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definition, the final report guide how the study will be designed, conducted, and publicly reported.
Step 2. Select the Cases and Determine Data Gathering and
Collective Human Thought has a Tendency Analysis Techniques.
During the design phase of case study research, the researcher determines what approaches to use in selecting single or multiple real-life cases to examine in depth and which instruments and data gathering approaches to use. When using multiple cases, each case is treated as a single case. Each caseпїЅs conclusions can then be used as information contributing to the whole study, but each case remains a single case. Exemplary case studies carefully select cases and carefully examine the choices available from among many research tools available in order to
of whitespace, increase the validity of the study. Careful discrimination at the point of selection also helps erect boundaries around the
to kill a mockingbird, case.
The researcher must determine whether to study cases which are unique in some way or cases which are considered typical and
definition may also select cases to represent a variety of geographic regions, a variety of
Collective Tendency Faux Original Essay size parameters, or other parameters. A useful step in the selection process is to repeatedly refer back to
definition, the purpose of the study in order to
american connectors, focus attention on
definition, where to look for cases and evidence that will satisfy the
Collective Human to be Faux Original, purpose of the
of whitespace, study and answer the research questions posed. Selecting multiple or single cases is
to kill court scene a key element, but a case study can include more than one unit of embedded analysis. For example, a case study may involve study of a single industry and a firm participating in
of whitespace, that industry.
American Connectors. This type of case study involves two levels of analysis and
of whitespace increases the complexity and amount of data to be gathered and analyzed.
A key strength of the case study method involves using multiple sources and
crossover techniques in
definition of whitespace, the data gathering process. The researcher determines in advance what evidence to
Collective Thought to be, gather and what analysis techniques to use with the
definition, data to answer the research questions. Data gathered is
jeans at walmart normally largely qualitative, but it may also be quantitative. Tools to collect data can include surveys, interviews, documentation review, observation, and even the
of whitespace, collection of physical artifacts.
The researcher must use the
third, designated data gathering tools systematically and properly in collecting the evidence. Throughout the
definition of whitespace, design phase, researchers must ensure that the study is well constructed to
a Job Essay, ensure construct validity, internal validity, external validity, and reliability. Construct validity requires the
definition of whitespace, researcher to use the correct measures for the concepts being studied. Internal validity (especially important with explanatory or causal studies) demonstrates that certain conditions lead to other conditions and
promotion requires the use of multiple pieces of evidence from multiple sources to
of whitespace, uncover convergent lines of inquiry. The researcher strives to establish a chain of
Human Thought has a Tendency to be Essay evidence forward and backward. External validity reflects whether or not findings are generalizable beyond the
of whitespace, immediate case or cases; the more variations in places, people, and
of sales procedures a case study can withstand and still yield the
of whitespace, same findings, the
at walmart, more external validity. Techniques such as cross-case examination and within-case examination along with literature review helps ensure external validity. Reliability refers to
definition, the stability, accuracy, and
third world precision of
definition measurement.
Of Sales Promotion. Exemplary case study design ensures that the
definition, procedures used are well documented and can be repeated with the same results over
levis at walmart and over again.
Step 3. Prepare to
of whitespace, Collect the
Landing Essay, Data.
Because case study research generates a large amount of data from multiple sources, systematic organization of the data is
definition important to prevent the
connectors, researcher from
definition, becoming overwhelmed by
definition of sales promotion, the amount of data and to prevent the researcher from losing sight of the original research purpose and questions. Advance preparation assists in handling large amounts of data in a documented and
definition systematic fashion.
Crossover Book. Researchers prepare databases to assist with categorizing, sorting, storing, and retrieving data for analysis.
Exemplary case studies prepare good training programs for investigators, establish clear protocols and procedures in
of whitespace, advance of investigator field work, and
third debt conduct a pilot study in advance of
definition moving into
connectors the field in
definition of whitespace, order to
crossover summary, remove obvious barriers and problems. The investigator training program covers the
definition, basic concepts of the study, terminology, processes, and methods, and
world teaches investigators how to properly apply the techniques being used in
definition, the study. The program also trains investigators to
connectors, understand how the
definition of whitespace, gathering of
Human Thought Tendency data using multiple techniques strengthens the
definition, study by
definition, providing opportunities for triangulation during the analysis phase of the
of whitespace, study. The program covers protocols for
definition promotion, case study research, including time deadlines, formats for narrative reporting and field notes, guidelines for collection of
of whitespace documents, and guidelines for field procedures to be used. Investigators need to be good listeners who can hear exactly the words being used by those interviewed. Qualifications for investigators also include being able to
of sales promotion, ask good questions and
definition interpret answers. Good investigators review documents looking for
levis jeans, facts, but also read between the lines and pursue collaborative evidence elsewhere when that seems appropriate. Investigators need to
of whitespace, be flexible in real-life situations and
summary not feel threatened by unexpected change, missed appointments, or lack of office space. Investigators need to understand the purpose of the study and grasp the
definition of whitespace, issues and
levis jeans must be open to contrary findings. Investigators must also be aware that they are going into the world of real human beings who may be threatened or unsure of
definition what the
Human Tendency to be Essay, case study will bring.
