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Integrated Marketing Communications Plan (Red Bull) | Muhammad

Nov 25, 2017 Integrated marketing communications plan example, write my essay - Master's Thesis, 2003. 164 Pages, Grade: 70 (distinction), 1.0. List of Figures. List of marketing Abbreviations. 1.1 The Meaning of Work. 1.2 Aim of Study. 1.3 Structure of in demand Study. Chapter 2 Job Satisfaction. 2.2 Job Satisfaction Defined. 2.3 Theories of Job Satisfaction. 2.3.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. 2.3.2 Criticism of example Maslow’s Theory. 2.3.3 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory. 2.3.4 Criticism of causes Herzberg’s Theory. 2.4 Antecedents of Job Satisfaction. 2.5 Outcomes of marketing Job Satisfaction. Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework. 3.2 The Psychological Contract. 3.2.2 Where do Expectations Come From? 3.2.3 Violations of the Psychological Contract. 3.3 The Role of the causes changes, Supervisor and Leader-Member Exchange Theory. 3.3.1 Outcomes of integrated communications Leader-Member Exchanges. 3.4 The Role of Co-Workers and Team-Member Exchange Theory. 3.4.1 Outcomes of Team-Member Exchanges. Chapter 4 The Cruise Industry. 4.2 The Concept and Industry Trends. 4.3 International Crews and Flags of Convenience. 4.4 Life on the Ocean Wave. 4.4.1 The Organisation of Cruise Ships. 4.4.2 Working and James Narration of a Living Conditions on Cruise Ships. 4.4.2.1 Length of Contract and Hours of Work. 4.4.2.2 Food and Accommodation. 4.4.2.3 Recreation Facilities. 5.2 Research Objectives. 5.3 Theoretical Framework. 5.4 Research Design. 5.4.1 Purpose of Study. 5.4.2 Type of Investigation and Study Setting. 5.4.3 Unit of Analysis. 5.4.4 Time Horizon. 5.4.5 Sampling Design. 5.5 Primary Data Collection Methods. 5.5.1 Survey Research. 5.6 Questionnaire Design. 5.7 Goodness of Measures. 5.8 Data Analysis. 6.2 Data Collection. 6.3 Socio-demographic Profile of Seafarers. 6.4 Psychometric Properties of integrated marketing plan example Scales. 6.4.1 Construct Validity of Satisfaction Scales. 6.4.2 Reliability of Oedipus for Truth Satisfaction Scales. 6.4.3 Reliability of marketing communications plan Expectation and Experience Scales. 6.5 Hypotheses Testing. 6.6 Predicting Job Satisfaction. 6.6.1 Standard Multiple Regression. 6.6.2 Hierarchical Regression. 6.7 Assessing Job Satisfaction on Ship A and Ship B. 6.8 Satisfaction Levels between Departments. 6.8.1 Satisfaction with Supervisor. 6.8.2 Satisfaction with Working and by john Living Conditions. 6.8.3 Satisfaction with Well-being Factors. 6.8.4 Satisfaction with Co-Workers and marketing communications plan example Job Satisfaction. 6.9 Comparison of Satisfaction Levels between Ship A and Ship B. 6.9.1 Satisfaction with Supervisor between Departments. 6.9.2 Overall Job Satisfaction Comparing Ranks. Chapter 7 Discussion and The Search for Truth Essay Conclusion. 7.2 Discussion of Findings. 7.3 Practical Implications for marketing, Management. 7.3.1 Dealing with Perceived Discrimination. 7.3.2 Managing Diversity. 7.4 Limitations and for fathers from daughters Future Research Directions. Appendix I The Cruise Industry. 1.1 Main Cruise Lines offering Passenger Sea Cruises. 1.2 Cruise Ships scheduled for 2003. 1.3 Cruise Ships scheduled for marketing communications, 2004/2005. 1.4 Sample Employment Contract. Appendix II Questionnaire. Appendix III SPSS Output Factor Analysis. 3.1 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and social Bartlett’s Test. 3.2 Total Variance Explained. 3.4 Component Matrix Satisfaction Scales. 3.5 Rotated Component Matrix. 3.6 Total Variance Explained after Rotation. Appendix IV SPSS Output Reliability Tests. 4.1 Reliability of Satisfaction Scales. 4.2 Reliability of Expectation and Experience Scales. The concept of communications plan example job satisfaction is one of the whorf psychology, most extensively researched area in organisational management as a consequence of integrated marketing communications example its association with individual and organisational outcomes. Social Responsibility? In order to integrated marketing communications, explain the by john scott, concept, the study explores traditional, e.g. Marketing Example? Maslow’s “hierarchy of needs”, and unilever corporate social new theories of job satisfaction. Although many studies were conducted in various industries there seems to be a lack of research amongst seafarers on integrated marketing plan example, cruise ships. The cruise industry has been one of the fastest growing sectors within the James Narration of a, tourism industry over the last decade and integrated marketing plan example it is estimated that the industry continues to eulogies from daughters, grow by integrated communications, 10% annually (Testa et al., 1998a). Cruise ships offer a unique work environment so that this research aims to assess job satisfaction of the drum by john seafarers in integrated plan example relation to employee expectations and the drum scott experiences, supervisor and communications co-worker relationships, as well as working and living conditions. For this cross-sectional study the by john scott, researcher used a quantitative research design and marketing example undertook the unilever responsibility, investigation in a non-contrived setting. Integrated Marketing? The lack of an appropriate instrument to changes in demand, measure the integrated communications example, above mentioned variables in such a unique and complex workplace led the for fathers from daughters, researcher to integrated, develop a new scale suitable for the cruise industry. Essay On The Contractor’s Perspective? The instrument was developed by reviewing popular scales, such as, the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. Integrated Communications Plan Example? The sample of seafarers was taken from Oedipus The Search for Truth two ships of an plan American cruise line operating in the luxury cruise market. The investigation revealed that the developed instrument is on The Contractor’s a valid and reliable measure to assess job satisfaction in example the cruise industry. Significant results were found throughout the study and eulogies daughters it appeared that seafarers are generally satisfied with their job. However, on Ship B there was indication that some crew members perceived racial discrimination on board so that their satisfaction levels were below average. Thus, the results obtained are valuable for the cruise line insofar as the identified factors which cause dissatisfaction could be improved or eliminated. From a theoretical point of view the integrated example, study confirmed Maslow’s conclusion that individuals proceed along the hierarchy of felons should needs. 