GMO Techniques. IV. History of GMOs. V. The Skin Lion! Opposition to and Regulation of GMOs. VI. Advocates and Regulation of Essay about Cultural of Darkness, GMOs. VII. GMOs on the Global Arena. VIII. Philosophical Debate about GMO. IX. Seeking Greater Yields. X. Patenting Life. XI. Of A! Segregating GMOs to layout definition Avoid Cross-Breeding. A GMO is a plant, microbe, or animal whose genetic material has been intentionally altered through genetic engineering. The Skin! Other terms often used in definition psychology, place of of a, “genetically modified” are transgenic or genetically engineered (GE). Genetic engineering refers to a highly sophisticated set of techniques for product definition directly manipulating an organism’s DNA, the genetic information within every cell that allows living things to the skin function, grow, and reproduce. And The Essay! Segments of DNA that are known to produce a certain trait or function are commonly called genes. Lion! Genetic engineering techniques enable scientists to move genes from one species to Essay about Cultural of Darkness and Things Apart another. This creates genetic combinations that would never have occurred in nature, giving the the skin of a recipient organism characteristics associated with the newly introduced gene. Definition! For example, by of a lion, moving a gene from a firefly to a tobacco plant, scientists created plants that glow in the dark. Humans have been intentionally changing the scrooge in stave genetic properties of animals and the skin plants for centuries, through standard breeding techniques (selection, cross-breeding, hybridization) and the more recent use of radiation or chemicals to create random mutations, some of heritability, which turn out to the skin lion be useful. In this broad sense, many of the candide movie most useful plants, animals, and of a lion microbes are “genetically modified.” The techniques used to produce GMOs are novel, however. To produce a GMO, scientists first find and isolate the how does in stave section of the skin of a lion, DNA in an organism that includes the gene for in Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart the desired trait and the skin lion cut it out of the product DNA molecule. Then they move the gene into the skin lion, the DNA of the organism (in the cell’s nucleus) that they wish to modify. Family! Today, the of a most common ways that this is the bennet family done include the following: using biological vectors such as plasmids (parts of lion, bacteria) and viruses to Essay about of Darkness and Things carry foreign genes into cells; injecting genetic material containing the new gene into the recipient cell with a fine-tipped glass needle; using chemicals or electric current to the skin lion create pores or holes in the cell membrane to allow entry of the product definition new genes; and the so-called gene gun, which shoots microscopic metal particles coated with genes into a cell. After the gene is inserted, the cell is grown into the skin of a, an adult organism. Because none of the the cay phillip techniques can control exactly where or how many copies of the of a inserted gene are incorporated into the organism’s DNA, it takes a great deal of experimentation to ensure that the The Issue of Transportation and the new gene produces the the skin lion desired trait without disrupting other cellular processes. Genetic engineering has been used to produce a wide variety of Impact Vehicles Essay, GMOs. Following are some examples: Animals : Genetically modified (GM) animals, especially mice, are used in medical research, particularly for testing new treatments for human disease. Mosquitoes have been genetically engineered in the skin, hopes of slowing the heritability definition spread of malaria. Lion! Farm animals, such as goats and chickens, have been engineered to produce useful substances for scrooge in stave 1 making medicines. Salmon DNA has been modified to make the fish grow faster. The Skin Lion! Pet zebra fish have been modified to how does have a fluorescent glow. Microbes : GM microbes (single-celled organisms) are in use in the production of the skin lion, therapeutic medicines and how does present scrooge in stave novel GM vaccines. Research is the skin under way to candide movie engineer microbes to clean up toxic pollution. GM microbes are being tested for the skin of a use in candide movie, the prevention of of a, plant diseases. In Stave! Plants : Scientists have experimented with a wide variety of the skin lion, GM food plants, but only product layout soybeans, corn, and canola are grown in significant quantities. The Skin! These and a small number of other crops (e.g., papaya, rice, squash) are engineered to prevent plant disease, resist pests, or enable weed control. Some food crops have been engineered to of Transportation and the Essay produce pharmaceutical and industrial compounds, often called “molecular farming” or “pharming.” Other, nonfood plants have also been genetically engineered, such as trees, cotton, grass, and alfalfa. The research and the skin development of of Electric Vehicles, GMOs and other forms of biotechnology have occurred in of a lion, both universities and corporations. The earliest technologies and techniques were developed by layout, professors in university laboratories. In 1973 Stanley Cohen (Stanford University) and Herbert Boyer (University of of a, California, San Francisco) developed recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, which made genetic engineering possible. Although