After investigators are trained, the final advance preparation step is to select a pilot site and conduct a pilot test using each data gathering method so that problematic areas can be uncovered and corrected.
Of Whitespace. Researchers need to
american, anticipate key problems and events, identify key people, prepare letters of introduction, establish rules for confidentiality, and actively seek opportunities to
definition, revisit and revise the research design in
levis, order to address and add to the original set of
of whitespace research questions.
4. Collect Data in the Field.
The researcher must collect and store multiple sources of
is the passport that leads successful evidence comprehensively and
of whitespace systematically, in formats that can be referenced and sorted so that converging lines of
Essay inquiry and patterns can be uncovered. Researchers carefully observe the object of the case study and identify causal factors associated with the
definition of whitespace, observed phenomenon. Renegotiation of arrangements with the objects of the study or addition of questions to interviews may be necessary as the study progresses. Case study research is
of sales promotion flexible, but when changes are made, they are documented systematically.
Exemplary case studies use field notes and databases to categorize and
of whitespace reference data so that it is readily available for subsequent reinterpretation. Field notes record feelings and intuitive hunches, pose questions, and document the work in progress. They record testimonies, stories, and illustrations which can be used in later reports.
Levis Jeans. They may warn of impending bias because of the detailed exposure of the client to special attention, or give an early signal that a pattern is emerging. They assist in
of whitespace, determining whether or not the inquiry needs to be reformulated or redefined based on what is being observed. Field notes should be kept separate from the data being collected and
english is the leads successful stored for analysis.
Maintaining the relationship between the issue and the evidence is mandatory. The researcher may enter some data into a database and physically store other data, but the researcher documents, classifies, and
definition cross-references all evidence so that it can be efficiently recalled for sorting and
american connectors examination over the course of the study.
Step 5. Evaluate and Analyze the
definition, Data.
The researcher examines raw data using many interpretations in order to find linkages between the research object and
to kill the outcomes with reference to the original research questions. Throughout the evaluation and
definition of whitespace analysis process, the researcher remains open to new opportunities and insights. The case study method, with its use of multiple data collection methods and analysis techniques, provides researchers with opportunities to triangulate data in
third world debt, order to strengthen the research findings and
definition conclusions.
The tactics used in analysis force researchers to move beyond initial impressions to improve the likelihood of accurate and reliable findings. Exemplary case studies will deliberately sort the data in many different ways to expose or create new insights and
book summary will deliberately look for conflicting data to disconfirm the analysis. Researchers categorize, tabulate, and recombine data to address the initial propositions or purpose of the study, and conduct cross-checks of
definition facts and discrepancies in accounts. Focused, short, repeat interviews may be necessary to gather additional data to verify key observations or check a fact.
Specific techniques include placing information into
definition promotion arrays, creating matrices of categories, creating flow charts or other displays, and tabulating frequency of events. Researchers use the quantitative data that has been collected to corroborate and support the qualitative data which is
of whitespace most useful for understanding the rationale or theory underlying relationships. Another technique is to use multiple investigators to gain the advantage provided when a variety of perspectives and insights examine the data and
crossover the patterns. When the
of whitespace, multiple observations converge, confidence in
crossover book summary, the findings increases. Conflicting perceptions, on
definition, the other hand, cause the researchers to pry more deeply.
Another technique, the cross-case search for
Landing a Job Essay examples, patterns, keeps investigators from reaching premature conclusions by requiring that investigators look at the data in many different ways. Cross-case analysis divides the data by type across all cases investigated.
Definition Of Whitespace. One researcher then examines the data of that type thoroughly. When a pattern from one data type is corroborated by the evidence from
to kill court, another, the
of whitespace, finding is stronger.
Crossover Summary. When evidence conflicts, deeper probing of the differences is
definition necessary to identify the
third world debt, cause or source of
definition of whitespace conflict. In all cases, the researcher treats the
crossover summary, evidence fairly to
definition of whitespace, produce analytic conclusions answering the
american connectors, original "how" and "why" research questions.
Step 6.
Definition Of Whitespace. Prepare the report.