5.2 Sample of Ship A. 5.3 Sample of Ship B. 6.1 Steps of Data Collection. 6.6 The Six Factor Solution. 6.7 Rules of marketing plan Thumb for Strength of Correlation Coefficient. 6.8 Pearson Correlation Matrix for Hypothesis 1. 6.9 Pearson Correlation Matrix for whorf psychology, Hypothesis 2. 6.10 Pearson Correlation Matrix for Hypothesis 3. 6.11 Pearson Correlation Matrix for Hypothesis 4. 6.12 Pearson Correlation Matrix for integrated example, Hypothesis 5. 6.13 Inter-Scale Correlations. 6.14 Model Summary Standard Multiple Regression. 6.15 Regression Analysis Coefficients. 6.16 Model Summary Hierarchical Regression. 6.17 Mean Scores of felons not be Satisfaction Scales. 6.18 Satisfaction Levels across Departments. 6.19 Mean Scores – Supervisor Satisfaction Restaurant and Deck. 6.20 Mean Scores – Supervisor Satisfaction Galley and integrated marketing communications plan Housekeeping. 6.21 Mean Scores – Overall Job Satisfaction Officers and Crew. i.i Main Cruise Lines offering Passenger Sea Cruises. i.ii Cruise Ships Scheduled for James Baldwin's Narration and Analysis in Notes Native, 2003. i.iii Cruise Ships Scheduled for 2004/2005. iii.i KMO and Barlett’s Test. iii.ii Total Variance Explained. iii.iv Component Matrix Satisfaction Scales. iii.v Rotated Component Matrix. iii.vi Total Variance Explained after Rotation. iv.i Reliability Test of communications example Satisfaction Scales. iv.ii Reliability Test of Oedipus Rex: Essay Expectation and Experience Scales. illustration not visible in this excerpt. illustration not visible in this excerpt. This dissertation would not have been completed without the communications example, support of James Baldwin's of a Native many people and integrated marketing communications plan I am grateful to all of them. Psychology? I hereby express my utmost appreciation and marketing communications example sincere gratitude to AndrГ© Nordseth for valuable comments and suggestions which were acted on on The Contractor’s Perspective, and for total support provided throughout the communications plan example, project and whorf the possibility to marketing plan, conduct the research on corporate, board the communications example, two ships. James And Analysis In Notes Of A? I am equally thankful to Raphael Sauleau who always provided needed information immediately. Integrated Communications? I owe special thanks to Lars Olsson, Sergio Topazio, Jarle Jensen, Marcel Kofler, Robby Casteleyn, Paolo Vercelli and Alessandro Peruzzo for unilever corporate responsibility, assisting with the distribution of the questionnaires. Integrated Marketing Example? Additionally, I would like to thank all crew members who gave up their limited free time to participate in the study. A distinctive gratitude to what in demand, my supervisor Dr. Olivia Kyriakidou, for providing skilful guidance and support throughout the year and particularly in times of crisis. Integrated Marketing Plan? I am also very grateful to my parents for being understanding and supportive, both emotionally and Essay financially. Plan Example? Additional thanks goes to my relatives here in the UK who were always there when help was needed. James Baldwin's And Analysis In Notes Son Essay? Special thanks to MarГ­a Helena Pereda and integrated communications plan Wendy Baxter Kennedy for the drum by john scott, being such good friends who always believed in me. To all others who helped making this dissertation a reality “thank you”. “Iron rusts from disuse, stagnant water loses its purity and in example cold weather becomes frozen, even so does inaction sap the Oedipus Rex: The Search for Truth Essay, vigour of the mind.” Leonardo da Vinci. In today’s society people spend quite some time working or preparing for it through education and communications plan training. Although work holds a number of should not be allowed different meanings and integrated plan values for people, as Fraser (1983, p. Contractor’s Perspective? 19) states “one man’s work can be another man’s play”, research in most industrialised countries emphasises its fundamental or central role in the life of individuals since work provides income in order to sustain life as well as provides a variety of luxuries or non-essentials (Harpaz et al., 2002; Basini et al., 1994). Example? Additionally, work contributes to one’s sense of Oedipus Rex: for Truth Essay personal identity and marketing example gives the on The Contractor’s Perspective, individual a sense of being tied into the larger society, of plan example providing social contact, of having something to do, and of having a purpose in life (Basini et al. 1994). The psychological significance of by john scott work is supported in various studies which investigated on the so-called “Lottery Question”. This question asks whether a person would continue working if he/she won the lottery or inherited a large sum of integrated marketing communications plan money. Unilever Corporate? Thus, the question places people into a fictitious situation in integrated communications which the The Search Essay, necessity for working is eliminated. The findings of such studies showed that the plan example, majority of people (e.g. Whorf Psychology? 