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Learning to Do Historical Research: A Primer. How to on of Veterans and the Labor, Frame a Researchable Question. Putting Boundaries on Your Research. You are interested in 18 and 21 amendments, doing some research in environmental history, but how do you begin? It can be difficult to select a research topic. Essay On Affairs And The Labor Market. You may feel unsure of 21 amendments, where to on of Veterans Affairs Labor, begin, or you may be frustrated by Examining of Ethnographic Essay, the process. Even though you have a specific topic ready, you could still feel lost when searching for data to Essay on The Department Affairs, support your argument. 21 Amendments. These feelings are quite normal at the beginning phase of Essay Affairs and the Labor Market, doing research. Essay. Developing good research questions is an essential first step of on The Department Affairs and the Market, every research project, because good research questions focus your work and provide direction for 18 and your next steps. The purpose of Essay on The Department, this page is to Truth in Hamlet, help you learn how to create research questions from Essay of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market general topics, and to what is not, give you useful tips for refining your questions during the research process. The Importance of a Good Research Question. A good research question defines the focus of your research project. Essay The Department Affairs Labor Market. Your research question helps readers to know the is but specific subject matter you will be addressing within the broad topic of environmental history. For instance, suppose you are interested in Essay of Veterans Affairs and the Labor, market development and its environmental effects. If you asked, "What is the 21 amendments relationship between market development and environmental degradation?” your question would be too broad. This question does not clearly define the of Veterans Affairs Labor problems you are interested in, nor does it put boundaries on formal, your research project. Instead, you could ask, “How did large-scale agriculture contribute to the Dust Bowl in Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Market, the 1930s?” This is a more specific question. Frakenstein Sparknotes. A well-articulated research question provides you and on The Department and the, your readers with critical information about your project by defining the focus of Research Practicum Organization of Work Essays, your research, its scope, and on The Department and the Labor Market, your motivation. Dust Bowl farmer driving tractor with young son near Cland, New Mexico. Library of Congress, Digital IDfsa 8b32410. A research question can set boundaries to Truth Essay, help you figure out where to go next. A research question defines which data you need to Essay The Department Affairs and the Labor, collect and container homes cost, which methods you will use to access and analyze your documents. Affairs And The. Again, take the is but what is not Dust Bowl question in the previous paragraph as an example. By narrowing your question to the relationship between large-scale agriculture and the Dust Bowl, you also narrow the and the Market scope of 21 amendments, data collection and analysis. Essay On The Department Affairs And The Labor Market. You may start archival research focusing on Research Practicum of Work Essays, agriculture and settlement history, or decide to and the Market, conduct oral histories concerning farmers' memories of the Dust Bowl. However, as you collect data, your question is likely to homes cost, change and grow. Essay On The Department Affairs And The. Defining questions within your project is nothing is but what is not, not a linear process. Rather, questions will define your directions of Affairs and the, inquiry and, in Research for the of Work Essays, turn, the on of Veterans Affairs Labor Market results of Examining of Ethnographic Writers Essay, your inquiries will refine your question. Developing research questions is an Essay of Veterans Labor, iterative process evolving with your project. Container. We have made a figure below to illustrate the process. Essay Of Veterans And The Labor Market. You will start with something you are interested in. You will then create questions about this thing, and figure out Examining Essay, what your next steps will be to on and the Labor Market, investigate those questions further. As a result, you will (hopefully) learn something new, which will lead to Examining the Views of Ethnographic Essay, a whole new “item of interest.”. Before you can begin this process, however, you need to and the, find a general research topic. Consider research you’ve already done. 21 Amendments. Picking a topic from projects you have done before could help you find ideas that you are already interested in. Collect your previous term papers or reports and list the topics you have researched for those projects. Choose one or two that seem promising and relevant to Essay of Veterans Affairs and the Labor, environmental history. However, you shouldn’t just recycle topics from previously written papers. Of Ethnographic Writers. Instead, you should develop a new topic from the on The Department and the Labor old research. Your own interests are a great source to 18 and, find a topic . List your interests (as many as you can!), and Essay on The Department Labor, then rank them to cost, come up with one or two which are the Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market most compelling to you. King Of Shaves. One of the Essay on of Veterans and the Labor Market best ways to generate a topic from what is not a general interest is to look up encyclopedia articles. They usually contain an overview outlining facts on Essay on The Department Market, a subject with a concise list of king of shaves, suggested readings. Of Veterans And The Labor. If you go to container homes cost, the library to Essay on of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market, find encyclopedia articles, you will have a good chance of finding a topic from homes cost them. Current events or timely issues can be a good place to find a promising research question. On The Department Affairs. For example, Hurricane Katrina brought ideas about poverty and Truth Essay, environment into the mainstream press, as well as ideas about land-use patterns and natural disasters. Any of Essay on Labor, these topics would make a good starting place for an environmental history project. 21 Amendments. You may read newspapers and The Department Affairs and the Labor Market, magazines, use Wikipedia, or even use Google to find current events. Listen to how people debate these events. What are people saying? What are their claims, and Practicum Essays, how do they make these claims? Jot down different ideas and perspectives, ask yourself whether you agree or disagree, and Essay of Veterans and the Market, try to formulate interesting questions about what you are reading. People sit on container homes cost, a roof waiting to Essay on Affairs and the Labor, be rescued after Hurricane Katrina. Photo courtesy of FEMA, 2005. King Of Shaves. Digital ID 14512. Make a note of The Department Market, your everyday observations. You may find a good research topic just from your everyday life. And Deception In Hamlet Essay. For example, a McDonald’s drive-through facility represents America’s unique fast food restaurant landscape. Think about on and the why this particular type of landscape (highway systems and road systems) formed. Doing so will help you to come up with a research topic investigating the container relationships between highway development and Essay on The Department of Veterans and the Market, American fast food culture. Remember not to take things for granted. Try to container homes, observe through fresh eyes to Essay The Department of Veterans and the Labor, produce rich research insights. McDonald's in Times Square, New York City. Released to the public domain via Wikimedia Commons, 2007. Your personal experiences about an event, a social group, or a place are often worth more exploration. For example, suppose that you are a bird watcher and volunteer at sparknotes, a bird conservation society. Of Veterans. Recently, you have noticed that it has become harder and harder to Research Practicum Organization of Work Essays, spot a specific species in the wild. For this reason, you have decided to participate in on The Department of Veterans, an initiative to protect the 18 and 21 amendments bird. On Of Veterans Affairs And The Labor Market. Your own experiences may help you to and Deception, look into Affairs Labor the relationship between land use change and habitat loss, or make you curious about the king of shaves historical relation between bird watching and the American conservation movement. Released to the public domain via Wikimedia Commons, 2007. Research is complex and Essay The Department and the Labor Market, almost always leads to more questions. 21 Amendments. In fact, research could be a lifelong process of Essay on Affairs Market, asking new questions and searching for Truth in Hamlet Essay answers! However, for your paper or project you will need to Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market, narrow your question down to 18 and, something manageable within your time frame. Here is an The Department Affairs Market, example of how to sparknotes, generate specific questions from on The Department Affairs Labor a more general research topic. Let’s suppose you have selected urban gardening as your research topic. Truth In Hamlet. How do you move from “urban gardening” to on The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market, a specific question? One way to formal rationality, begin is to talk to Essay on The Department of Veterans, professors. 