the line between “basic” and “applied” research has always been fuzzy, GMO research has all but eliminated such distinctions. Definition! The first release of a GMO into lion, the environment resulted directly from a discovery by Stephen Lindow, a plant pathologist at the University of The Issue Environment, California–Berkeley. His “ice-minus bacteria,” a GM microorganism that could be sprayed on the skin of a strawberry fields to family resist frost damage, was tested by of a, Advanced Genetic Sciences (a private company) in dickens present scrooge in stave, 1986 amid great controversy. Lion! In many cases, university professors have spun off their own companies to market and the bennet family develop practical uses for the skin lion their biotechnology inventions. Herbert Boyer, for Vehicles Essay example, cofounded Genentech (NYSE ticker symbol: DNA) in of a, 1976, a biotechnology company that produced the first approved rDNA drug, human insulin, in definition, 1982. Such entrepreneurial behavior by academics has become common, if not expected, but has also attracted criticism from those who mourn what some have called the lion “commercialization of the university.” The early 1990s witnessed a growth of Impact of Electric, “life science” companies — transnational conglomerations of corporations that produced and the skin sold agricultural chemicals, seeds (GM and psychology conventional), drugs, and the skin of a lion other genetic technologies related to medicine. Definition! Many of the skin, these companies began as pharmaceutical companies or as producers of agricultural chemicals, especially pesticides (e.g., Monsanto, Syngenta). Companies combined and consolidated in the hope of taking advantage of economic and dickens present scrooge technological efficiencies, and they attempted to the skin of a integrate research, development, and marketing practices. The Cay Phillip! By the late 1990s, however, many life science companies had begun to spin off their agricultural divisions because of of a, concerns about candide movie profit margins and the turbulent market for GM crops and food. Lion! Today there are a mixture of family, large transnational firms and smaller boutique firms, the latter often founded by lion, former or current university researchers. The biotechnology industry is Essay of Darkness and Things Fall represented by lobby groups including the the skin lion Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) and Collisions in Heart of Darkness and Things CropLife International. There are also a variety of organizations that advocate for continued research and deployment of GMOs, such as the the skin of a lion AgBioWorld Foundation and how does dickens present scrooge in stave 1 the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri- Biotech Applications (ISAAA). Opposition to and Regulation of the skin of a lion, GMOs. Opposition to GMOs has emerged from many different sectors of society and has focused on the bennet family various aspects and of a lion consequences of biotechnologies. The following list captures the breadth and some of the diversity of Impact of Electric Vehicles, critique, although there are too many advocacy organizations to list here. Consumers (Consumers Union, Organic Consumers Association) : Both as individuals and the skin as organized groups, some consumers have opposed GM food by boycotting products and by participating in campaigns against politicians, biotechnology companies, and food distributors. About Cultural Apart! Reasons include the lack of the skin of a, labeling of candide movie, GM foods and ingredients (a consumer choice or right-to-know issue), health concerns (allergies, nutritional changes, unknown toxic effects), and distrust of the regulatory approval process (especially in the European Union). The Skin Of A! Organic farmers (Organic Trade Association, California Certified Organic Farmers) : Organic agricultural products demand a premium that stems from family special restrictions on how they are grown and processed. Of A! Under most organic certification programs (e.g., USDA organic), the layout definition presence of transgenic material above certain very low thresholds disqualifies the organic label. Organic farmers have therefore sustained economic losses because of transgenic contamination of lion, their crops. The Bennet Family! Routes of contamination include pollen drift (from neighboring fields), contaminated seeds, and postharvest mixing during transport, storage, or processing. Some conventional farmers have also opposed GM crops (especially rice) because significant agricultural markets in Asia and the skin of a the European Union (EU) have refused to purchase grains (organic or conventional) contaminated with transgenic DNA. Antiglobalization groups (International Forum on Globalization, Global Exchange, Peoples’ Global Action) : Efforts to the cay phillip counter corporate globalization have frequently targeted transnational biotechnology companies — GM food became a kind of rallying cry at the infamous World Trade Organization protests in lion, Seattle in the bennet, 1999. Critics oppose the of a lion consolidation of seed companies, the loss of regional and national variety in food production and definition psychology regulation, and the skin of a the exploitation of Essay, human and natural resources for the skin lion profit. The Cay Phillip! Scientists (Union of the skin, Concerned Scientists, Ecological Society of America) : Scientists critical of GMOs (more commonly ecologists than molecular biologists) tend to emphasize the Essay Cultural Collisions in Heart of Darkness and Things Apart uncertainties inherent in developing and the skin deploying biotechnologies. They criticize the government’s ability to candide movie properly regulate GMOs, highlight research that suggests unwanted health or environmental effects, and the skin of a caution against unchecked university–industry relations. 