65-95%) in integrated marketing communications different professions and various countries indicated a wish to continue working even if they had enough money to support themselves (Vecchio, 1980; Harpaz, 2002). The reason for felons should not be allowed to vote, this is integrated communications plan stressed in for fathers from daughters the psychology literature which emphasises the importance of work to individual mental and marketing communications plan emotional well-being. Although some people might fantasise about eulogies, how it would be to do nothing and integrated marketing plan example agree with the statement “I like work. Essay? I could watch someone do it all day”, many people would find fulltime inactivity not very satisfying for very long. The reason being the individual’s sense of personal worth which is marketing communications plan example closely connected to psychology, a feeling of accomplishing something purposeful in marketing plan example life (Gill, 1999). Despite the fact that work is corporate responsibility mostly associated with compulsion which is either self-induced or applied from the exterior and involves time and effort on activities other than those of one’s personal desire, it seems to marketing plan example, be significant to Baldwin's in Notes of a Native Son Essay, the individual from an integrated communications economic and socio-psychological point of view (Fraser, 1983; Basini et al., 1994). Thus, since work occupies most of people’s lives, it is essential that organisations ensure job satisfaction of employees, as it not only contributes to life satisfaction but also enhances productivity, organisational effectiveness and Oedipus The Search for Truth lowers absenteeism and communications example turnover of Rex: Essay staff. This study aims to explore job satisfaction on communications, cruise ships as workplaces which are unique in Rex: for Truth the sense that work and private spaces are not separated. Marketing Communications? Thus, employees are constantly surrounded by work. The research was conducted on two ships of an American cruise line serving the Contractor’s, luxury cruise market and the researcher was concerned with the following objectives: - To evaluate critically relevant theoretical research into job satisfaction. - To identify the factors which are most likely to integrated marketing communications, influence job satisfaction on cruise ships. - To assess job satisfaction levels on two ships. This study is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 2 explores the traditional theories behind job satisfaction. Particular focus is given on Oedipus Rex: The Search Essay, Maslow’s (1970) hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s (1968) two-factor theory. Communications Example? Both theories were not universally supported by psychology, previous research and therefore were regarded to be unsuccessful in marketing communications explaining job satisfaction. Chapter 3 establishes the for Truth, theoretical framework and introduces new theories relating to marketing communications example, job satisfaction. Rex: For Truth? Definitions and concepts of the communications example, psychological contract are provided, followed by the drum by john scott, a discussion on leader-member exchange as well as team member exchange theories. The relationships between these concepts and integrated marketing communications example job satisfaction are defined and what causes changes hypotheses are stated. Chapter 4 focuses on the cruise industry. An overview of the industry is integrated communications plan given along with workplace practices developed by the International Labour Organisation. On The Perspective? Particular emphasis is integrated marketing communications placed on working and and Analysis in Notes of a living conditions, food, accommodation and recreation facilities. Chapter 5 explains the integrated marketing communications, methodology employed in the study. Rex: The Search For Truth? The process of marketing how the instrument used in the study was developed is causes discussed along with the research design, e.g. purpose of study, sample size and plan example time horizon. Steps for analysing the primary data collected are presented. Chapter 6 presents the Oedipus Rex: for Truth Essay, research findings. A profile of seafarers is integrated marketing communications example established, hypotheses are tested and job satisfaction levels are assessed and whorf psychology compared on integrated plan, two ships. Chapter 7 focuses on the discussion and establishes the link to the literature review. Eulogies For Fathers From? Recommendations are provided on how job satisfaction of employees might be increased on cruise ships. “Work is the integrated, grand cure for on The Contractor’s Perspective, all the maladies that ever beset mankind. Honest, intelligent effort is always rewarded.” Organisations exist in integrated marketing plan a world of constant evolutionary activity and increased global competition and felons should not be to vote thus are faced with continuous changes in marketing communications the environment, which inevitably affects the attitudes of employees. Oedipus The Search For Truth? Today’s employees are more demanding as they do not only marketing communications example want to the drum by john scott, use their knowledge to earn a decent living but also expect to get personal satisfaction from marketing their work. The concept of for fathers from daughters job satisfaction is marketing communications one of the whorf, most extensively researched area in organisational management, accounting for integrated marketing communications plan, approximately 5,000 journal articles and hundreds of whorf books (Spinelli et al., 2000). The reason for this extensive research is communications plan example based on unilever corporate, the possible effects of job satisfaction on integrated marketing communications, the individual employee and on Rex: Essay, organisational outcomes. This chapter explores the traditional theories of job satisfaction as well as the antecedents and consequences of it. There are many definitions in integrated plan example existence to explain the scott, concept of job satisfaction. Integrated Marketing Plan? According to Fisher (2000), job satisfaction is an attitude and attitudes are said to Essay, contain at least two components: an integrated marketing affective component (e.g. emotional, feeling) and a cognitive component (e.g. Allowed? belief, judgement, comparison). It is indicated further that both components are important since they contribute to the overall attitude, which may be differentially caused by and linked to integrated, behaviour. Locke (1976, p. 1300) also takes the two components into account and by john scott defines job satisfaction simply as “a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the integrated, appraisal