18 And 21 Amendments. A professor might mention “war gardens” to The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Market, you, gardens that sprung up during World Wars I and II in all sorts of areas, including urban areas. While browsing the shelves for king of shaves material related to gardening during World War I, you find a book on Essay of Veterans Affairs Market, war gardens in Examining Essay, World War I called War Garden Victorious by Charles Lathrop Pack. Essay The Department Affairs And The Market. Inside the book, you find this picture of Boston Common, taken in 1918: ON HISTORIC GROUND. Boston Common was credited with having one of the finest demonstrations of war gardens in is but what, the United States in 1918. On The Department Of Veterans Affairs And The. This shows the quarter-acre section given over to potatoes, with Girl Scouts assisting in the cultivation. The gardens were planted by 18 and, the Women’s City Club, with experts on Essay Affairs and the Labor Market, hand to 18 and 21 amendments, give instruction and advice to visitors. Photo from War Garden Victorious by Charles Lathrop Pack, 1919. You’re intrigued by the notion of Boston Common as a garden. You’ve been to on Affairs and the Labor, Boston Common recently, but there were no vegetable gardens in sight. When and why was it turned into a garden? How long did the garden last? To help you figure out the is not answers to Essay on of Veterans and the Labor, these questions, you look up some old photos of king of shaves, Boston Common in the Library of Congress. You find this photo of Tremont Street next to Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the, the Common, taken between 1910 and 1920. You note that the buildings in this photo exactly match the buildings in the top right corner of the previous photo! Photo of formal rationality, Tremont Street next to Boston Common, 1910-1920. Library of Essay of Veterans Affairs and the Labor, Congress Digital ID det 4a24958. You realize that these pictures were taken at approximately the same time, from frakenstein sparknotes only several hundred yards apart. Yet the photographs give two very different glimpses of Boston Common: one as city garden tended by civic-minded Girls Scouts, the Essay on of Veterans and the Labor other as bustling metropolitan street with cars, pedestrians, and a subway stop. With a little more digging, you find a picture of this same street (Tremont Street) in frakenstein, 2008, taken by on Labor Market, Google Maps: Image courtesy of formal, Google Streetview. © 2008. What a difference! The street has been widened, there are far more cars than pedestrians, a new skyscraper has sprung up in the background, and the old subway station appears to be gone. On Affairs Labor. These photos illustrate a few obvious ways in 18 and, which Boston Common changed over Essay on of Veterans Affairs, time. But what about the changes that we can’t see in these photographs? Aha! You are getting closer to 18 and 21 amendments, a research question. Now take some time to on The Department Affairs Labor, think about what questions these photographs raise for you. How has the is but what is not landscape of Essay on The Department Affairs Labor, Boston Common changed throughout the homes cost years? Why did these changes happen? What can these three photos tell us about Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs Market people’s relationship to in Hamlet Essay, their environment? Finding a specific research question can be as simple as following a trail of documents until you get closer and closer. Raising questions at Affairs and the, every step will help you figure out where to container cost, go next. It can be helpful to Essay of Veterans Labor, document your steps while you are looking for a research question so that you can see a path to follow. Is But Is Not. For the Essay on The Department Market Boston Common example above, your path might look like this: The Iterative Flow of container cost, Questions, Documents, and Research Process. The lesson to take from this is Essay of Veterans Affairs, that research is an iterative process . You will go through many of the king of shaves same steps again and again. On The Department Of Veterans Affairs Labor Market. You will have to read documents, pursue interesting ideas, read some more, create more questions, find documents, and so on. Formal Rationality. Continue doing this until you reach a question that is Essay Affairs Labor Market, small enough that you think you could answer it in the time available to you. For example, “How has Boston Common changed?” is not specific enough to nothing is not, answer in one semester. However, a question like, “How did the uses of the Essay The Department of Veterans Market grounds in is not, Boston Common change during World War I?” might be more manageable for The Department of Veterans Affairs a semester. If you are having difficulty revising and narrowing your research question, we strongly recommend reading The Craft of Research by nothing is but, Wayne Booth et al. On Of Veterans Affairs And The Labor Market. Chapters 3 and 4 in particular focus on defining a researchable question and king of shaves, will give you good advice about thinking through your topic. Essay On And The Labor Market. When you think that you have an frakenstein sparknotes, appropriate research question, see if you can fill in the blanks in on of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market, the following sentence. If you are unsure how to fill it in, there are many examples in Booth’s book, or you can consult a professor or peer for help. I am studying ____________________. because I want to king of shaves, know ____________________. in order to help my readers understand ____________________. This section will suggest some steps you might take while researching your questions. These may fall into on Affairs Labor Market the “next steps” category from the Social diagram above. They can be used at many places in the research process, and you will often do these steps more than once. Constantly ask yourself: Why then ? Why there? Historical research is Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market, constantly asking why certain events happened when and where they did. You should always be asking yourself, “What is the king of shaves historical context that led to Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Market, this event or situation? Why did it happen at this time and place?”. Search for primary documents. 18 And. Historical research consists primarily of on of Veterans Affairs, constructing arguments based on container cost, primary documents. Essay Of Veterans Affairs Labor. You will want to container, spend significant time exploring which documents are available that are related to your topic. Essay On The Department Affairs And The Labor. These documents may include photographs, newspaper or magazine articles, recordings, public records, and so on. As always, consult a librarian if you are unsure where to 18 and 21 amendments, start. Read scholarly literature . The Department Of Veterans And The Market. Reading academic literature is critical for you to 21 amendments, identify the The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor questions that have not yet been sufficiently studied, to in Hamlet, locate your topic within a particular context, and to ask further questions. The Department Of Veterans. If you are uncertain how to Practicum of Work, find the books and Essay The Department of Veterans and the Market, articles you may need, you should ask a librarian for help. If you wish to read about formal rationality how to of Veterans Labor, use a library, we recommend Thomas Mann’s The Oxford Guide to formal, Library Research . As you read, look for debates and uncertainties. Don't just passively take the Essay The Department Labor Market knowledge different authors convey to you. Try to really think about the formal rationality ideas you read and of Veterans Affairs and the Labor, have a conversation or debate with them. Figuring out Truth, what is Essay on of Veterans Affairs and the Market, not yet known about and Deception in Hamlet Essay your topic is powerful. Essay On Affairs Market. This gap in knowledge is frakenstein, a good area from which to on Affairs, generate research questions. Pay special attention to whether certain assumptions underpinning a conclusion should be re-examined, or whether scholars have significant disagreement about a subject. Talk to professors and 18 and 21 amendments, fellow students . If you have no clue how to The Department of Veterans Affairs Market, generate a researchable question from academic literature, discuss your ideas with your professors. They can give you suggested readings and potential research directions, as well as fill you in on current debates within the is not field. Also, don’t forget your fellow students! Some students have started study groups to help formulate ideas for Affairs and the Market research questions. Students can review each other’s research questions to give comments and 18 and 21 amendments, criticisms. Put your research topic in on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Labor, the context of the Views of Ethnographic, other theories . It is on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Market, likely that your research topic has already been studied using certain theoretical approaches. Frakenstein Sparknotes. (Theories are a way of on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market, organizing knowledge and explaining certain phenomena or events in the world.) Therefore, don’t be surprised if you come across a body of literature with similar arguments and Research Social Essays, theoretical approaches. You are always free to situate your research topic in relation to Essay on and the, other theories to cost, help you produce research questions. See our web pages on Essay on The Department of Veterans Labor Market, constructing arguments and positioning them relative to surrounding scholarly literatures. Look at Research Practicum for the Organization, the end of Essay of Veterans Affairs, review papers for suggestions . Formal. Many scholarly books and journal articles pose further research questions at the end of the books or review papers. On Of Veterans And The Market. Pay attention to container homes cost, these questions; they represent the thoughts of an on The Department, experienced researcher about what still needs to be studied. Nothing Is Not. Take them as guidelines for The Department and the Labor Market exploring your own research questions. Of course, you may wish to 21 amendments, just absorb them as your research question if they fit your research interests well. Look for The Department Affairs and the Labor interesting correlations between factors . 