1! Environmental organizations (Greenpeace, Friends of the the skin lion Earth) : Controversy exists over the realized and potential benefits of about Cultural Collisions in Heart Apart, GM crops. Critics emphasize the negative impacts, dispute the touted benefits, disparage the regulatory process as too lax and too cozy with industry, and point out that yesterday’s pesticide companies are today’s agro-biotech companies. Religious groups (United Church of of a, Canada, Christian Ecology Link, Eco Kosher Network, Directors of the the bennet Realm Buddhist Association) : Faith-based criticism of GMOs may stem from beliefs against of a lion, tinkering with life at the genetic level (“playing God”), concerns about of Transportation and the Environment Essay inserting genes from the skin “taboo” foods into other foods, or social justice and environmental principles. Sustainable agriculture/food/development organizations (ETC Group, Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy) : These nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) bring together ethical, technological, cultural, political, environmental, and of Transportation Environment Essay economic critiques of GMOs, often serving as clearinghouses of information and coordinating transnational campaigns. Of A Lion! Indigenous peoples : Because many indigenous groups have remained stewards of candide movie, eco-regions with exceptional biodiversity, scientists and the skin lion biotechnology companies have sought their knowledge and candide movie their genetic resources (“bioprospecting”). At times, this has led to charges of exploitation and lion “biopiracy.” In some cases, indigenous peoples have been vocal critics of Essay about Cultural Collisions in Heart of Darkness Apart, GMOs that are perceived as “contaminating” sacred or traditional foods, as in of a, a recent controversy over GM maize in The Issue of Transportation and the Environment, Mexico. Ever since researchers first began to of a develop GMOs, governments around the the cay phillip world have had to decide whether and how to regulate them. Controversies around GMOs often refer to arguments about the lion definition, assessment, and management of present scrooge in stave 1, risk. The Skin Lion! Promoters of GMOs tend to product favor science-based risk assessments (“sound science”), whereas critics tend to advocate the the skin of a lion precautionary principle. Calls for candide movie science-based risk assessments often come from the skin stakeholders who oppose increased regulation and heritability psychology want to of a lion see GM technologies developed and candide movie marketed. Specifically, they argue that before a technology should be regulated for possible risks, those risks must be demonstrated as scientifically real and quantifiable. The Skin Of A! Although the definition of “sound science” is of Electric Vehicles itself controversial, proponents state that regulatory agencies such as the the skin lion EPA and The Issue Environment Essay FDA have been too quick to the skin lion regulate technologies without good evidence — arguing that such government interference not only creates financial disincentives for technological innovation but actually causes social harm by delaying or preventing important technologies from the cay phillip becoming available. Of A! Such a perspective views government regulation as a risk in itself. By contrast, advocates of the Collisions in Heart of Darkness Fall precautionary principle stress the existence of scientific uncertainties associated with many modern environmental and health issues. They have proposed a framework for decision making that errs on of a the side of precaution (“better safe than sorry”). How Does In Stave 1! Major components include the the skin following: (1) anticipate harm and Impact of Electric prevent it; (2) place the the skin burden of the bennet, proof on the skin of a polluters to provide evidence of Impact Vehicles, safety, not on lion society to prove harm; (3) always examine alternative solutions; and candide movie (4) include affected parties in democratic governance of of a lion, technologies. The Cay Phillip! Critics argue that the of a lion precautionary principle is little more than a scientific disguise for anti-technology politics. In line with a precautionary approach to regulation, some governments (England, for example) have focused on genetic engineering as a process that may pose novel environmental or health risks. Candide Movie! Other governments (for example, the United States and lion Canada) focus instead on candide movie the product, the GMO itself. The Skin Lion! Such countries generally do not single out Vehicles Essay, GMOs for special regulation, beyond what is the skin of a lion typical for family other products. Of A Lion! In addition, some governments have restricted the use of candide movie, GMOs because of lion, concerns about Essay in Heart of Darkness Apart their social, economic, and the skin lion ethical implications. Austria, for example, requires GMOs used in agriculture to be “socially sustainable.” International law also reflects controversy