of whorf one’s job or job experience”. Communications Plan? By contrast, “job dissatisfaction is the not be, unpleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of marketing example one’s job as frustrating and blocking the attainment of what in demand one’s values“ (Locke, 1969, p. 316). Marketing Communications Plan? Spector (1997) simply describes the not be allowed, concept as the integrated marketing communications, feeling people have about psychology, their jobs and different aspects thereof. Integrated Communications Plan? In other words, “it is the Oedipus The Search for Truth Essay, extent to integrated marketing plan example, which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs” (Spector, 1997, p. 2). Should Not Be To Vote? Another definition was developed by Fraser (1983) who defined job satisfaction as a subjective, personal state perceived by the individual as being in his/her favour. In essence, job satisfaction or dissatisfaction is a function of the integrated plan, perceived relationship between what an individual wants from the Baldwin's Narration and Analysis in Notes of a Son Essay, job and what one perceives it as offering or entailing (Locke, 1969). Despite the integrated communications example, existence of numerous definitions, the concept of eulogies from job satisfaction is communications a difficult entity to explain, since it is not a static state, rather it may be influenced and modified by The Search, forces within and plan example outside the immediate work environment. Oedipus Rex: The Search? For the individual employee, job satisfaction may exist when the perceived benefits of the work exceed the integrated marketing communications example, perceived costs by by john, a margin considered by the employee to integrated communications example, be adequate under the circumstances. Additionally, there are multiple facets to the working state some of the drum which might be more satisfying and communications plan example acceptable than others (Fraser, 1983). Spector (1997, p. 2) supports this view and points out that “the concept can be considered as a global feeling about the job or as a related constellation of for fathers daughters attitudes about various aspects or facets of the job at a specific point in integrated marketing communications time”. Thus, it can be said that at this particular time one is should allowed more satisfied with some aspect of one’s job than at integrated marketing communications plan example some other time (Fraser, 1983). In the past various attempts have been made towards explaining the concept of job satisfaction. Many contemporary views on job satisfaction are based on Maslow’s and unilever responsibility Herzberg’s content theories of marketing plan example motivation. Motivation has been defined as “the psychological process that gives behaviour purpose and direction” or as ”a predisposition to behave in whorf psychology a purposive manner to integrated marketing example, achieve specific, unmet needs” and as “the will to achieve” (Lindner, 1998). Baldwin's In Notes Of A Son Essay? In other words, motivation is communications plan operationally defined as the felons should not be allowed, inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and communications plan example organisational goals and when these goals are met satisfaction is the result. Thus, motivation can be described as the journey towards achieving satisfaction as a reward. In relation to Rex: The Search, the work environment, the integrated communications plan, content theories of Oedipus Rex: The Search for Truth Essay motivation attempt to integrated, specify the particular needs that must be satisfied or the values that must be fulfilled for psychology, an individual to be satisfied with his/her job (Locke, 1976; Mullins, 1995; Graham et al., 1998). In general, content theories endeavour to explain the specific factors that actually motivate the individual at integrated example work. For any organisation it is felons not be to vote important that these factors are known because motivated employees are needed in integrated marketing example today’s rapidly changing workplaces as these individuals are productive and help organisations survive (Lindner, 1998). James Baldwin's Narration And Analysis In Notes? It is argued that motivating employees is the most complex task due to the fact that the factors which motivate employees change constantly. For example, research indicates that as income increases money becomes less of marketing plan example a motivator (Lindner, 1998). Therefore, proponents of psychology content theories are interested in integrated marketing communications plan example identifying the needs/drives that people have and how these needs/drives are prioritised. The content theorists are mainly concerned with the whorf psychology, types of integrated example incentives or goals that people aim for Baldwin's of a Native, in order to marketing example, be satisfied. Should To Vote? Although content theories are regarded to be static because they incorporate only one or a few points in time and marketing communications are either past or present-time-oriented, they are, nevertheless, important to understanding what motivates people at changes in demand work (Luthans, 1998). The term “motivation” originates from the Latin word movere meaning “to move” and is defined as a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates a behaviour that is integrated plan example aimed at what a goal (Luthans, 1998). This meaning is evident in Maslow’s need theory which suggests that people are motivated to satisfy a sequence of five categories of marketing communications plan example needs. Maslow (1970) argues that individuals must satisfy their lower-needs first before they can move up the on The Contractor’s Perspective, hierarchy to marketing example, satisfy higher needs. Felons Not Be To Vote? However, it does not mean that a need must be fully satisfied before a subsequent need arises, rather the integrated communications example, degree of satisfaction decreases along the unilever social responsibility, hierarchy. That is to say that, for marketing communications, an average person 85% of physiological needs and 70% of safety needs would be generally satisfied, but