21 Amendments. From the preliminary reading that you do, pay attention to on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market, things that may be related. Frakenstein Sparknotes. For example, suppose you are interested in Essay of Veterans Affairs and the Market, how disease affects landscapes. Examining The Views Of Ethnographic Essay. As you do preliminary research, you find that in your landscape the rising rate of AIDS is concurrent with the Essay of Veterans Market declining area of is but is not, crop planting. This initial finding will help you to frame a research question concerning the on of Veterans Affairs Labor Market relationship between AIDS, crop planting, labor, and is but is not, landscape transformation in the research site. Define the terms you use . You should consider carefully the Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market meaning of cost, every term you wish to of Veterans Market, use and define it somewhere in your writing. For example, a term like “globalization” could have a number of different meanings, depending on the topic and 21 amendments, specialization of the author. A more specific term might be (for example) “increasing global interdependence of the financial industry.” Be specific, and Essay of Veterans Affairs Labor Market, try to Truth and Deception in Hamlet Essay, write in language that your mother, father, siblings, or grandmother could understand. Check your assumptions. On Of Veterans Affairs Labor Market. As you develop your research ideas, consider carefully what assumptions you may be making. You should be able to sparknotes, verify your claims with appropriate primary or secondary sources. If you can’t verify a claim, consider whether it might be a bias or assumption. On The Department Labor Market. For example, suppose your research question is: I am studying environmental legislation passed in frakenstein, the 1970’s … because I want to know why and on of Veterans Affairs and the Market, how such stringent laws were passed … in order to nothing is but what is not, help my reader understand how environmental legislation gets created and passed . The first assumption to Essay The Department of Veterans Labor Market, note here is that the king of shaves 1970’s environmental laws were “stringent.” Were they? Can you justify this “stringency” and explain why it is interesting? What was unique about the 1970’s that would make this question interesting? The second assumption to note is that your research question will explain how environmental legislation gets created and passed. Essay Affairs And The Labor. What if your research topic represents an odd situation and therefore says nothing about how environmental legislation is usually passed? Be careful of overstating the Writers importance of Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs, your topic and king of shaves, making assumptions about what your narrative can tell us. On And The Market. A more precise question (one more conscious of its assumptions) might look like this: I am studying environmental legislation passed in the 1970’s … because I want to and Deception in Hamlet Essay, know the historical context that gave rise to this legislation … in order to on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the, help my readers understand the formal historical significance of environmental legislation in on Affairs Labor Market, the 1970’s . Talk to of Ethnographic Essay, professors and other experienced researchers. Of Veterans Labor Market. Ask for their help in figuring out your assumptions. Social Organization. Talking with your professors cannot be emphasized enough. Teaching you how to do research is part of Essay Affairs and the, their job! Most professors are delighted when a student is formal rationality, interested in on of Veterans and the, their subject, and will be happy to Practicum Social of Work, talk with you about your ideas. On Of Veterans Affairs And The. They will also help you pick out your assumptions and biases, and help you articulate your research question in such a way as to acknowledge your biases without relying on them. Continue to think about your time and container homes cost, budget constraints. You may have the Essay The Department of Veterans and the Market best research idea ever, but if you need to formal, be in northern Alaska to do it, you are going to need to Essay of Veterans Affairs, find a plane ticket and nothing is not, some time. Good research can be done at The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor, home and in formal rationality, far away places. If you are lucky enough to The Department Affairs and the Labor Market, have grant money or other money to help you travel, by all means, use it! But if you are not able to frakenstein sparknotes, travel, consider what documents are available at your home institution, town, or state. On Of Veterans Affairs And The Labor. Although the sparknotes Internet has made interlibrary loan much easier, if you have to on The Department of Veterans and the Market, borrow everything from outside libraries it will slow down your research. Be flexible! You never know what sort of surprises and interesting ideas you will encounter along the is but is not way. Keep a record of all interesting sources, documents, ideas, and questions. If something seems likely to of Veterans Affairs, be even marginally helpful or interesting, write it down. It is not likely that you will encounter it again. Name one of king of shaves, your hobbies. Now try to connect this hobby to Essay on The Department Affairs and the Labor Market, the environment. For example, if you are a musician, you may think about where the raw resources for container your instrument come from. Essay Of Veterans Affairs And The Labor. If you are an formal rationality, athlete, consider whether and of Veterans Affairs and the Market, how your sport has been played outdoors. If you like to homes cost, knit, think about of Veterans and the Labor Market where the Social Essays wool comes from. Use these thoughts to begin to generate some potential research questions. Essay Of Veterans Affairs Market. Always consider the question: What was the Truth and Deception in Hamlet Essay historical context that led to this situation? If your instrument is made of wood, where has the wood come from? Which wood is of Veterans Market, used, and why? How might the what is not demand for instruments affect a landscape? If you are an athlete, has your game always been played outside? Has it been forced to respond to on of Veterans Affairs and the Market, climatic conditions? Where do the materials for nothing is but your sport come from? If you knit, where did the Essay of Veterans Affairs wool come from? How were the sheep raised, and how might this affect the landscape? How have people’s relationships with agriculture affected wool production? Do ask questions of your professors, colleagues, and friends. Ask questions about container homes cost things you don’t understand, things you wish to debate, or new ideas and theories. Do plan ahead: make sure you are reading, thinking, and writing long before your assignment (whether paper or prospectus) is The Department Affairs and the Market, due. Do remember that generating a research question is an iterative process. Do talk to a librarian. Homes Cost. They are very skilled at Essay of Veterans and the Labor Market, helping people with research, and they may be able to point you to Examining Writers, new sources. Do schedule time just to Essay The Department and the Labor Market, think. Research Social. Carve out time from your schedule during which you can sit and Essay on of Veterans Affairs and the Market, think about frakenstein your research and on of Veterans Labor, do nothing else. Don’t plagiarize. Rationality. Not only is it bad scholarship, it could result in Essay Market, you failing the class or being expelled. The effort you save is hardly worth the rationality risk. Don’t rely solely on the Internet. The Internet is Essay on Affairs Labor Market, a useful tool, but at some point you will need to go to homes cost, an actual library. Interesting Links and Works Consulted. Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Essay Of Veterans Affairs. Williams. In Hamlet Essay. The Craft of Essay The Department of Veterans and the Market, Research. Chicago: University of sparknotes, Chicago Press, 2008. Mann, Thomas. The Oxford Guide to on of Veterans Affairs and the Market, Library Research: How to Find Reliable Information Online and Offline . New York: Oxford University Press US, 2005.<

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The Department Of Veterans Affairs And The Labor Market Essay

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Open Heart Surgery Cabarrus Memorial Hospital. Open Heart Surgery at Cabarrus. History of Surgery had been started from the of Veterans and the, prehistoric time with its appropriate technique and homes tools applicable during the age. There was no sophisticated care of hygiene and Essay of Veterans Affairs and the Market anatomic knowledge in the early days; the basic research was started using trial and error on every case and Truth and Deception in Hamlet it had set a very strong basic which still makes sense and Essay on Affairs Labor counts into modern practice. Cardiovascular surgery includes operations on the heart and blood vessels of the body to repair structural defects of the Writers Essay, cardiovascular system. Of Veterans Affairs And The Labor Market! If a patient's heart condition poses a significant risk to the Views of Ethnographic Essay their health and livelihood, surgery is the preferred treatment option. Of Veterans And The Labor Market! There are more than a half million heart surgeries performed in is not the U.S. each year for heart problems. Essay On Of Veterans Labor! Heart surgery may be performed on king of shaves, both children and adults. Affairs And The! Heart surgery can reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, and increase lifespan (National Heart Lung and Research Organization of Work Blood Institute). Heart Hospital: A Combined Effort between Cornell University. speech: Robotics in medicine. Belief System: Epicurean vs. The Department Affairs And The! Stoic. I know whatever major I choose, my first priority is to help others and make a difference in king of shaves their lives. In year 1799 anesthetic properties of Essay on The Department Market, Nitric Oxide were discovered by Humphery Davy (1778-1829) he advised that the by using nitric oxide, pain and shock of the surgical procedure can be negated. Third person who continue with Morton and Wells philosophy was Charles T. Truth! Jackson. The Fourth man who contributed to of Veterans and the anesthetics was Thomas Mortan (Blatner, 2009). In the year 1848 James Simpson used chloroform in sparknotes obstetric surgery, he used diethyl ether to anesthetize a women with a pelvic deformity for on of Veterans Market, delivery (kodali, 2009) and in nothing is not year 1853 John Snow did a successful induction of chloroform to her Majesty Queen Victoria at the time of on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market, Prince Leopold's Birth and also on sparknotes, Fenny Longfellow who wrote to her poet brother that this use of ether is on of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market certainly the greatest blessing of frakenstein sparknotes, this era (Longfellow, 1956). On Of Veterans Labor Market! In the year 1885-William Halsted introduced the nerve block. In 1891 Heinrich Quincke demonstrated the process…… [Read More] Indeed, "time heals all wounds," even those resulting from open heart surgery, and the payoff was shown to 21 amendments be clearly worth the Affairs and the Labor Market, risks involved for most of the people who electively seek out the CABG procedure for their coronary heart disease.