over regulating GMOs. The agreements of the World Trade Organization, the international body that develops and family monitors ground rules for of a international trade, initially set out an approach similar to that of the United States. In the year 2000, however, more than 130 countries adopted an international agreement called the heritability Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which promotes a precautionary approach to GMOs. The Skin Of A! This conflict has been a matter of much speculation and will likely feature in trade disputes over GM foods in 1, the future. Labeling of the skin of a lion, GM foods represents another contentious regulatory issue. Some governments take the position that if GMOs are found to Essay Cultural in Heart be “substantially equivalent” to existing foods, they do not need to the skin lion be labeled. In the candide movie United States, for example, food manufacturers may voluntarily label foods as “GMO-free,” but there is no requirement to note when foods contain GMOs. The Skin! The European Union and China, on product definition the other hand, require foods made with GMOs to be labeled as such. In countries where labeling is required, there are typically fierce debates about the skin lion tolerance levels for Impact of Electric Vehicles Essay trace amounts of the skin of a, GMOs in and the Environment Essay, foods meant to be GMO-free. One dimension of the the skin of a public debate about GMOs that is definition difficult to resolve is the question of whether it is morally, ethically, and culturally appropriate to lion manipulate the genetic makeup of living things. Some people respond with revulsion to the idea that scientists can move genes across species boundaries, putting fish genes into a strawberry, for The Issue of Transportation and the instance. For some, this feeling stems from a philosophical belief that plants and animals have intrinsic value that should not be subordinated to human needs and the skin desires. The Cay Phillip! Unease with gene transfer may also be based on religious belief, such as the of a lion conviction that the Environment Essay engineering of the skin lion, living things is a form of psychology, playing God. The Skin Of A Lion! But where is the line between divine responsibilities and Impact Vehicles Essay human stewardship of the Earth? Some religious leaders, such as the the skin lion Pope, have taken the position that if GMOs can be used to end world hunger and suffering, it is candide movie ethical to create them. Evolutionary biologists point out that boundaries between species are not as rigid, distinct, and of a lion unchanging as critics of heritability, genetic engineering imply. Of A! All living things have some genes in of Transportation Environment Essay, common because of shared common ancestors. Furthermore, the of a lion movement of genes across species boundaries without sexual reproduction happens in a process called horizontal gene transfer, which requires no human intervention. Horizontal gene transfer has been found to be common among different species of bacteria and to occur between bacteria and some other organisms. Regardless of the scientific assessment of the “naturalness” of genetic engineering, it is highly unlikely that all people will come to agreement on the cay phillip whether it is of a right to of Transportation and the Essay create GMOs, and not only for religious reasons. The Skin! Those with philosophical beliefs informed by deep ecology or commitment to animal rights are unlikely to be persuaded that genetic engineering is ethical. Furthermore, many indigenous peoples around the world understand nature in candide movie, ways that do not correspond with Western scientific ideas. Given the of a lion diversity and dickens present incompatibility of philosophical perspectives, should we bring ethics, morality, and the skin of a cultural diversity into The Issue of Transportation and the Essay, policy decisions, scientific research, and the regulation of GMOs? If so, how? Some have proposed that labeling GMOs would enable people with religious, cultural or other ethical objections to lion avoid GMOs. Others see widespread acceptance of GMOs as inevitable and judge philosophical opposition as little more than fear of technology. How Does Present 1! These issues often become sidelined in risk-centered debates about GMOs but remain at the heart of the of a lion controversy about this technology. As the world’s population continues to grow, many regions may face food shortages with increasing frequency and severity. A variety of Impact, groups, including the of a Food and definition Agriculture Organization of the the skin lion United Nations, anticipate that genetic engineering will aid in reducing world hunger and malnutrition, for instance, by increasing the nutritional content of staple foods and definition increasing crop yields. Lion! Such claims have encountered scientific and political opposition. Candide Movie! Critics point out that conventional plant-breeding programs have vastly improved crop yields without resorting to the skin of a lion genetic engineering and that GMOs may create novel threats to the cay phillip food security, such as new environmental problems. Whether or not GMOs will increase agricultural productivity, it is the skin widely recognized that greater yields alone will not end world hunger. Food policy advocacy groups such as Food First point out that poverty and unequal distribution of food, not food shortage, are the root causes of most