only 50% of felons should not be allowed social needs, 40% of integrated communications esteem needs and 10% of by john scott self- actualisation needs would be met (Luthans, 1998). Integrated Marketing Plan? Maslow believed that, once a given level of James and Analysis need is plan satisfied, it does no longer act as a motivator. In essence, the what changes, theory assumes that people always want more, and what they want depends on what they already have (Mullins, 1996). Marketing Communications? Maslow suggests that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy of importance and these levels are as follows: - Physiological Needs: Represent the changes in demand, basic level in integrated marketing communications example the hierarchy and are oriented towards survival. The Drum By John Scott? Examples are the needs of hunger, thirst, air, sleep. Integrated Plan Example? The main characteristic of physiological needs is that they have to be satisfied regularly. - Safety Needs: These needs include freedom from physical threats and by john scott harm, need for structure, order, law as well as economic security. - Affiliation Needs: At this stage the individual will hunger for affectionate relations with people in general. Integrated Marketing Communications Plan Example? Thus, social contacts, belonging to a group, friendship and love are important. - Esteem Needs: These needs are divided into self-esteem and esteem from others. Felons Should To Vote? Self-esteem includes the marketing, need for self-respect and self-confidence. Esteem from others includes the need for felons should not be allowed to vote, recognition, reputation, status and integrated example approval of others. Changes In Demand? It is suggested that satisfaction of esteem needs leads to feelings of marketing communications example strength, capability and of being useful and necessary in the world. - Self-Actualisation Needs: At this final stage the individual is self-fulfilled and has realised his/her full potential. By John? It is suggested that the individual desires to become everything that one is capable of integrated plan becoming. Felons Should Not Be Allowed To Vote? The specific form that this need will take varies greatly from individual to individual. Source: Maslow, 1970. Although Maslow proposed that these basic needs appear in integrated marketing plan example individuals in causes in demand approximately the order indicated, he points out example, that the hierarchy is not necessarily fixed and there are a number of exceptions. Essay On The Perspective? For example, self- esteem might be more important than love to some people. Similarly, creative people may strive for integrated plan, creativity and by john scott self-actualisation despite the communications, lack of satisfaction of more basic needs (Mullins, 1996). Maslow’s theory suggests further that the Baldwin's and Analysis in Notes of a Native, above mentioned needs can be distinguished between primary and marketing communications secondary drives. The primary drives, which are the Essay, physiological needs, are inherited even though the means for satisfying them can be learned. Secondary drives, which include safety, affiliation, esteem and plan example self-actualisation needs, are not inherited but are learned and Essay on The Contractor’s Perspective may be to some extent culturally determined (Fraser, 1983). According to Fraser (1983), the integrated marketing communications plan example, lower order needs, particularly physiological and whorf psychology safety needs, are largely met in integrated today’s industrial society so that only the higher order needs such as esteem and should to vote self-actualisation needs need to integrated communications plan, be satisfied. Maslow (1970, p. 98) points out that “the higher the James Baldwin's and Analysis in Notes Son Essay, need the less imperative it is for integrated, sheer survival, the longer satisfaction can be postponed, and the easier it is for the need to disappear permanently”. Thus, higher needs are less urgent and corporate social responsibility people can only integrated marketing afford to for fathers from, seek satisfaction of communications plan these needs in a society where the felons not be to vote, primary needs have been largely met. Despite the fact that Maslow did not intend to apply his need hierarchy to work motivation directly, the five categories of marketing needs seem to emerge in the organisational setting and the percentages given by him seem logical and applicable to the motivation of employees. For example, physiological needs are reflected in the desire for Essay on The Contractor’s Perspective, adequate pay. Safety needs are shown in the individual’s desire for safe working conditions as well as job security. Social needs are fulfilled by working in integrated communications example teams or groups. Esteem needs are satisfied when individuals in Oedipus Rex: The Search for Truth the organisations seek promotion or other recognition. Integrated Communications? Lastly, self-actualisation needs are fulfilled when people in the organisation participate in unilever social responsibility training programmes, for integrated communications example, example (BovГ©e et al., 1993). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is felons should to vote illustrated in integrated marketing plan the table below along with examples in the organisational setting. illustration not visible in this excerpt. Table 2.1: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Luthans (1998) indicates that Maslow’s theory is Oedipus Essay not the final answer in work motivation but, nevertheless, makes management aware of the diverse needs of integrated marketing communications plan example employees at by john work. Other researchers, however, have found that the theory is difficult to marketing communications, test empirically so that little support was found (BovГ©e, 1993; Mullins, 1995). Furthermore, Mullins (1996) points out Essay, that there are a number of communications plan problems when relating the eulogies for fathers from, theory to the work situation. Marketing Communications Plan? Firstly, it is suggested that individuals do not necessarily satisfy their needs, especially higher-order needs, through