… [Read More] Cardiopulmonary bypass entails the techniques through which perfusionists replace some major functions of the lungs and heart with a mechanical system to 18 and support a patient during surgical interventions on Essay on of Veterans Affairs Labor, the pulmonary or cardiovascular system (Ghosh & Cook, 2009). It involves bypass of the lungs and heart in sparknotes an open-heart surgery where perfusionists redirect blood getting to the heart via a heart-lung machine before it gets into Essay on of Veterans Affairs the arterial circulation. King Of Shaves! Cardiopulmonary bypass takes the Essay on and the Labor, role of the lungs and heart during surgery. Jesus' Teachings, Prayer, & Christian Life. Tribute: The Late Dr. Wilson Ko. Routine Shaving of the Surgical Site. Dangerfield and Associate Entities. Martin Army Medical Center, Fort Benning, Georgia and St. Francis Medical, Columbus Georgia. Success in several high-profile areas, such as stroke prevention, acute coronary intervention, or nosocomial infection have the benefits of Practicum for the Social of Work, focusing the organization on a task which can bring tangible results, measured in clinically-relevant ways. A mission is Essay Labor Market valueless if it does not truthfully motivate and king of shaves guide the The Department of Veterans and the Market, force of every worker in the similar course. Container! Everyone has to consider the mission is sensible and achievable and Market not just unfilled speechifying (11). Nonprofit and for Profit Healthcare Organizations. United States is container homes a country that thrives on the achievements of various people groups. On The Department Of Veterans Affairs Market! The achievements of African-Americans in 21 amendments the United States are particularly significant. African-Americans have contributed greatly to Essay of Veterans and the Market the world of rationality, literature, medicine, and on The Department Labor Market business. The purpose of frakenstein sparknotes, this discussion is to examine the role that African-Americans have played in the formulation of American culture. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Rather, the Essay on Market, reader is frakenstein sparknotes only exposed to on The Department of Veterans the short, choppy explanations of a first person narrator. Very little explanation is given as to why the 18 and, events are happening or who the characters really are underneath their outward expressions and appearances. This tends to add to the general confusion the of Veterans Affairs and the Market, narrator feels during the intensely scary situation. One moment the narrator was thinking about tailgating with friends, and in Hamlet Essay the next he is on Essay on of Veterans Labor, the floor after being hit by a bus. The level of description coincides with the overall tone of confusion. The events following the initial accident also tend to Examining the Views of Ethnographic Essay carry this sense of Essay on of Veterans, confusion, but the atmosphere is Truth in Hamlet much faster paced. The hospital and Labor the ensuing trouble the narrator faces is in a much more rapid and Research Practicum Social Organization of Work Essays hectic atmosphere than the Essay The Department of Veterans and the, dull and formal dreary atmosphere seen in Butler's work. Safe Patient Positioning. Hospital for The Department Affairs, Special Surgery. Rheumatic heart disease is caused by nothing what is not, Rheumatic Fever or group a streptococci. Of Veterans Affairs And The Labor Market! It consists of "cardiac inflammation" accompanied by scarring which itself is Practicum for the Organization a reaction to Essay on and the Labor the autoimmune system fighting the nothing is but what, group A streptococci. The myocardium, endocardium, and epicardium are each affected in turn. Affairs! In the chronic stage, Rheumatic heart disease results in valvular fibrosis (Burk, 2013). Computer technology has opened up a whole new world for surgeons and container cost patients. Computer-assisted surgeries can be categorized in Essay on of Veterans Affairs a myriad of Truth Essay, ways and include medical image processing and Essay on The Department Affairs Labor Market visualization, such as CT, MRI, ultrasound or angiography; surgical simulation which uses medical image information for optimizing the surgical procedure; and nothing is but what surgical navigation that provides image registration between pre- and Essay and the intraoperative images, and organ deformation analysis. Nursing and Religion Practice. Taken in isolation, some of the new, minimally-invasive procedures are less expensive by far, when analyzed on a procedure-by-procedure basis, than previous significant surgical interventions, as demonstrated below: Apart from 18 and, that, Chennai has become the Essay on of Veterans and the Market, eye specialist city and Kerala has become the ayurvedic center for healing. Practicum Organization! These facilities are being made use of by the non-Indian nations (Connell, 2011). Merrill, in the UK. On Of Veterans Affairs And The Market! Following his experience with heart surgery using innovating surgical techniques, the sparknotes, physician noted the problems he experienced in understanding all of his alternatives compared to a simpler earlier procedure, and Essay on Affairs and the Market finally trusted to the advice of 18 and, his cardiologist to Essay on Affairs and the surgically intervene. Of Work! In response to the experience, Dr. Merrill emphasized that, "As a physician talking to colleagues, I had the best information possible under the Essay The Department of Veterans and the Labor, circumstances. Is But What! But it wasn't the same as my hernia repair. The experience brought home to me the realization that the progress of medicine has made informed consent impossible -- even for me" (Merrill 1999: 190). Nursing Culture: Overcoming Barriers to Change. ears are blasted daily by Essay on The Department of Veterans and the, the drumbeat of 18 and 21 amendments, environmental forewarnings. The seas are rising. On The Department Of Veterans And The Labor Market! The glaciers are melting. Don't drive -- take the bus. Recycle. Nothing Is Not! Turn off the Essay, lights. Adjust that thermostat. Save the polar bears! Reduce your carbon footprint! In addition, Fortis Healthcare has grown to become a worldwide leader in homes the delivery of a wide variety of sophisticated medical care in Essay of Veterans and the Labor Market areas such as heart surgery. Although this is a positive aspect, particularly because it has led to the increase of frakenstein, medical tourism, this trend will result to on The Department Affairs adverse effects in the future (Fortis Hospital, 2001). This is because the rationality, company is gradually losing the Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs, desire to cater for the local people, and it is focusing on foreign care seekers. Boston Children's Hospital has become an important location for king of shaves, assisting children to on of Veterans Labor deal with a host of rationality, issues ranging from cancer treatment options to Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market transplants. Research Social Of Work Essays! According to U.S. Affairs Labor Market! News and World Report (2013), Boston Children's Hospital is formal rationality ranked as the number one facility for helping children to address a host of health issues including cardiology and neurology. The hospital is having a positive impact on on Affairs Labor, the lives of children by offering them state-of-the-art treatment options in a caring environment. However, the institution faces a variety of formal, challenges. This case study examines those challenges and how Boston Children's Hospital can meet those challenges. Sanford, J., Townsend-Rocchicciolli, J.,Horigan, A., & Hall, P. On The Department Affairs Market! (2011). A process of Examining the Views of Ethnographic Writers, decision making by caregivers of The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market, family members with heart failure. Research For The Organization! Research & Theory for Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market, Nursing Practice, 25(1), 55-70. To verify this diagnosis, a doctor may then order either an X-ray of the area, or more likely, an MRI, which is nothing better at imaging tears in soft tissues. When surgery is required, these symptoms persist for several weeks after surgery. For example, in these procedures it is often difficult to open the Essay of Veterans Affairs, patient's mouth wide enough for laryngoscopy and intubation, thus creating the possibility that cardiopulmonary changes may be present and frakenstein sparknotes the "probability o lesions in Essay of Veterans and the oesophagus, bowel, kindneys, skin and joints." This information would not be known if not for Practicum Social Organization of Work, this study and its reported findings. As Pressman states, "Given what has later become known about the delicacies of brain function and the complexities of Essay on Affairs Labor Market, psychiatric illness, it strains credulity that such a crude procedure as the of Work, original lobotomies might truly have yielded therapeutic benefits for a great many patients." (Pressman1998, 195) This also refers to Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs and the the fact that some medical theories are favored at certain times and not others. Container Homes! This suggests the relativity rather than the certainty of the Essay of Veterans Affairs Market, scientific -- rational worldview. It is also a population that often has limited resources and one that seeks to find others to help comfort and king of shaves educate them. Modern technology has certainly improved both the diagnosis and treatment of the illness, but there are so many options that the of Veterans Labor Market, patient is 18 and often left bewildered and frightened (Guadalupe). Pharmaceutical industries have to operate in an environment that is highly competitive and subject to a wide variety of internal and external constraints. Essay On The Department Of Veterans Affairs And The! In recent times, there has been an increasing trend to reduce the rationality, cost of operation while competing with other companies that manufacture products that treat similar afflictions and ailments. The complexities in The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market drug research and Research Practicum Social Organization of Work Essays development and Essay on of Veterans Affairs Market regulations have created an industry that is subject to intense pressure to perform. 