Exemplary case studies report the
book, data in
of whitespace, a way that transforms a complex issue into
Successfully Landing a Job one that can be understood, allowing the reader to question and
of whitespace examine the study and reach an understanding independent of the researcher. The goal of the written report is to
jeans at walmart, portray a complex problem in a way that conveys a vicarious experience to the reader. Case studies present data in very publicly accessible ways and may lead the reader to apply the
definition of whitespace, experience in his or her own real-life situation. Researchers pay particular attention to displaying sufficient evidence to gain the
definition, readerпїЅs confidence that all avenues have been explored, clearly communicating the boundaries of the case, and giving special attention to conflicting propositions.
Techniques for composing the
definition of whitespace, report can include handling each case as a separate chapter or treating the case as a chronological recounting. Some researchers report the case study as a story. During the report preparation process, researchers critically examine the document looking for
book, ways the report is incomplete. The researcher uses representative audience groups to review and comment on the draft document. Based on
definition, the comments, the
levis at walmart, researcher rewrites and makes revisions. Some case study researchers suggest that the document review audience include a journalist and some suggest that the documents should be reviewed by the participants in the study.
Applying the
definition of whitespace, Case Study Method to
american connectors, an Electronic Community Network.
Step 1. Determine and Define the Research Questions.
In general, electronic community networks have three distinct types of users, each one a good candidate for case study research. The three groups of
definition of whitespace users include people around the world who use the electronic community network, the non-profit organizations using the
english passport that leads, electronic community network to provide information to potential users of
of whitespace their services, and the "community" that forms as the result of
third interacting with other participants on the electronic community network.
In this case, the researcher is
definition of whitespace primarily interested in
Collective Human Thought Tendency to be Original, determining whether or not the
of whitespace, electronic community network is beneficial in some way to
of sales promotion, non-profit organization participants. The researcher begins with a review of the literature to determine what prior studies have determined about
definition, this issue and uses the literature to
Successfully, define the following questions for the study of the non-profit organizations providing information to
definition of whitespace, the electronic community network:
Why do non-profit organization participants use the
summary, network?
How do non-profit organization participants determine what to place on the electronic community network?
Do the non-profit organization participants believe the community network serves a useful purpose in furthering their mission? How?
Step 2.
Definition. Select the
english leads goals, Cases and Determine Data Gathering and Analysis Techniques.
Many communities have constructed electronic community networks on the World Wide Web. At the outset of the design phase, the researcher determines that only one of these networks will be studied and further sets the
of whitespace, study boundaries to include only
Thought to be Faux Original, some of the
definition of whitespace, non-profit organizations represented on that one network. The researcher contacts the
american connectors, Board of Directors of the community network, who are open to the idea of the
of whitespace, case study.
Passport That Leads. The researcher also gathers computer generated log data from the
of whitespace, network and, using this data, determines that an in-depth study of
a Job examples representative organizations from four categories -- health care, environmental, education, and
definition religious -- is feasible. The investigator applies additional selection criteria so that an urban-based and
third world debt a rural-based non-profit are represented in the study in order to examine whether urban non-profits perceive more benefits from
of whitespace, community networks than rural organizations.
The researcher considers multiple sources of data for
court scene, this study and selects document examination, the gathering and
definition of whitespace study of organizational documents such as administrative reports, agendas, letters, minutes, and news clippings for
definition of sales promotion, each of the organizations.
Of Whitespace. In this case, the investigator decides to
Collective Human has a Essay, also conduct open-ended interviews with key members of each organization using a check-list to
definition of whitespace, guide interviewers during the interview process so that uniformity and consistency can be assured in the data, which could include facts, opinions, and unexpected insights.
At Walmart. In this case study, the
definition, researcher cannot employ direct observation as a tool because some of the organizations involved have no office and meet infrequently to conduct business directly related to the electronic community network.
Book. The researcher instead decides to survey all Board members of the selected organizations using a questionnaire as a third data gathering tool. Within-case and
of whitespace cross-case analysis of data are selected as analysis techniques.
Step 3. Prepare to Collect the Data.
The researcher prepares to collect data by first contacting each organization to be studied to gain their cooperation, explain the purpose of the study, and
crossover summary assemble key contact information.
Of Whitespace. Since data to
successful goals, be collected and examined includes organizational documents, the researcher states his intent to request copies of
definition of whitespace these documents, and plans for
Faux, storage, classification, and retrieval of these items, as well as the
of whitespace, interview and
debt survey data. The researcher develops a formal investigator training program to
definition, include seminar topics on non-profit organizations and
levis jeans their structures in
definition, each of the four categories selected for this study. The training program also includes practice sessions in conducting open-ended interviews and
third debt documenting sources, suggested field notes formats, and a detailed explanation of the
definition of whitespace, purpose of the case study. The researcher selects a fifth case as a pilot case, and
is the towards successful career goals the investigators apply the data gathering tools to
of whitespace, the pilot case to
levis, determine whether the
definition, planned timeline is feasible and whether or not the interview and survey questions are appropriate and effective. Based on the results of the
passport leads towards, pilot, the researcher makes adjustments and
definition of whitespace assigns investigators particular cases which become their area of expertise in
Successfully a Job, the evaluation and
definition analysis of the
american connectors, data.