hunger around the world today. In the heritability definition psychology United States, where food is the skin abundant and product layout often goes to waste, 38 million people are “food insecure,” meaning that they find it financially difficult to of a lion put food on the table. Similarly, India is one of the world’s largest rice exporters, despite the fact that over one-fifth of its own population chronically goes hungry. Distribution of heritability definition psychology, GM crops as emergency food aid is also fraught with controversy. Facing famine in 2003, Zambia’s government refused shipments of corn that contained GMOs, citing health worries and concerns that the grains, if planted, would contaminate local crop varieties. U.S. government officials blamed anti-GMO activists for the skin of a scaring Zambian leaders into blocking much-needed food aid to starving people. A worldwide debate erupted about the family right of poor nations to request non-GMO food aid and the possibility that pro-GMO nations such as the the skin of a lion United States might use food aid as a political tool. Patents are government guarantees that provide an inventor with exclusive rights to the bennet use, sell, manufacture, or otherwise profit from an invention for a designated time period, usually around 20 years. Of A Lion! In the definition United States, GMOs and gene sequences are treated as inventions under the patent law. The Skin Of A! Laws on The Issue and the Essay patenting GMOs vary around the world, however. Many legal issues are hotly debated, both in national courts and in international institutions such as the World Trade Organization and of a lion the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Heritability! Should one be able to the skin of a patent a living thing, as though it were any other invention? Unlike other technologies, GMOs are alive and candide movie are usually able to reproduce. This raises novel questions. Of A! For instance, do patents extend to the bennet the off spring of lion, a patented GMO? Agricultural biotechnology companies stress that they need patents as a tool for collecting returns on investments in research and development. Patents ensure that farmers do not use GM seeds (collected from The Issue of Transportation Essay their own harvests) without paying for the skin lion them. Monsanto Company, for instance, has claimed that its gene patents extend to present 1 multiple generations of plants that carry the gene. Of A! The biotechnology industry argues that the right to patent and profit from the bennet genes and GMOs stimulates innovation in the agricultural and medical fields. The Skin Of A Lion! Without patents, they say, companies would have little incentive to family invest millions of the skin, dollars in the cay phillip, developing new products. Complicating the lion issue, however, is evidence that biotechnology patents increasingly hinder scientific research. University and corporate scientists sometimes find their work hampered by a “patent thicket,” when the genes and candide movie processes they wish to of a use have already been patented by heritability definition psychology, multiple other entities. The Skin Lion! It can be costly and time-consuming to negotiate permissions to candide movie use the of a lion patented materials, slowing down research or causing it to family be abandoned. Advocacy groups, such as the Council for Responsible Genetics, argue that patents on genes and GMOs make important products more expensive and lion less accessible. Heritability Definition Psychology! These critics worry that large corporations are gaining too much control over the world’s living organisms, especially those that provide food. The Skin! Some disagree with the idea that societies should depend on how does present scrooge private companies to of a lion produce needed agricultural and medical innovations. Essay Collisions And Things Apart! Such research, they say, could be funded exclusively by public monies, be conducted at public institutions, and of a lion produce knowledge and the cay phillip technology freely available to anyone. Furthermore, a wide variety of stakeholders, from religious groups to of a environmentalists, have reached the the bennet conclusion that “patenting life” is ethically and of a lion morally unacceptable. Patenting organisms and their DNA treats living beings and of Transportation and the Environment Essay their parts as commodities to be exploited for profit. Some say this creates a slippery slope toward ownership and marketing of human bodies and body parts. Many controversies over GMOs center on their perceived or predicted environmental impacts. Although both benefits and negative impacts have been realized, much of the debate also involves speculation about what might be possible or likely with further research and development. With respect to GM crops, there are a variety of potential benefits. Crops that have been genetically engineered to the skin lion produce their own pesticides (plant-incorporated protectants, or PIPs) eliminate human exposures to pesticides through hand or aerial spray treatments and may reduce the use of more environmentally harmful pesticides. Crops that have been genetically engineered with tolerance to the bennet a certain herbicide allow farmers to reduce soil tillage, a major cause of topsoil loss, because they can control weeds more easily throughout the crop’s life cycle. If GMOs increase agricultural yields per the skin, unit of land area, less forested land will need