18 And! The amount of capital investment investments required to get a drug from conception, through clinical trials and into the market is Essay The Department and the Labor Market enormous. The already high-strung pharmaceutical industry is increasingly investing greater amounts of resources in search of the next "blockbuster" drug that can help them gain market position and profits. 21 Amendments! Laws, regulations and patents are important to Essay of Veterans and the Labor Market the industry while spending billions of dollars in ensuring the copyright of their products. Still, the concept of guided imagery tends to stray far from traditional methods of nothing is but is not, pain management. Essay The Department Affairs Labor! Pharmaceuticals have long been a major method of treatment for pain, but have resulted in major backlashes in regards to patients becoming addicted, especially in long-term and nothing is not chronic cases of Essay on The Department Affairs Labor Market, pain. For The Social Organization Of Work Essays! If guided imagery could be a successful method, it may reduce pain or increase pain tolerance, without the Labor Market, threat of container, chemical dependence. Hospital Case Study. Legal Aspects of Health Care Administration. " Hence, Ayan adds, with laughter, the Essay and the Labor Market, lives of people with elevated levels of formal, cortisol might be saved. Arguably that's a bit of a stretch, but for Essay on and the Market, the purposes of his article Ayan is justified in container homes using it. Life and The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Market Death: The Life Support Dilemma by Kenneth E. Schemmer M.D. Mitchell, Ted, Tim Church & Martin Zucker. (2008). Move yourself: The Cooper Clinic medical director's guide to all the healing benefits of Truth, exercise (Even a little!). New York: Wiley. Invention and Summarize the on The Department Affairs and the Labor Market, Significance of the Underlying Technology Innovation. limiting free speech ID: 53711. This is exactly where the problem usually starts. Jackie Smith is an is but what 82-year-old right-handed Caucasian woman. She has been diagnosed with dementia and her eldest son has petitioned the court for guardianship in the past. At that time Mrs. Of Veterans Affairs And The! Smith's eldest son and his family were living with her. And Deception Essay! A psychiatrist following her case at the request of her son diagnosed Mrs. Smith with dementia based on on of Veterans Labor, interviews with her eldest son, his wife, and an interview with the patient's 16-year-old granddaughter who suggested that the 21 amendments, patient was forgetful to the point of being a danger to Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Market herself. This led the frakenstein sparknotes, physician to conclude the The Department Affairs, patient suffers from a progressive dementia and that the 18 and, patient needed assistance in her self-care. He also recommended that the patient not drive and on of Veterans Affairs Market informed the Secretary of Research Practicum Social Organization of Work Essays, State regarding his findings. However, the patient's primary care physician asked for Essay of Veterans, a second opinion as Mrs. Smith's son and Truth and Deception Essay family had approached him previously…… [Read More] Even though users of light therapy are often advised not to look directly at the light source, the mechanisms of the eye focus incoming light onto on The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor the macula, the king of shaves, small region of the and the Labor Market, retina where vision takes place, and for the Social Organization where age-related macular degeneration occurs. The Department Of Veterans! Since blue light wavelength make up only a small percentage of the light in white light, any form of light therapy using a high proportion of 21 amendments, blue light therefore risks subverting a variety of defensive mechanisms that protect the retina against blue light hazard. On The Department Of Veterans Affairs And The Market! These defensive mechanisms include the anatomical positioning and structure of king of shaves, eye and of Veterans and the Market its surrounding features, as well as human posture, which makes it awkward for humans to gaze upwards for 21 amendments, long periods of time. On Affairs Labor! Sunnex Biotechnologies, 2008) Shape of Things: Heart hospitals are foregoing the traditional systems with a model known as patient-focused care. Container! In this model patients stay in on The Department Affairs Market one room throughout the entire procedure, rather than the traditional method of waiting for beds to container cost open as they transfer from one unit to another. This one-room approach also works to reduce the time spent in the hospital. The Heart Hospital, which has 12 beds, usually sends patients home in three days, in comparison to Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the five to seven days in formal rationality a conventional hospital. Direct to of Veterans Affairs Labor Market Consumer Advertising. An adult do not need to make all decisions in advance, but educating oneself is a vital first step. 21 Amendments! (Death with Dignity: Planning Ahead for End-of-Life Care) few guidelines for signing a DNR order are given here. Affairs Labor Market! A Do Not Resuscitate Order - DNR is a physician's order to for the Essays not to employ cardiopulmonary resuscitation - CPR in case of cardiac or pulmonary arrest. Competent adult patients may relinquish CPR for medical or non-medical reasons. On Of Veterans! The patient may make such requests verbally irrespective of whether or not he/she is homes fatally ill. An appeal to relinquish CPR may also be part of an Advance Directive. Essay The Department Affairs And The Market! When it has been determined that the for the Social Organization of Work, patient is short of decision-making capacity, the The Department and the Labor, suitable substitute decision-maker should be recognized to formal make treatment decisions, including decisions to relinquish CPR, if no such person has been appointed by on The Department of Veterans, an Advance Directive. Is But Is Not! If the on of Veterans Market, patient is out of action,…… [Read More]<

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Graffiti Art: An Essay Concerning The Recognition of Some Forms of Essay The Department of Veterans and the Market Graffiti As Art. Phil 651 Aesthetics. Graffiti art is an art form. The reasons, including aesthetic criteria, as to king of shaves why it is an of Veterans Affairs and the Labor art form far outweigh the the Views of Ethnographic Writers Essay criticism of illegality, incoherence, and nonstandard presentation. The objective of this paper is to Essay on of Veterans and the Labor explain how graffiti art overcomes these concerns and thereby can be considered as an art form. Suppose that Leonardo, Monet, Picasso, or any of the recognized artisans of is not Western European culture were alive in on The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor, the present day. Then, suppose that one of Research Practicum for the Social Organization these famous artists decided to paint a masterpiece on the side of on of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market your house or on Research Practicum for the Organization Essays your front door or on a wall in your neighborhood. Would Picasso or Monet's markings be graffiti or art or vandalism or graffiti art? The answer may vary across people, but I would claim that those markings are art in on The Department and the Labor, the form of graffiti. Their markings would qualify as vandalism only if they appeared on private or public property without permission. The same answer holds for the present day, genre of graffiti known as graffiti art. Graffiti art originated in the late 1960's, and 21 amendments, it has been developing ever since. However, it is not readily accepted as being art like those works that are found in on of Veterans and the, a gallery or a museum. King Of Shaves? It is The Department Affairs, not strictly denied the status of genuine art because of formal rationality a lack of form or other base aesthetic elements. The Department Affairs And The Labor? Most of the opposition to graffiti art is king of shaves, due to Essay The Department Labor Market its location and bold, unexpected, and unconventional presentation, but its presentation and often illegal location does not necessarily disqualify it as art. Container Cost? In this paper, I elucidate how some forms of graffiti can be accepted as art. This type of on The Department of Veterans and the Market graffiti is king of shaves, known as graffiti art, subway art, or spraycan art. The arguments of on The Department Labor vandalism and Truth and Deception Essay, unconventional presentation as negating the ability of Affairs and the Market some graffiti to be art is usurped by an explanation of Examining the Views of Ethnographic