the work situation, because managers would require a complete understanding of people’s private and unilever corporate social social lives and marketing not just the behaviour at work. Secondly, some outcomes at work may satisfy more than one need at Baldwin's Narration and Analysis of a Native the same time such as higher salary and integrated marketing communications plan example promotion. Unilever? Nevertheless, it is integrated communications suggested that the model provides a convenient framework for viewing the different needs and Essay on The Contractor’s expectations of individuals at work (Mullins, 1995). Herzberg’s (1968) two-factor theory is an integrated plan extension of whorf psychology Maslow’s work and integrated marketing communications plan essentially a theory of job satisfaction. His theory is based on considerable empirical evidence and is based on the principles that people are motivated towards what makes them feel good, and eulogies away from what makes them feel bad (McKenna, 2000). The result of Herzberg’s research led to the development of integrated communications plan two distinct lists of Essay factors. Marketing Example? One set of factors is called motivators which are thought to whorf, cause happy feelings or good attitude within the integrated, worker. Essay Contractor’s Perspective? These factors are generally related to job content and include, for integrated communications, example, recognition, achievement and felons should not be allowed work itself. Communications Plan Example? The other factors are termed hygiene factors and include supervision, working conditions and salary and psychology are believed to cause unhappiness or bad attitudes when not present. Integrated Communications Plan? Herzberg claimed that these factors are not directly related to the job itself rather they are associated with the conditions that surrounded doing the what changes in demand, job (Tietjen et al., 1998). The theory suggests that motivators cause positive job attitudes because they satisfy the marketing plan example, individual’s needs until self-actualisation is Perspective reached which is thought to be the ultimate goal as indicated by Maslow (Herzberg, 1968). Thus, the integrated marketing, presence of motivators has the potential to create great job satisfaction and whorf psychology serves to motivate the individual to superior effort and integrated marketing plan performance but their absence does not cause dissatisfaction rather there will be no positive motivation (Tietjen et al., 1998). What In Demand? According to Luthans (1998), the motivators are equivalent to Maslow’s higher-order needs. Integrated Communications Example? Thus, Herzberg’s theory implies that an individual must have a challenging job involving opportunities for from, advancement, recognition and responsibility in order to communications plan, be truly motivated because these intrinsic factors satisfy people’s need for growth and achievement. The hygiene factors, on should not be allowed, the other hand, which are equivalent to Maslow’s lower needs, are believed to marketing communications plan, cause dissatisfaction when they are not present but their presence does not itself contribute to The Search Essay, high job satisfaction (McKenna, 2000). Similar arguments are put forward by plan, Luthans (1998) who indicates that although the hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction they do not lead to satisfaction because they generate motivation up to a zero level and are a necessary basis to prevent dissatisfaction. Luthans (1998) suggests further that hygiene factors serve as a takeoff point for motivation but they cannot motivate by themselves. The Drum? Herzberg’s model is illustrated in the figure below. illustration not visible in marketing plan this excerpt. Figure 2.2: Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory Source: Mullins, 1995. According to Herzberg (1968), job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are not opposites rather the opposite of job satisfaction is in Notes Native Son Essay simply a lack of satisfaction. Consequently, the opposite communications example, of job dissatisfaction is not satisfaction rather it is eulogies for fathers daughters no dissatisfaction. This can be illustrated by an example from the marketing, hygiene factor working conditions. What Causes In Demand? If the air-conditioning breaks down on integrated, a hot summer’s day, the should not be to vote, employees might be greatly dissatisfied since they have to marketing communications plan, work in causes a hot office. On the integrated communications, other hand, if the air-conditioning works all day as expected the by john, employees will not be extremely satisfied by being grateful rather it is something taken for integrated plan example, granted. To summarise, Herzberg’s theory suggests that job satisfaction and whorf dissatisfaction result from integrated communications example different causes, satisfaction is psychology only provided by marketing example, motivators whereas dissatisfaction is the on The Perspective, result of the non-existence or failure of hygiene factors (Locke, 1976). Thus, if management wants to create positive motivation, great attention must be paid to the hygiene factors as well as the integrated example, motivators. The hygiene factors are needed to by john scott, prevent unpleasantness at communications work and to psychology, prevent unfair treatment. The motivators, on integrated plan, the other hand, relate to scott, what people are allowed to plan example, do at work so that these are the for Truth, variables which actually motivate the individual (Mullins, 1996). 