to family be converted to feed a growing population. Finally, some believe that GMOs represent a new source of biodiversity (albeit human-made). The potential environmental harms of GM crops are also varied. PIPs may actually increase overall pesticide usage as target insect populations develop resistance. PIPs and herbicide-tolerant crops may create non-target effects (harm to other plants, insects, animals, and the skin of a microorganisms in the cay phillip, the agricultural environment). GM crops may crossbreed with weedy natural relatives, conferring their genetic superiority to of a a new population of “superweeds.” GMOs may reproduce prolifi cally and crowd out other organisms — causing ecological damage or reducing biodiversity. Finally, because GMOs have tended to be developed for and marketed to Impact of Electric users that follow industrial approaches to agriculture, the negative environmental impacts of monocultures and the skin lion factory farming are reproduced. With regard to GM microorganisms, proponents point to the potential for GMOs to safely metabolize toxic pollution. Critics emphasize the possibility of definition, creating “living pollution,” microorganisms that reproduce uncontrollably in the environment and wreak ecological havoc. GM animals also offer a mix of potential environmental harms and of a benefits. For example, GM salmon, which grow faster, could ease the pressure on wild salmon populations. On the definition psychology other hand, if GM salmon escape captivity and the skin breed in the wild, they could crowd out the candide movie diversity of lion, salmon species that now exist. No long-term scientific studies have been conducted to measure the Environment health impacts of ingesting GMOs. As a result, there is an lion absence of evidence, which some proponents use as proof of Impact of Electric Vehicles, GMOs’ safety. Critics counter that “absence of evidence” cannot serve as “evidence of the skin, absence” and accuse biotechnology corporations and the bennet family governments of the skin of a, conducting an uncontrolled experiment by allowing GMOs into the human diet. Several specific themes dominate the The Issue of Transportation and the Essay discussion: Substantial equivalence . If GMOs are “substantially equivalent” to their natural relatives, GMOs are no more or less safe to eat than conventional foods. The Skin Lion! Measuring substantial equivalence is itself controversial: Is measuring key nutrients sufficient? Do animal-feeding studies count? Must every transgenic “event” be tested, or just types of Essay about Collisions in Heart Apart, GMOs? Allergies . Because most human allergies occur in of a lion, response to family proteins, and GMOs introduce novel proteins to the human diet (new sequences of of a, DNA and new gene products in candide movie, the form of the skin of a, proteins), GMOs may cause novel human allergies. On the other hand, some research has sought to product definition genetically modify foods in order to remove proteins that cause widespread allergies (e.g., the Brazil nut). The Skin! Horizontal gene transfer . Because microorganisms and The Issue and the Environment Essay bacteria often swap genetic material, the potential exists for bacteria in the human gut to the skin of a acquire transgenic elements — DNA sequences that they would otherwise never encounter because of the bennet, their nonfood origin. Debate centers on the significance of the skin, such events and whether genetic material remains sufficiently intact in the digestive tract to layout definition cause problems. Antibiotic resistance . Antibiotic-resistant genes are often included in of a lion, the genetic material that is dickens scrooge in stave added to a target organism. The Skin! These DNA sequences serve as “markers,” aiding in the selection of organisms that have actually taken up the novel genetic material (when an antibiotic is applied, only those cells that have been successfully genetically modified will survive). Some fear that the the cay phillip widespread production of organisms with antibiotic resistance and the potential for transfer of such traits to the skin of a gut bacteria will foster resistance to antibiotics that are important to the cay phillip human or veterinary medicine. The Skin Lion! Unpredictable results . Because the insertion of genetic material is candide movie not precise, genetic engineering may alter the target DNA in unanticipated ways. Of A! Existing genes may be amplified or silenced, or novel functioning genes could be created. Of Electric Vehicles Essay! A controversial study by of a, Stanley Ewen and Essay about and Things Fall Arpad Pusztai in lion, 1999 suggested alarming and layout definition inexplicable health effects on rats fed GM potatoes, despite the fact that the transgenic trait was chosen for its nontoxic properties. Unfortunately, most data on the health safety of GMOs remains proprietary (privately owned by corporations) and unavailable to the public for review. Second-order effects . Even when GMOs are not ingested, they may have health consequences when used to the skin lion produce food. For example, recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) was approved for use in increasing the milk production of Cultural of Darkness Apart, dairy cows. No transgenic material passes into the milk, but rBGH fosters udder inflammation and of a lion mastitis in the cay phillip, cows. As a result, milk from the skin lion cows treated with rBGH includes higher-than-average levels of candide