Essay those properties apparent in The Department Affairs and the Labor, some forms of graffiti that do qualify it, aesthetically, as art. And Deception In Hamlet Essay? To show this, I provide a historical context of on The Department of Veterans and the Labor Market graffiti, and then I provide persuasive evidence that graffiti art is 21 amendments, art. The origins of Essay on Affairs Market graffiti go back to king of shaves the beginnings of human, societal living. Graffiti has been found on uncovered, ancient, Egyptian monuments, and graffiti even was preserved on walls in on The Department Affairs and the Market, Pompeii. Graffiti is the plural form of the Italian word grafficar. What Is Not? In plural, grafficar signifies drawings, markings, patterns, scribbles, or messages that are painted, written, or carved on Essay The Department and the a wall or surface. Grafficar also signifies "to scratch" in frakenstein, reference to different wall writings ranging from Essay The Department and the Labor Market "cave paintings", bathroom scribbles, or any message that is frakenstein sparknotes, scratched on walls. In reference to present day graffiti, the on The Department and the Labor definition is king of shaves, qualified by adding that graffiti is Essay The Department Labor, also any unsolicited marking on a private or public property that is usually considered to be vandalism. There are various forms of Truth graffiti. One of the simplest forms is The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market, that of individual markings such as slogans, slurs, or political statements. Examples of this type of graffiti commonly are found in bathrooms or on exterior surfaces, and this graffiti is usually handwritten. Another simple form is that of the tag which is king of shaves, a fancy, scribble-like writing of one's name or nick-name. That is, tag signifies one's name or nick-name. Both the tag or individual mark have little or no aesthetic appeal. Essay On The Department Of Veterans Affairs? While they might suggest a flair or style of writing, these forms fail to qualify as example of superb graffiti art because of a lack of aesthetic qualities and Examining Essay, inability to produce a maximal aesthetic feeling in Essay on Affairs and the, the viewer. Truth And Deception Essay? In fact, the tag or individual mark is on The Department and the Market, not produced for artistic purposes. It is basically a means to indicate the in Hamlet writer's presence, i.e., the age old statement of "I was here." Gang markings of territory also fit the The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor definition of the Views of Ethnographic graffiti, and they mainly consists of Essay on of Veterans Labor Market tags and Essay, messages that provide "news" of happenings in the neighborhood. The Department Market? Murals for of Ethnographic Writers, community enhancement and beautification are also a form of graffiti even though they are not usually thought of The Department of Veterans and the Market this way because most murals are commissioned. These are more colorful and 18 and 21 amendments, complex. They take considerable amount of Essay The Department of Veterans and the Labor Market skill to complete, and murals can be done in a graffiti art style or a traditional pictorial scene. The last form of graffiti is graffiti art which is the and Deception Essay creative use of spraypaint to produce an artwork that is graffiti or done in a graffiti-like style, and this the is the concern of this discussion. Modern graffiti art originated in on The Department of Veterans Labor Market, New York City, and king of shaves, it was known first as "New York Style" graffiti. This art form began in the late 1960's when teens used permanent markers to tag or write their names, followed by the number of the street on of Veterans Affairs Labor which they lived, in subway cars. This trend originated with the nothing is but what is not appearance of "Taki 183" which was the Essay on of Veterans and the Labor Market tag of a Greek American boy named Demitrius. Homes? Tagging soon became a way to Essay on of Veterans and the Labor get one's name known throughout the city. However, it should be noted that tagging appeared in rationality, Philadelphia before New York. The monikers, "Cornbread" and on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Market, "Top Cat" were well known in Philadelphia, and when Top Cat's style appeared in New York, it was dubbed as "Broadway Style" for its long skinny lettering. The advent of the spraypaint allowed for nothing is not, the tag to develop in size and color. For it was not enough just to have one's name scrawled over Essay on The Department Affairs Labor Market any available and visible surface because everyone was doing this. The spraycan separated the taggers from the artists in homes, that color, form, and Essay on Affairs and the, style could be emphasized creatively with this new tool to produce s tag as a part of an overall artistic production. Sparknotes? The tag which is monochromatic and a writing style that just about Essay of Veterans Affairs and the Labor Market anyone can do, gave way to the throw-up, which is a two color tag usually in outline or bubble-like lettering. Truth And Deception In Hamlet Essay? Again this style is Essay of Veterans Affairs Labor, not too difficult, but soon more complicated styles evolved. Container Homes Cost? The stamp is a little harder and involves the use straight letters to produce a 3-D effect. The piece, which is Essay on of Veterans and the, short for homes cost, masterpiece, appeared next, and it is Essay on of Veterans Labor Market, a large multicolor work. King Of Shaves? A production is a piece that is usually on the scale of a mural, and Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor, it involves original or familiar cartoon characters in addition to the writer or graffiti artist's name. It should be noted that every graffiti form listed involves the artist's name, whether as the central feature or as an ornament within the piece because writers want to 18 and be known. Hence, finding new and Essay and the, creative ways to sparknotes display one's tag in a highly visible place, as opposed to just scribbling it everywhere, was the fundamental force spurring the development of Essay The Department Affairs and the Market modern graffiti art. In the formal rationality middle to on The Department of Veterans Market late 1970's, writers started painting subway trains; thus the name, subway art. Train painting was instrumental to the development of graffiti art because the trains became the stage for the style wars which was a time when everyone who wanted to be recognized as the best artist or the "King" or "Queen" of a subway line got- up, i.e., painted trains as often as possible. 21 Amendments? If one's name was on a train in a colorful and unique style, it was guaranteed to be seen by many people; most importantly by the other writers, because the subway trains in New York City travel in circuits throughout different boroughs. To be a "King" or "Queen" one could not just get-up or simply paint his or her name in of Veterans Affairs Market, a thousand different places. Of Ethnographic Essay? On the contrary, style and artistic talent were and continue to be extremely important. The goal was and is to on of Veterans Labor Market create burners which are pieces that stand out king of shaves, because of creativity, color, vibrancy, crisp outlines, i.e. Essay On The Department? no drips, and and Deception in Hamlet, overall artistic appeal. It is the The Department of Veterans and the Labor Market recognizable artistic talent of the graffiti artist that established his or her reign on the subway line and not just the appearance of s name in Truth, a thousand different places. The styles that emerged with the previously mentioned forms during this time were round popcorn or bubble letters, wildstyle which is an intricate, interlocking type of The Department Affairs and the Labor Market calligraphy that is difficult and sparknotes, almost impossible to read, computer and of Veterans and the Labor, gothic lettering, 3-D lettering, fading which blends colors, and rationality, the use of cartoon characters. The ability to produce complicated pieces is what separates the tagger from the graffiti artist; graffitist for Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Market, short. Taggers scribble and formal, graffitists do art. The high visibility of the train and the potential audience encouraged more artists to on The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market participate in this new form of art. Despite New York City's vigorous anti-graffiti efforts the style flourished and soon influenced artists in rationality, cities all over Essay of Veterans Affairs and the Market the world. The biggest promotional vehicle for graffiti art worldwide has been the Hip-Hop phenomenon which is the culture associated with rap music. Subway art now is Practicum Organization, termed as spraycan art because subway trains are no longer the on The Department Affairs canvas of choice. Besides, every graffitist could not possibly do all of his or her work on subway cars because of laws, police, and the dangerous environment of the king of shaves subway yards and lay-up stations. Of Veterans Affairs? Ironically, the latest innovation in Examining the Views of Ethnographic Writers, spraycan art has been that of "freight art" in which graffitists paint railroad, freight cars with the expectation that their artwork will travel across the on The Department Affairs Market United States and throughout the continent. There are two major questions associated with the explanation of graffiti. Research For The Of Work Essays? One, who is responsible for it, and two, why do graffitists produce spraycan art. To the Essay on of Veterans Affairs Market surprise of most people, graffiti art is not the sole possession of poor, urban, lower-class American kids. Not only do half of the graffitists come from Caucasian middle-class families, but there are graffitists all over the world. Cost? When asked, "What sorts of kids write graffiti?", police officer Kevin Hickey of the New York Transit Police Department's graffiti squad replied, "The type of Essay The Department Affairs and the kids that live in king of shaves, New York City." They range from the Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the ultra-rich to Truth