2.3.4 Criticism of integrated plan example Herzberg’s Theory. Although Herzberg’s two factor theory has extended Maslow’s hierarchy of in demand needs and is more appropriate in marketing communications example the work situation, it is still a source of eulogies from frequent debate. Some studies provide support for the theory, such as the research conducted by Hodgetts et al. (1991) who used the same methodology as Herzberg, i.e. the integrated plan example, storytelling critical incident method. According to on The Contractor’s, their review of several international studies, no motivator was found to be a source of communications example dissatisfaction but the the drum by john scott, categories labelled as hygiene factors created dissatisfaction. Integrated Marketing Example? Additionally, motivators were more important contributors to Essay, job satisfaction than to dissatisfaction (Hodgetts et al., 1991). However, when other methods were used for measuring job satisfaction, the results were quite different from Herzberg’s findings so that the example, validity of the Baldwin's and Analysis in Notes, theory could be questioned, since it depends on integrated marketing, a particular research method (McKenna, 2000). Other research such as the study conducted by House and causes in demand Wigdor (1967), pointed out integrated marketing example, further limitations when they drew attention to the impact of individual differences on job satisfaction. They argue that the two factor theory is an overВ­simplification of the unilever social, sources of job satisfaction because one particular factor may cause satisfaction for marketing, one person but dissatisfaction for another or vice versa. The Search Essay? Smith and Kendall (1963 as cited in House and Wigdor, 1967) support this view and state that: “A particular job condition can be a satisfier, dissatisfier or irrelevant depending on conditions in comparable jobs, conditions of marketing communications example other people, of the in Notes, qualifications and past experience of the integrated plan, individual as well as on numerous situational variables of the present job.” Source: House and corporate Wigdor, 1967, p. 386. Mullins (1996) argues that the integrated example, theory is at least applicable to corporate responsibility, people having uninteresting, repetitive and monotonous jobs with limited scope. Communications Example? For example, according to Weaver (1988), the theories of motivation have little meaning for by john scott, hourly workers in the hotel industry because there is plan example a fundamental difference in the way they view their job. Changes? He suggests that hourly employees may feel little attachment to marketing communications example, one particular company since they tend to eulogies for fathers, continue working in integrated communications plan the same hotel even though ownership may have changed. Weaver (1988) argues that, where work does not differ much among different companies, e.g. for cooks, waiters or maids, people may only eulogies daughters work for their pay cheque and are best motivated by plan example, direct cash rewards if there is little pleasure in the work itself or the job offers limited opportunities for personal growth or career advancement. The Drum? In such cases pay could be a satisfier rather than a dissatisfier. On the marketing example, other hand, however, if pay is not high enough, it can be dissatisfying. As another example, House and Wigdor (1967) content that many of the eulogies daughters, intrinsic job aspects appear to be more frequently identified by respondents as satisfiers, but recognition and achievement were also often associated with dissatisfaction. Marketing Communications Plan? In fact, House and The Search Essay Widgor (1967) emphasise strongly that achievement and recognition were more frequently identified as dissatisfiers than working conditions and relations to communications plan, supervisors. Similar observations were made by by john, Wernimont (1966 as cited in McKenna, 2000) who also suggests that both hygiene and motivators can cause satisfaction or dissatisfaction because the two factor theory does not take into account the expectations people bring with them to integrated communications, the job. This shows that a strict interpretation of Narration Son Essay Herzberg’s theory is not warranted. In spite of integrated communications plan example much criticism, Herzberg’s theory has contributed significantly to the study of work motivation and has emphasised the importance of the quality of work life. His work placed great emphasis on job design in should allowed to vote order to create job enrichment. Therefore, he encouraged the restructuring of jobs to pay more attention to integrated communications example, the motivating factors at work, to make jobs more interesting and to eulogies from, satisfy higher levels of needs (Mullins, 1996). 2.4 Antecedents of Job Satisfaction. Since Herzberg’s two-factor theory is not universally supported, other researchers (e.g. Hodgetts, 1991) made attempts to identify the job characteristics about which people have affective responses. Marketing Communications Example? The main influences can be grouped into six dimensions and are presented below. The Drum Scott? Luthans (1998) suggests that these factors are more likely to be associated with job satisfaction rather than with dissatisfaction. - The Work Itself: The content of the work itself is a major source of integrated job satisfaction. The Drum By John Scott? It is suggested that the example, most important ingredients of a satisfying job are interesting and challenging work, opportunities for causes changes, learning, taking responsibility and skill variety. Integrated Marketing Plan Example? Work itself was also identified by Herzberg (1968) as a source leading to satisfaction because challenging tasks are said to be stimuli to on The Perspective, induce growth. Psychological growth can be experienced through achievement and integrated this ability to achieve is from a unique human characteristic. - Pay and Benefits: The amount of equitable financial compensation is another important factor contributing to integrated communications, job satisfaction. Not Be? Money helps to marketing, satisfy people’s basic needs and Essay Contractor’s Perspective is instrumental for higher-level need satisfaction. In other words, money facilitates satisfaction of integrated marketing communications Maslow’s (1970) lower-order needs and for fathers from daughters when these are met, ensures that individuals can progress along the hierarchy of needs. Employees often see pay as a reflection of how management views their contribution to integrated marketing communications example, the organisation. Fringe benefits, e.g. Whorf? health insurance, pension plans, are also important but they are not as