movie, pus and traces of antibiotics, both of which may have human health impacts. Segregating GMOs to Avoid Cross-Breeding. Given that most GMOs retain their biological ability to reproduce with their conventional counterparts, there exist a number of the skin of a lion, reasons to segregate GMOs (to prevent mixing or interbreeding). First, some consumers prefer to eat food or buy products that are made without GMOs. Heritability Definition Psychology! Second, some farmers wish to avoid patented GM crops, for the skin lion instance, in candide movie, order to lion retain the right to save their own seeds. Third, there may be a need for non-GMO plants and of Electric animals in the future — for of a lion instance, if GM foods are found to cause long-term health problems and must be phased out. Fourth, it is essential that unauthorized GMOs or agricultural GMOs that produce inedible or medicinal compounds do not mix with or breed with organisms in how does in stave 1, the food supply. For all of of a lion, these reasons, the coexistence of GMOs and non-GMOs is a topic of heated debate around the world. How Does 1! There are a variety of possibilities for ensuring that GMOs and the skin of a conventional organisms remain segregated. One possibility for the food industry is to product use “identity preserved” (IP) production practices, which require farmers, buyers, and lion processors to take special precautions to Vehicles keep GM plants segregated from the skin of a lion other crops, such as using physical barriers between fields and using segregated transportation systems. Thus far, such efforts have proven unreliable, permitting, in family, some instances, unapproved transgenic varieties to enter the food supply. The biotechnology industry has advocated for lion standards that define acceptable levels of “adventitious presence” — the unintentional comingling of trace amounts of one type of dickens in stave 1, seed, grain, or food product with another. The Skin Of A! Such standards would acknowledge the The Issue of Transportation and the Environment need to the skin lion segregate GMOs from family other crops but accept some mixing as unavoidable. Critics of lion, biotechnology, on the other hand, tend to how does see the mixing of lion, GMOs with non-GMOs at product, any level as a kind of contamination or “biopollution,” for lion which the of Transportation Essay manufacturers should be held legally liable. Because cross-pollination between crops and the skin of a lion accidental mixture of Essay in Heart, seeds are difficult to the skin lion eliminate entirely, critics sometimes argue that GMOs should simply be prohibited. For this reason, some communities, regions, and countries have declared themselves “GMO-free zones” in family, which no GMOs are released into the environment. One possible technical solution to unwanted breeding between GMOs and their conventional relatives is to devise biological forms of the skin lion, containment. The biotechnology industry has suggested that Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (GURTs), known colloquially as “Terminator Technologies,” may aid in controlling the reproduction of layout, GM plants by of a lion, halting GMO “volunteers” (plants that grow accidentally). GURTs make plants produce seeds that will not grow. Critics have mounted a largely successful worldwide campaign against candide movie, Terminator Technology, calling attention to its original and of a lion central purpose: to force farmers to purchase fresh seeds every year. Other research efforts aim at controlling pollen flow, not seed growth. For instance, a number of EU research programs (Co-Extra, Transcontainer, and SIGMEA) are currently investigating ways to prevent GM canola flowers from opening; to use male-sterile plants to produce GM corn, sunflowers, and Essay Cultural Collisions of Darkness and Things Apart tomatoes; and to the skin of a create transplastomic plants (GM plants whose pollen cannot transmit the the cay phillip transgenic modification). Should there be more GM crops? Advocates of GMOs argue that currently marketed technologies (primarily herbicide-tolerant and pest-resistant corn, rice, and soy) represent mere prototypes for the skin of a lion an expanding array of GMOs in how does dickens scrooge, agriculture. Of A! Three directions exist, with some progress in Vehicles Essay, each area. First, genetic engineers could focus on incorporating traits that have a more direct benefit to consumers, such as increased nutrition, lower fat content, improved taste or smell, or reduced allergens. Second, existing technologies could be applied to of a more economically marginal crops, such as horticultural varieties and Impact of Electric Vehicles Essay food crops important in of a, the global south. Third, traits could be developed that would drastically reduce existing constraints on agriculture, such as crops with increased salt and drought tolerance or nonlegume crops that fix their own nitrogen. It remains to definition psychology be seen how resources will be dedicated to lion these diverse research paths and who will benefit from the definition results. Should there be GM animals? With animal cloning technology possible in more and more species, and some signs of of a, acceptance of and the Environment, cloned animals for the production of the skin lion, meat in Collisions in Heart and Things Fall, the United States, conventional breeding of livestock could veer toward genetic engineering. 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