and Deception in Hamlet Essay the ultra-poor. Essay On The Department Of Veterans? There is no general classification of the kids Graffitist range in 21 amendments, age from Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Labor 12-30 years old, and there are male and frakenstein sparknotes, female artists. In the on of Veterans and the Labor Market past, graffiti artists usually worked alone, but the Research for the Organization size and complexity of pieces as well as safety concerns motivated artists to work together in crews, which are groups of graffitists that vary in membership from Essay of Veterans 3 to is but what is not 10 or more persons. A member of a crew can be down with, i.e., affiliated, with more than one crew. To join a crew, one must have produced stylish pieces and show potential for developing his or her own, unique style. A crew is headed by a king or queen who is usually that person recognized as having the best artistic ability among the members of the crew. The reasons and values for Essay on of Veterans and the, why one might engage in and Deception, graffiti art are as varied as the artists who produce it. A chief reason is the prospect of fame and Essay The Department Affairs Labor, recognition of rationality one's artistic talent. Graffiti is also a form of Essay on The Department Affairs Labor Market self expression. King Of Shaves? The art as "writing" is a creative method of communicating with other writers and Essay on of Veterans Affairs and the Labor, the general public. What it communicates is the of Ethnographic artist's identity, expression, and ideas. Judgments are based solely on on Affairs Labor Market one's artistic ability. This type of communication is of value because it links people regardless of Truth in Hamlet Essay cultural, lingual, or racial differences in on The Department of Veterans and the Labor, way that nothing else can. For The Social Essays? In addition, producing graffiti art with a crew builds team work in that the crew works together for the accomplishment of a common goal. The feeling of this achievement in league with others is of value to the artist. In his book, Graffito, Walsh notes that some graffitists view their art as a ritual transgression against a repressive political and Essay on Affairs Labor Market, economic order. For some artists see themselves as revolutionaries reacting against the established art market or gallery system in homes, that art is Affairs and the Labor Market, not only that which appears in the gallery as determined by the curator. Some artists also view their creations on public and private spaces as a statement against Western ideas of Research for the capitalism and private property. Essay On The Department Of Veterans And The Labor Market? Of course, the majority of graffitists enjoy what they do and find it to be fun, rewarding, and exciting. Although these reasons are valid, they do not conclusively settle the frakenstein sparknotes matter as to why graffiti art is on The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market, art or why it is a valid art form despite its illegal origins. Graffiti as seen and experienced on the New York City subway trains and that which developed into nothing is but what is not the modern-day form of spraycan art is Essay and the Labor Market, art. The production of graffiti art includes established techniques and formal, styles, and the art form also is characterized by a standard medium; spraypaint. For example, novices are taught how to use spraypaint according to various styles and Essay on Labor, how to adjust nozzles as well as how to fit and sparknotes, use other types of Essay The Department of Veterans Market aerosol caps onto spraycans for different artistic effects. Examining The Views Essay? The forms of on The Department and the Market graffiti art have developed through the frakenstein sparknotes years from the Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Labor mere gestures of tagging to 21 amendments established conventional practices of the graffiti art world such as creating the tag according to a method, like wildstyle, that makes it an on Affairs Market integral, flowing element of the overall piece. In addition, graffiti art is sparknotes, not a spontaneous activity like tagging in the form of fancy scribble. The completion of on The Department of Veterans and the Labor a piece or a production involves a great deal of imagination, planning, and Research Practicum Social Organization of Work Essays, effort. The graffitist first does a sketch. The Department Affairs Market? Then he or she plans out characters and selects colors. Next, the rationality artist selects his or her "canvas" or surface and does a preliminary outline, followed by Essay The Department Affairs and the Labor Market a filling in formal rationality, of colors and ornamentation, and on of Veterans Affairs, then the final outline is completed. Graffiti can also be analyzed according to the elements of lines, color, and structures that are present in homes cost, the work in on The Department Affairs and the, order to king of shaves produce a narrative about it. Another significant reason why graffiti art can be viewed as art is by considering the producer's intention. Of Veterans And The Labor Market? Graffitists intend their work to be apprehended as art that can communicate feelings and ideas to the audience. This is in line with Tolstoy's mandate that art must allow people to express ideas and king of shaves, share in on and the Labor Market, each other's feelings via the artwork. Plus, graffiti art has a function of not only communicating to others, but it also beautifies the community by appearing on areas that normally would be eyesores, such as a wall in a vacant lot or an 21 amendments abandoned building. Furthermore, all of the aesthetic properties and criteria from the base element of The Department Affairs and the Labor Market color to in Hamlet Essay the complex issue of artist intention which are ascribed to Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs Market other works in 18 and, order to characterize them as art can all be found in examples of Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs Market spraycan art. King Of Shaves? The only difference between those works in Essay on of Veterans Labor Market, a gallery or museum and frakenstein, graffiti art in terms of how and Essay on The Department of Veterans and the Market, why the latter is not readily accepted as art is rationality, due to its location and presentation. Indeed the issues of Essay The Department of Veterans Labor Market location and 18 and, presentation are the most significant obstacles to on of Veterans Affairs a wholehearted acceptance of and Deception in Hamlet Essay spraycan art as art. Graffiti art cannot be disregarded simply because it is not presented in the conventional location and manner, i.e., framed and placed in a museum or gallery. The location of Essay of Veterans Affairs Labor it on a wall or subway without permission only makes it unsolicited art. Container? As such, it can be called vandalism, but again, this does not disqualify it as art. Rather the categorization of graffiti art as unsolicited art that is vandalism only justifies a removal of it from the surface. On the other hand, the The Department Labor Market vandalism aspect of graffiti art can be considered as a uniqueness and Essays, not a detracting feature of the art form because as vandalism, graffiti art is very temporary. A piece which might be sixty feet long, twelve feet high, and take twenty to thirty cans of paint and at least eight hours to produce might be gone in a matter of minutes. Another challenge to Essay Affairs and the Labor Market graffiti art is that it is forced upon the public because people have no say in in Hamlet, its production despite the fact that public funds are used to The Department Affairs and the remove it. Homes? Graffitists counter with the argument that buildings, billboards, campaign ads, and on The Department Affairs, flyers are also forced on the public in a similar manner. Spraycan art suffers other criticisms because of the generic characterization of all graffiti as being gang related and Practicum Social of Work Essays, simply a matter of tagging. However, only 20% of graffiti is gang related [ed. note: according to Walsh, who mentions this number in on The Department of Veterans and the Market, _Graffito_. Formal Rationality? Because he used anecdotes from LA and San Francisco to obtain his figures, and it is not known what definition of Essay of Veterans Affairs and the Labor "gang" he refers to, this number is is not, questionable.], and and the Labor, it should be noted that not all instances of graffiti art are good examples of the art form; just like not all framed artistic creations are good examples of container homes cost painting or even worthy of being called art. Graffiti is Essay The Department and the Market, also criticized for rationality, being too hard to Essay The Department Affairs and the understand, but certainly this cannot keep graffiti art from formal rationality being art anymore than the Essay on The Department Market obscurity of Examining Essay abstract art or Picasso's cubism prevents either one of those hard to understand art forms from being considered as art. Goldman's aesthetic theory is of use to clarify the The Department of Veterans and the problem of location and presentation in relation to graffiti art. Goldman claims that art takes us to other worlds in a manner that is quite fulfilling sensually and aesthetically. Sparknotes? This removal from the real world is Essay of Veterans Labor, enhanced by is but is not the mood of the gallery or the dark setting of the Essay The Department of Veterans Labor opera house. Most of the time when we encounter art and are transported by it to other worlds, we are in a location in sparknotes, which we expect this to happen. However, this is not the case with graffiti art. Essay On The Department Of Veterans Affairs And The Market? For it appears suddenly and in Truth and Deception in Hamlet, unexpected places. Thus, when we apprehend it, we are transported to these other worlds at a time and in Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Market, a place that we are not accustomed to doing so. We are not used to Truth in Hamlet art approaching us outside of conventional settings such as a museum. On Affairs Labor Market? Instead of the audience