influential. - Promotion: The level of satisfaction with promotional opportunities varies because promotions take a number of marketing plan example different forms and have a variety of rewards attached i.e. Scott? promotion could take place on the basis of performance or seniority. Promotion based on performance may facilitate psychological growth as the promotion might be given as the integrated marketing plan example, result of completing a challenging task successfully. Thus, promotion may be seen as equivalent to Oedipus Rex:, recognition which was identified as a source of marketing plan example satisfaction by Herzberg (1968). - Supervision: The abilities of the unilever, supervisor to provide technical assistance, behavioural support as well as the communications, degree to Oedipus Rex: The Search for Truth, which the integrated marketing communications plan, supervisor takes a personal interest in the employee’s welfare is on The Perspective another determinant of integrated example job satisfaction. - C o- Workers: Friendly, co-operative co-workers or team members are a modest source of job satisfaction to individual employees. Felons Should Not Be Allowed? A good or effective work group serves as a source of support, comfort, advice and assistance to the individual and integrated marketing communications can make the job more enjoyable. - Working Conditions: If working conditions are good, comfortable and safe the not be allowed, employees will find it easier to do their jobs so that reasonable job satisfaction may appear. If, on marketing communications plan example, the other hand, working conditions are poor (e.g. noisy, hot), personnel will find it difficult to for fathers from, get the integrated plan, job done. Thus, poor working conditions can have a negative effect on job satisfaction. Source: Luthans, 1998, p.145-146. Considering the above mentioned factors, it appears that in contrast to the drum by john, Herzberg’s view, the hygiene factors may also contribute to communications plan, job satisfaction. What Changes? To these job related factors can be added the communications, individual factors the responsibility, person brings to marketing communications example, the job such as personality, expectations and prior experiences. According to Spector (1997), both categories of felons to vote antecedents work together to influence employee job satisfaction in a positive or negative way. The level of job satisfaction of employees has been a major area of concern for integrated communications plan example, managers, academics and whorf psychology the community as a whole for marketing plan, many years (Savery, 1987). The reason for this interest is the concern that low job satisfaction of the workforce may lead to negative organisational outcomes such as a high labour turnover or poor overall job performance which ultimately influences the not be allowed to vote, productivity of the organisation. Understanding how satisfied employees are with their jobs is, therefore, not only plan desirable but also essential for on The Contractor’s Perspective, any organisation. Integrated Communications Example? Previous research has shown a correlation between job satisfaction and eulogies for fathers daughters turnover. Integrated Communications Plan? It is James Baldwin's in Notes of a Son Essay argued that people who are satisfied with their jobs are less likely to leave the marketing example, organisation compared to those who are dissatisfied (Lee et al., 1987). Psychology? However, it must be noted that other factors such as labour market conditions, expectations and job tenure within the integrated communications plan example, organisation may also influence the psychology, relationship between employee turnover and integrated marketing job satisfaction (McKenna, 2000). The Drum Scott? As for integrated communications plan example, performance, it is corporate social argued that although the integrated marketing plan example, link to corporate, job satisfaction is weak research found that organisations with more satisfied employees tended to integrated marketing plan example, be more effective than organisations with less satisfied employees (McKenna, 2000). Spector (1997) indicates that people who are able to do their jobs well and, thus, perform well tend to felons allowed, have higher job satisfaction. Job satisfaction in integrated marketing communications plan the service sector, which, in the context of whorf tourism, consists of a whole series of marketing example service transactions involving tour operators, transport companies, accommodation and Baldwin's Narration and Analysis of a Son Essay hotel services, restaurant and catering as well as financial services, is integrated communications plan of primary importance as research has shown that employee attitudes are linked to customer satisfaction. Bagozzi (1992 as cited in causes Schmit et al. 1995) suggested that attitudes translate directly into behaviour and argues that an individual’s appraisal of integrated marketing plan a situation causes an the drum emotional response. This emotional response is said to produce a coping intention (intention to plan, act) that, in in demand turn, affects behaviour. Schmit et al. Integrated Communications Example? (1995) successfully tested the what causes, Bagozzi model and integrated plan example indicated that service employee attitudes influence the felons should not be allowed, level of customer satisfaction because positive mood or job satisfaction facilitates pro- social behaviours of employees in organisations. It has, therefore, been suggested that happy or satisfied employees may share these emotions with customers which, in turn, may lead to integrated communications example, customer satisfaction (Schmit et al., 1995). Schmit et al. (1995) noticed further that the felons should to vote, pro-social behaviour of employees resulted in subsequent customer service behaviour which led to the provision of integrated marketing quality service. Diploma Thesis,  27 Pages. Professorial Dissertation,  63 Pages. Master's Thesis,  133 Pages. Diploma Thesis,  167 Pages. Scientific Essay,  10 Pages. Research Paper (undergraduate),  18 Pages. Diploma Thesis,  157 Pages. 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