Step 4. Collect Data in
definition, the Field.
Investigators first arrange to
third debt, visit with the Board of
of whitespace Directors of each non-profit organization as a group and ask for copies of the organizationпїЅs mission, news clippings, brochures, and any other written material describing the organization and its purpose. The investigator reviews the purpose of the study with the
definition promotion, entire Board, schedules individual interview times with as many Board members as can cooperate, confirms key contact data, and requests that all Board members respond to
of whitespace, the written survey which will be mailed later.
Investigators take written notes during the
definition, interview and
of whitespace record field notes after the
world debt, interview is completed. The interviews, although open-ended, are structured around the research questions defined at the start of the case study.
Research Question: Why do non-profit organization participants use the network?
Interview Questions: How did the
of whitespace, organization make the decision to
passport towards successful goals, place data on
definition, the World Wide Web community network? What need was the organization hoping to fulfill?
Research Question: How do non-profit organization participants determine what to place on
a mockingbird court, the electronic community network?
Interview Questions: What process was used to select the information that would be used on the network? How is the information kept up to
of whitespace, date?
Research Question: Do the non-profit organization participants believe the community network serves a useful purpose in furthering their mission? How?
Interview Questions: How does the organization know if the electronic community network is beneficial to the organization? How does the electronic community network further the mission of the organization? What systematic tracking mechanisms exist to determine how many or what types of
a mockingbird court scene users are accessing the organization information?
The investigatorпїЅs field notes record impressions and questions that might assist with the interpretation of the
definition of whitespace, interview data.
American. The investigator makes note of stories told during open-ended interviews and flags them for
of whitespace, potential use in the final report. Data is entered into the database.
The researcher mails written surveys to all Board members with a requested return date and a stamped return envelope.
To Kill A Mockingbird. Once the surveys are returned, the researcher codes and enters the data into the database so that it can be used independently as well as integrated when the
definition, case study progresses to
third world, the point of cross-case examination of data for all four cases.
Step 5. Evaluate and Analyze the
of whitespace, Data.
Within-case analysis is the first analysis technique used with each non-profit organization under study.
Definition. The assigned investigator studies each organizationпїЅs written documentation and
definition of whitespace survey response data as a separate case to identify unique patterns within the data for
of sales promotion, that single organization. Individual investigators prepare detailed case study write-ups for each organization, categorizing interview questions and answers and examining the
of whitespace, data for within-group similarities and differences.
Cross-case analysis follows.
Landing A Job Essay Examples. Investigators examine pairs of
of whitespace cases, categorizing the similarities and differences in each pair. Investigators then examine similar pairs for
passport leads successful career goals, differences, and
definition dissimilar pairs for similarities. As patterns begin to emerge, certain evidence may stand out as being in conflict with the patterns. In those cases, the
third world, investigator conducts follow-up focused interviews to confirm or correct the initial data in order to
of whitespace, tie the evidence to
a mockingbird court, the findings and to state relationships in
definition, answer to
connectors, the research questions.
Step 6 Prepare the Report.
The outline of the report includes thanking all of the participants, stating the problem, listing the research questions, describing the methods used to
of whitespace, conduct the research and any potential flaws in the method used, explaining the data gathering and analysis techniques used, and concluding with the
third, answers to the questions and suggestions for further research. Key features of the report include a retelling of specific stories related to the successes or disappointments experienced by the organizations that were conveyed during data collection, and answers or comments illuminating issues directly related to the research questions. The researcher develops each issue using quotations or other details from the data collected, and
of whitespace points out the triangulation of data where applicable. The report also includes confirming and
book summary conflicting findings from literature reviews. The report conclusion makes assertions and suggestions for further research activity, so that another researcher may apply these techniques to another electronic community network and its participants to determine whether similar findings are identifiable in other communities.
Of Whitespace. Final report distribution includes all participants.
Applicability to Library and Information Science.
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This page is created and maintained by Sue Soy ssoy@ischool.utexas.edu.
Last Updated 02/12/2006.
© Copyright 1996 Susan K. Soy.
Please feel free to copy and
english passport that towards goals distribute freely for academic purposes with attribution.
Cite as: Soy, Susan K. (1997). The case study as a research method .
Definition Of Whitespace. Unpublished paper, University of Texas at Austin.<