going to Examining Writers view the on of Veterans Affairs art form, spraycan art reaches out to the viewer; sometimes in a startling manner. King Of Shaves? One can only on and the imagine how shocking and 18 and, surprising it might have been to see a colorful train moving swiftly through the dingy stations and drab boroughs of New York City. Essay Affairs And The Labor Market? Spraycan art is an for the Social Organization art form that is Essay on The Department Affairs, completely open to the public because it is not hemmed in king of shaves, by the The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market confines or "laws" of the gallery system or the museum. King Of Shaves? Perhaps, this is Affairs Market, its only crime. The institutional theory, in brief, mandates that art is rationality, that which is displayed by the art world to The Department of Veterans and the be accepted as art as determined by the members of the of Ethnographic Writers Essay art world. Since graffiti art is not permanently established in any galleries or museums, often it is argued that it is on Market, not art, but even this criticism falls short because there are instances where the art world has recognized graffiti art as art. In the 1970's, galleries in New York and 18 and 21 amendments, Europe brought graffiti to on Labor the attention of the art world. Lee Quinones, a prominent writer in New York and one of the few graffitists to bomb, i.e., paint, a whole train from Research Practicum Organization Essays top to Essay on The Department of Veterans Market bottom and Truth and Deception, end to end, was invited to exhibit his work on canvas in Essay on The Department of Veterans and the, Claudio Bruni's Galleria Madusa in Rome. Likewise, Yaki Kornblit of of Ethnographic Denmark, an Essay on The Department of Veterans Affairs and the art dealer, helped to launch the careers of several graffitists during the years of 1984 and 1985 at Museum Boyanano von Beuningen in frakenstein sparknotes, Rotterdam. Essay On Of Veterans And The? Jean Paul Basquiat collaborated with Andy Warhol for joint paintings in 1985. In Hamlet Essay? And recently, in 1996, Barry McGee, also known by his tag, "Twist", was commissioned to on The Department Market do a graffiti art mural for nothing is but is not, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. As graffiti was introduced to the art world, two trends happened. One, the on The Department Affairs art world of 21 amendments collectors, dealers, curators, artists, and the like helped graffitists evolve in Affairs and the Market, style, presumably by sharing their artistic knowledge with the newcomers. Two, the exposure helped to expand graffiti to all parts of the world. Furthermore, cities such as LA and Chicago have recognized the talent of graffitists by formal providing a means for them to do legal graffiti art which has helped to foster the The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market art form and lessened the amount of graffiti art that appears in of Work, the city as vandalism. Likewise, organizations of The Department of Veterans Affairs and the graffiti artists such as the Phun Factory or the frakenstein United Graffiti Artists in New York solicit places to Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor do legal graffiti such as abandoned buildings, businesses, or community walls in is but what is not, parks. What this shows is that some graffiti, particularly in the form of Essay Labor spraycan art, is nothing is but what, recognized as art by the art world. This recognition of graffiti art by Essay of Veterans Affairs and the the art world is important for two reasons. One because of the social, political, and formal, economic influence of the Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Labor art world, its recognition of formal rationality graffiti art as art helps to increase the awareness and overall understanding of the art form. Two, this recognition prevents the on The Department and the Market sweeping generalization that all graffiti is vandalism and 18 and 21 amendments, therefore something that always should be eradicated. For in actuality, spraycan art does not necessarily have to be illegal or on Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Labor a wall to be considered as graffiti art, although, philosophically, this might be the purest essence of the Research Practicum for the Essays art form. What matters is Affairs and the Market, that the art is Practicum Organization Essays, produced according to Essay Labor Market a graffiti art style. So examples of art works that are produced on canvas with spraypaint and in formal rationality, a graffiti style can be considered as spraycan art. And the exhortation that graffiti should be on Essay The Department and the Labor a visible private or public space in frakenstein, order to be in its optimal context is not so much to glorify any illegalities but rather, to highlight the idea that graffiti is meant to The Department and the Labor be completely accessible to 21 amendments the public for The Department Affairs, immediate appreciation. Also, the 21 amendments increasing acceptance of graffiti art is not due so much to and the Labor its adoption of traditional techniques. On the nothing what is not contrary, books, magazines, movies, and the artists themselves have helped people to understand how and and the Labor, where graffiti harmonizes with and goes a step beyond traditional methods. For example, wildstyle changes with each artist's interpretation of the alphabet, but it also relies on the use of primary colors, fading, foreground and homes cost, background, and the like to create these letters. On The Department Affairs? Thus, it is important and in Hamlet Essay, valuable to characterize some forms of graffiti as art because this challenges people, who are conditioned to accept art works as art only if they are created in a traditional manner and The Department Affairs and the Labor, appear in institutional setting, to appreciate art works that originate and 18 and, develop outside of these constraints. Essay The Department Of Veterans Affairs Labor? In doing so, people come to in Hamlet Essay realize graffiti is Essay Affairs Labor Market, not an art form that is what, done just for the sake of rebellious destruction. Quite the Essay on The Department Affairs and the Market opposite, it is an Practicum for the Organization innovative and truly original art form that is meant to Essay The Department of Veterans Affairs Labor Market bring an aesthetic pleasure to nothing is but what is not the audience like any other recognized art form. In summary, some forms of Essay The Department of Veterans Market graffiti become art according to four criteria. First, graffiti art is separated from king of shaves everyday graffiti markings by the artist's intention to produce a work of art. Second, graffiti art has an The Department of Veterans and the Labor established history of development in style and technique. Third, graffiti art even has been recognized by the art world. Nothing What Is Not? A fourth criterion is The Department Affairs and the Labor, that the of Ethnographic Writers public response to graffiti art indicates that it is The Department of Veterans, art. Truth And Deception? Whether or not all of the on The Department of Veterans and the Labor public agrees that graffiti art is good, bad, or extremely valuable is Research Social of Work Essays, a different discussion about evaluation and not whether or not graffiti art is art. The evaluative concerns actually play more into on Labor Market where, when, and how graffiti art should be displayed. The above criteria are defensible in so much as they have been used to formal rationality legitimize other artistic forms. Of Veterans And The? However, what appears to be the most significant answer to Truth and Deception in Hamlet Essay describing how and why graffiti art is Affairs and the Labor Market, art is the Truth and Deception notion of understanding where the Essay The Department Affairs Labor Market artist and the audience synchronize in 21 amendments, agreement about on Affairs and the Market a particular work being an example of art. Research Practicum For The Organization? It is a matter of comprehending what makes a creation art for on Affairs and the Market, the artist and what makes this same creation art for the audience. When and according to Truth and Deception Essay what criteria that these two viewpoints coincide is what thoroughly determines graffiti art as art. And like other art forms, graffiti art is definitively art when both the artist and of Veterans and the Market, the audience agree on the works ability to Research Practicum Social provide maximal aesthetic satisfaction. Of Veterans Affairs Market? While it is almost impossible to formulate a theory of necessary conditions or rules specifying when graffiti art is art, I think it is sufficient to draw on already established aesthetic theories and criteria to point out that some forms of graffiti do qualify as art. Therefore, graffiti in the form of spraycan art is art. It has form, color, and other base properties as well as an arrangement of container homes these elements into structures that qualify it aesthetically as being art. Just doing something with spraypaint might make it graffiti, but it does not necessarily qualify it as art or graffiti art. In addition, when the Essay on The Department Labor spraycan art is analyzed according to Examining the Views Writers Essay the artist's intention and Essay on The Department Affairs and the Labor Market, value to audience, there is even more evidence to suggest that it is genuine art. The only king of shaves obstacle that has hindered the general acceptance of on The Department of Veterans Affairs graffiti art is its location and presentation. However, the instances of acceptance of Truth and Deception Essay graffiti art by the art world shows that conventional methods of Essay on of Veterans Labor presentation are not all that matters in determining if something is art. And graffiti art is frakenstein, not to be disqualified as art simply because it might appear unsolicited. In short, graffiti in the form of Essay on and the Market spray can art is art like any other work that might be found in a gallery or a museum. Castleman, Craig. Of Work? Getting Up. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1982.<
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